高航 侯佳玉 鄧燕杰
[摘要]目的 探討盆腔器官脫垂患者行陰道骶骨固定術(shù)的療效及滿意度。方法 選取大連市婦幼保健院2014年1月~2016年9月收治的經(jīng)POP-Q分期證實(shí)為重度子宮脫垂(POP-Q Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)且同時(shí)行腹腔鏡下陰道骶骨固定術(shù)的47例患者,分別采用POP-Q分期、PFD癥狀問(wèn)卷(PFDI-20)及影響問(wèn)卷(PFIQ-7)評(píng)估術(shù)后6個(gè)月的盆底相關(guān)癥狀及生活質(zhì)量改善情況。結(jié)果 所有患者術(shù)后半年內(nèi)均完成隨訪,僅1例復(fù)發(fā)陰道前壁脫垂(POP-Q Ⅱ度),復(fù)發(fā)率為2.12%(1/47);3例新發(fā)壓力性尿失禁,發(fā)生率為8.57%(3/35);2例新發(fā)尿頻,發(fā)生率為6.25%(2/32);新發(fā)排尿困難1例,發(fā)生率為2.7%(1/37);新發(fā)便秘1例,發(fā)生率為22.2%(1/45);新發(fā)慢性盆腔痛1例,發(fā)生率為2.13%(1/47)。POP-Q分期中,Aa、Ba、C、Ap、Bp各指示點(diǎn)解剖位置的中位數(shù)由術(shù)前的1.0、3.0、2.0、-3.0、-2.0 cm分別恢復(fù)至術(shù)后的-3.0、-3.0、-6.0、-3.0、-3.0 cm,均較前明顯降低(P=0.00),會(huì)陰體長(zhǎng)度Pb較前明顯增加(P=0.00),生殖道裂孔長(zhǎng)度Gh較前明顯縮短(P=0.00),但Tvl較前未見(jiàn)改變(P=0.16)。PFDI-20及PFIQ-7兩組問(wèn)卷評(píng)分的中位數(shù)由術(shù)前的70.38、71.43分降低至術(shù)后的0.00、9.52分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.00);術(shù)后PFIQ-7總分較PFDI-20總分高,術(shù)后POPDI-6、POPIQ-7及UDI-6、UIQ-7兩組表評(píng)分均較術(shù)前明顯降低(P=0.00),CARDI-8、CARIQ-7評(píng)分較術(shù)前無(wú)明顯差異。結(jié)論 腹腔鏡下陰道骶骨固定術(shù)為治療盆腔脫垂的有效術(shù)式,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷及并發(fā)癥少,能夠保持陰道原有長(zhǎng)度,可以防止陰道穹隆脫垂。
[關(guān)鍵詞]盆腔器官脫垂;腹腔鏡陰道骶骨固定術(shù);生活質(zhì)量問(wèn)卷調(diào)查;并發(fā)癥
[中圖分類號(hào)] R711.59 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2018)3(b)-0017-04
Clinical effect of laparoscopic sacral colpopexy in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse
GAO Hang HOU Jia-yu DENG Yan-jie
Department of Gynaecology,Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Dalian City,Liaoning Provinxe,Dalian 116033,China
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the efficacy and satisfaction of laparoscopic sacral colpopexy in patients with pelvic organ prolapse.Methods A total of 47 patients with severe uterine prolapse (stage POP-Q Ⅲ-Ⅳ) confirmed by POP-Q staging from January 2014 to September 2016 in Dalian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital and underwent laparoscopic sacral colpopexy were selected,POP-Q staging,PFD symptom questionnaire (PFDI-20) and influence questionnaire (PFIQ-7) were used to evaluate the symptoms and quality of life of the pelvic floor at 6 months after the operation.Results All patients were followed up within six months after surgery.Only 1 case had recurrent vaginal anterior wall prolapse (POP-Q Ⅱ),the recurrence rate was 2.12% (1/47);and 3 cases were newly diagnosed with urinary incontinence,the incidence rate was 8.57%(3/35);2 patients were newly frequency of frequent urination,the incidence rate was 6.25% (2/32).1 case was troubled by dysuria,the rate was 2.7% (1/37),and the incidence rate for constipation was 22.2% (1/45).There were 1 cases of new chronic pelvic pain,the incidence of which was 2.13% (1/47).In the POP-Q staging,the median of anatomical locations of Aa,Ba,C,Ap and Bp were restored from 1.0,3.0,2.0,-3.0,-2.0 cm before operation to -3.0,-3.0,-6.0,-3.0 and -3.0 cm after operation,which were significantly lower than that before operation (P=0.00).The length of the perineal body (Pb) was significantly increased,compared with before operation (P=0.00),genital hiatus length shortened significantly(P=0.00),but there was no significant change in the total length of the vagina (P=0.16).The median scores of questionnaire of PFIQ-7 and PFDI-20 were reduced from 70.38 points and 71.43 points preoperatively to 0.00 points and 9.52 points postoperatively,the difference was statistically significant (P=0.00).The total score of PFIQ-7 was higher than that of PFDI-20 after operation,the scores of POPDI-6,POPIQ-7,UDI-6 and UIQ-7 after operation of the two groups were significantly lower than those before operation (P=0.00),there was no significant difference in the CARDI-8 and CARIQ-7 scores between before and after operation.Conclusion Laparoscopic sacral colpopexy is an effective method for the treatment of pelvic prolapse,the surgical trauma and complications are less,it can keep the original length of the vagina and prevent the recurrence of vaginal fornix prolapse.
