廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)，廣西 南寧 530001

黃檀屬DalbergiaLinn植物多為喬木、灌木或木質(zhì)藤本。該屬約100種，主要分布于亞洲、非洲和美洲的熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)。我國有28種，1變種，產(chǎn)西南部、南部至中部[1]。近年該屬植物化學(xué)成分和藥理研究主要集中在印度黃檀(Dalbergiasissoo)、降香(Dalbergiaodorifera)、闊葉黃檀(DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.)等。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道從該屬植物中提取分離得到黃酮及其苷類、香豆素類、醌類、三萜類等多種活性物質(zhì)，具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、成骨活性、腦保護(hù)作用、止瀉等藥理作用。筆者就該屬植物化學(xué)成分及其藥理作用的研究予以綜述，以期能為該屬植物資源的利用提供參考。

1 化學(xué)成分

目前，從黃檀屬植物中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的化學(xué)成分主要有黃酮類及黃酮苷類、香豆素類、醌類、三萜類等化合物。

1.1 黃酮及黃酮苷類化合物 黃酮類化合物廣泛分布于植物界，從黃檀屬植物中分離得到黃酮類化合物主要有異黃酮類、黃酮類、異黃烷類、查爾酮類及異黃酮苷類。具體見表1～5，圖1～5。

表1 黃檀屬植物中異黃酮類化合物

編號(hào)化合物類型取代基R1R2R3R4R5R6R7文獻(xiàn)1biochanin-AⅠHOHHOHHOCH3H[2]2formononetinⅠHOHHHHOCH3H[2]3daidzeinⅠHOHHHHOHH[3]45,7-dihydroxy-2',4',5'-6-tetramethoxyisoflavoneⅠHOHOCH3OHOCH3OCH3OCH3[4]58-O-methylretusinⅠOCH3OHHHHOCH3H[5]6IsotectorigeninsⅠOCH3OHHOHHOHH[7]7(3S)-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyisoflavanⅠHOCH3HOCH3OCH3OCH3H[12]8DalspinosinⅠHOHOCH3OHOCH3OCH3H[18]92',7-dihydroxy-4',5'-dimethoxyisoflavoneⅠHOHHHOCH3OCH3OH[21]10(3R)-4'-methoxy-2',3,7-trihydroxyisoflavanoneⅡ[22]11millduroneⅢOCH3OCH3OCH3HHHH[8]12 2',6-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflavoneⅢOHOCH3OCH3HHHH[8]137-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3',4'methylenedioxyisoflavoneⅢOHHHHHHH[9]14baptigeninⅢOHHHHHHH[9]15 6-hydroxy-2',7-dimethoxy-4',5'-methylenedioxyisoflavoneⅢOCH3OHOCH3HHHH[13]

表2 黃檀屬植物中黃酮類化合物

表3 黃檀屬植物中異黃烷類化合物

編號(hào)化合物類型取代基R1R2R3R4R5R6R7文獻(xiàn)20tectorigeninⅤHOHOCH3HOHHH[2]21vestitolⅤHOHHHOCH3HOH[3]22(3S)-2'-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxyisoflavanⅤHOCH3HOCH3HHOH[3]237-hydroxy-4-methoxyisoflavoneⅤHOHHOCH3HHH[6]247,8-dihydroxy-4-methoxyisoflavoneⅤOHOHHOCH3HHH[6]257-hydroxy-4,8-dimethoxyisoflavoneⅤOCH3OHHOCH3HHH[6]267-methoxy-2',4'-dihydroxyisoflavanⅤHOCH3HHOHHOH[15]27mucronulatolⅤHOHHHOCH3CH3OCH3[3]

表4 黃檀屬植物中查爾酮類化合物

編號(hào)化合物類型取代基R1R2R3R4R5R6文獻(xiàn)28(E)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)phenyl)acryloyl)phenyl)acetaldehydeⅥOHOHCH2CHO(CH3)2HCH2CHC(CH3)2OH[20]294'-hydroxy-2'-methoxychalconeⅥOCH3OHHHHH[40]30isoliquiritigeninⅥHHHOHOHH[3]

表5 黃檀屬植物中異黃酮苷類化合物

1.2 香豆素成分 從黃檀屬植物中分出4',7-dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-4-phenyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one等5個(gè)香豆素類化合物。詳見表6。

1.3 醌類成分 黃檀屬植物中醌類成分有sissoidenone、obtusaquinone等。詳見表7。

表7 黃檀屬植物中醌類化合物

1.4 酚類成分 黃檀屬植物中還含有酚類成分，如(R)-latifolin、(R)-5-O-methyllatifolin和4’-hydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone等。詳見表8。

表8 黃檀屬植物中酚類化合物

1.5 三萜類成分 從黃酮屬植物中分離出5個(gè)五環(huán)三萜類化合物。詳見表9。

表9 黃檀屬植物中三萜類化合物

1.6 其他成分 黃檀屬植物中還含有其他類成分，有Salicylic acid、β-sitosterol、Mucronulatol等。詳見表10。

表10 黃檀屬植物中其他類化合物

2 藥理作用

2.1 抗氧化作用 Promden等[47]對小花黃檀中提取出來的24個(gè)異黃酮類化合物進(jìn)行抗氧化活性研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)大豆異黃酮的抗氧化性最強(qiáng)；Huang Xing等[48]對印度黃檀種子不同提取部位的抗氧化性進(jìn)行研究，結(jié)果表明所有提取物均有抗氧化性，其中乙酸乙酯提取物作用最強(qiáng)，抗氧化性可能與黃酮類化合物。JiangAili等[49]考察降香黃檀葉不同提取部位的體外抗氧化活性研究，結(jié)果表明各個(gè)提取部位均有不同程度的體外抗氧化能力。Roy Nayan等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)印度黃檀樹皮的甲醇提取物比水提物的抗氧化活性更強(qiáng)。Khalid Mohammad等[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)闊葉黃檀樹皮提取物具有顯著的抗氧化性。

2.2 抗炎活性 Lee Dong-Sung等[52]對降香黃檀中的苯并呋喃類化合物進(jìn)行抑制脂多糖誘導(dǎo)小鼠的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞BV2研究。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)該類化合物能抑制脂多糖刺激小鼠的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞BV2中HO-1，誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶、環(huán)氧化酶-2和前列腺素E2的表達(dá)，抑制TNF-α和IL-1的產(chǎn)生。Edayadulla等[53]以交叉菜膠誘導(dǎo)大鼠足腫脹模型，比較Dalbergia coromandeliana粗提物和單體化合物抗炎活性，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)其粗提物和單體化合物均有很高的抗炎活性。Ganga Rao B等[54]以大鼠足腫脹模型對Dalbergia paniculata 葉的甲醇提取物的體內(nèi)抗炎活性進(jìn)行研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有很好的抗炎活性。Lee Dong-Sung等[55]對降香黃檀中化學(xué)成分TMC對巨