[Key words]Pelvic organ prolapse;Laparoscopic sacral colpopexy;Quality of life questionnaire;Complication盆腔器官脫垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)是指因盆底承托組織受損致器官錯(cuò)位下移,可出現(xiàn)陰道壁膨出、盆腔痛、便秘、壓力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)等癥狀。該疾病雖然不能對(duì)生命構(gòu)成威脅,但很大程度上影響著患者的生活質(zhì)量及身心健康。隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化的發(fā)展,POP呈逐年遞增趨勢(shì)。>65歲的女性中POP的患病率已超過(guò)50%,其中11%需要手術(shù)治療[1]。
因傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)式僅能改善脫垂癥狀并不能起到加固盆底組織的作用,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)致再次手術(shù)率高達(dá)29.2%[2]。腹腔鏡下陰道骶骨固定術(shù)(laparoscopic sacral colpopexy,LSC)為當(dāng)今臨床研究熱點(diǎn)。本研究收集我院收治的符合重度子宮脫垂且行該術(shù)式治療的47例患者,隨訪觀察手術(shù)療效及患者滿意度,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2014年1月~2016年9月因重度子宮脫垂(POP-Q Ⅲ~Ⅳ度)于大連市婦幼保健院行LSC手術(shù)的47例患者,年齡38~69歲,平均(59.97±7.21)歲;子宮脫垂POP-Q Ⅲ期36例,POP-Q Ⅳ期11例;合并陰道前壁膨出45例,陰道后壁膨出26例;SUI 12例,尿頻15例,排尿困難10例,便秘2例;陰道前壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)后1例;既往高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病者分別為13例、2例、1例(患者病情均控制平穩(wěn),無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌證)。
1.2病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
根據(jù)盆腔器官脫垂量化分期(pelvic organ prolapse quantification,POP-Q)選擇:①首發(fā)以中盆腔缺陷為主的POP(POP-Q≥Ⅲ期);②有癥狀的陰道穹隆脫垂(POP-Q≥Ⅱ期);③POP手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā);④年齡<70歲,無(wú)急性生殖道感染、全身結(jié)締組織病、凝血功能障礙者;⑤患方同意行LSC手術(shù)治療。
1.3方法
1.3.1術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備 腸道準(zhǔn)備3 d。術(shù)前1 d口服磷酸鈉鹽口服液(四川健能制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H20103154)并清潔灌腸。
1.3.2手術(shù)方法 患者取截石位,全身麻醉下于臍孔上約0.5 cm處穿入氣腹針,待氣腹形成后繼續(xù)穿入套管(10 mm)并置入30°腹腔鏡,下腹部穿入3個(gè)套管(5 mm)。鏡下探查盆腹腔,常規(guī)處理宮旁韌帶,超聲刀分離膀胱陰道間隙至陰道橫溝水平,隨后分離陰道直腸間隙2~3cm至暴露直腸側(cè)窩。常規(guī)施術(shù),切除子宮和(或)雙附件。鏡下縫合陰道斷端,置入舉宮杯頂起穹隆部,選用美國(guó)強(qiáng)生醫(yī)療器械有限公司Y型聚丙烯網(wǎng)片,鏡下將三臂頂端覆蓋于陰道頂端,于體內(nèi)剪裁至合適長(zhǎng)度,盡量平鋪網(wǎng)片,用2-0薇喬線將網(wǎng)片前、后臂分別縫合于陰道前、后壁上(3排9針?lè)ǎ?。保留子宮的陰道骶骨固定術(shù),可將Y網(wǎng)經(jīng)闊韌帶穿出覆蓋于陰道前壁。緊貼右骶韌帶內(nèi)側(cè)緣分離腹膜至骶岬前緣,暴露骶岬下方骶前縱韌帶,注意輸尿管、髂內(nèi)血管的走形及骶前區(qū)域血管分布。此時(shí)助手將手指置入陰道內(nèi),幫助恢復(fù)陰道的正常長(zhǎng)度和解剖位置,鏡下評(píng)估網(wǎng)片懸吊位置并將網(wǎng)片無(wú)張力平鋪于打開(kāi)的后腹膜內(nèi),用強(qiáng)生不可吸收線避開(kāi)骶前血管區(qū)域?qū)網(wǎng)尾葉固定于第一骶椎表面前縱韌帶上,最后用2-0薇喬線關(guān)閉骶前組織間隙及前、后腹膜,實(shí)現(xiàn)Y網(wǎng)暴露面腹膜化。
1.3.3術(shù)后隨訪 隨訪內(nèi)容包括以下幾個(gè)方面。①不適主訴:詢問(wèn)患者有無(wú)盆腔、泌尿系統(tǒng)、腸道功能等不適癥狀。②婦科檢查:排查有無(wú)網(wǎng)片暴露、侵蝕,檢查陰道斷端愈合情況。記錄術(shù)后半年各指示點(diǎn)位置再次分期,與術(shù)前相比較,客觀反映解剖療效。③調(diào)查問(wèn)卷:利用復(fù)診或電話隨訪方式,對(duì)比術(shù)前及術(shù)后半年問(wèn)卷分?jǐn)?shù),主觀反映手術(shù)療效。
1.4調(diào)查問(wèn)卷
本研究采用的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷均為國(guó)際通用版本,具體如下。①盆底疾病癥狀問(wèn)卷-20(pelvic floor distress inventory-20,PFDI-20):該問(wèn)卷共20個(gè)問(wèn)題,包括三個(gè)分量表,分別為POP困擾量表(pelvic organ prolapse distress inventory-6,POPDI-6)、結(jié)直腸及肛門(mén)困擾量表(colo-rectal-anal distress inventory-8,CARDI-8)、排尿困擾量表(urinary distress inventory-6,UDI-6)。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,0分代表無(wú)癥狀,1分代表雖然有癥狀但是對(duì)生活無(wú)影響,2分代表癥狀稍能影響生活,3分代表癥狀明顯影響生活,4分代表癥狀已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響生活。量表組內(nèi)各題分?jǐn)?shù)相加除以題目個(gè)數(shù)乘以25為該組量表得分(范圍:0~100分)。3組量表分?jǐn)?shù)相加即為總得分(范圍:0~300分)。②盆底疾病生活質(zhì)量影響問(wèn)卷短表-7(pelvic floor impact questionaire-7,PFIQ-7):包括3個(gè)分量表,分別為POP影響問(wèn)卷(pelvic organ prolapse impact questionaire-7,POPIQ-7)、結(jié)直腸肛門(mén)影響問(wèn)卷(colo-rectal-anal impact questionaire-7,CARIQ-7)、排尿影響問(wèn)卷(urinary impact questionaire-7,UIQ-7)。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,0分為無(wú)影響,1分為有一點(diǎn)兒影響,2分為相當(dāng)影響,3分為非常影響。通過(guò)對(duì)比上述兩組調(diào)查問(wèn)卷手術(shù)前后的評(píng)分,評(píng)價(jià)該術(shù)式對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量改善情況。癥狀越嚴(yán)重者分?jǐn)?shù)越高,生活質(zhì)量越差。
1.5手術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
隨訪期間,患者無(wú)陰道內(nèi)組織物脫出為主觀治愈;POP-Q<Ⅱ度為客觀治愈,POP-Q≥Ⅱ度為客觀復(fù)發(fā)[5]。
1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,對(duì)患者基本信息相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,手術(shù)前后各指示點(diǎn)及調(diào)查問(wèn)卷評(píng)分等非正態(tài)性分布進(jìn)行秩和檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料用M(最小值~最大值)表示,采用秩和檢驗(yàn)(Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般情況分析
47例患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間為(206.19±55.88)min,失血量為(63.40±44.54)ml,住院天數(shù)為(14.51±16.33)d。同期行全子宮和/或雙附件切除術(shù)46例(腹腔鏡切除41例,經(jīng)陰式切除5例),另1例因年輕保留子宮。同期行陰道前壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)1例,陰道后壁修補(bǔ)術(shù)1例。合并SUI 12例,其中4例因重度SUI同期行經(jīng)閉孔尿道中段懸吊術(shù)。
2.2解剖結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)位情況分析
1例患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā)陰道前壁脫垂POP-QⅡ度,無(wú)穹隆脫垂,C點(diǎn)仍為-6 cm。其余患者均恢復(fù)到正常解剖結(jié)構(gòu),治愈率達(dá)97.87%。比較手術(shù)前后各指示點(diǎn),Aa、Ap、Ba、Bp、C點(diǎn)均較術(shù)前明顯改善(P=0.00),Pb較術(shù)前明顯增加(P=0.00),Gh較術(shù)前明顯縮短(P=0.00),Tvl較術(shù)前無(wú)差異(P=0.16)(表1)。
2.3生活質(zhì)量改善情況的比較
術(shù)后PFIQ-7總分較PFDI-20總分高,術(shù)后POPDI-6、POPIQ-7及UDI-6、UIQ-7兩組表評(píng)分均較術(shù)前明顯降低(P=0.00),CARDI-8、CARIQ-7評(píng)分與術(shù)前比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2~4)。
2.4術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況
所有患者術(shù)后半年內(nèi)均完成隨訪,僅1例復(fù)發(fā)陰道前壁脫垂(POP-Q Ⅱ度),復(fù)發(fā)率為2.12%(1/47);3例新發(fā)壓力性尿失禁,發(fā)生率為8.57%(3/35);2例新發(fā)尿頻,發(fā)生率為6.25%(2/32);新發(fā)排尿困難1例,發(fā)生率為2.7%(1/37);新發(fā)便秘1例,發(fā)生率為22.2%(1/45);新發(fā)慢性盆腔痛1例,發(fā)生率為2.13%(1/47)。
3討論
盆底功能障礙性疾?。╬elvic floor dysfunction,PFD)為盆底承托功能受損、器官錯(cuò)位下移,引發(fā)盆底解剖及功能改變,相關(guān)因素包括分娩損傷、年齡、絕經(jīng)狀態(tài)、肥胖、既往腹腔手術(shù)史、遺傳因素及先天缺陷[6-9]。傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式多以糾正脫垂為主,未從實(shí)質(zhì)上解決盆底組織松弛的隱患。LSC為當(dāng)今中盆腔脫垂手術(shù)的研究熱點(diǎn),可同時(shí)達(dá)到解剖及功能復(fù)位,治愈率高,并發(fā)癥少,適用于以中盆腔脫垂為主的POP(≥POP-Q Ⅲ度)或POP術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)有癥狀的穹隆脫垂(≥POP-Q Ⅱ度)。
本研究顯示,術(shù)后半年隨訪中,僅1例患者于術(shù)后6個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā)陰道前壁脫垂(POP-Q Ⅱ度,Aa點(diǎn):0 cm,Ba點(diǎn):0 cm),C點(diǎn)為-6 cm,與陰道總長(zhǎng)度相同,即穹隆位置無(wú)改變。通過(guò)對(duì)比手術(shù)前后調(diào)查問(wèn)卷評(píng)分,以患者主觀角度評(píng)估手術(shù)療效。本研究證實(shí)本術(shù)式對(duì)盆腔及泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀改善明顯,對(duì)腸道癥狀改善欠佳,可能與樣本量中合并腸道癥狀例數(shù)過(guò)少有關(guān),因此無(wú)法體現(xiàn)相關(guān)療效,有待大樣本證實(shí)。相關(guān)學(xué)者報(bào)道[10-11],本術(shù)式對(duì)增加陰道彈性、粘彈性及剛性指數(shù)等陰道力學(xué)性能有一定意義;保留子宮的骶骨固定術(shù)更能提高患者自我形體認(rèn)知度[12]。LSC術(shù)式關(guān)鍵在于陰道斷端懸吊,Lowder等[13-18]證實(shí),陰道斷端復(fù)位后可糾正55%前壁及30%后壁膨出,輕度陰道壁脫出者行斷端復(fù)位后無(wú)需再行陰道壁修補(bǔ)術(shù),因此LSC為當(dāng)今值得推廣的治療中盆腔脫垂的有效術(shù)式。
本研究為L(zhǎng)SC的前瞻性研究,隨訪期間,POP各個(gè)指示點(diǎn)均較術(shù)前明顯提高,近期客觀治愈率達(dá)97.87%,提示該術(shù)式對(duì)治療重度子宮脫垂療效顯著,其手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,瘢痕小,顯像明晰,失血少,恢復(fù)迅速,住院時(shí)程短,既能恢復(fù)盆底解剖及功能,又能改善癥狀,提高生活質(zhì)量。但是新發(fā)泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀、腸道癥狀等并發(fā)癥仍需大樣本長(zhǎng)期調(diào)查進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-16 本文編輯:祁海文)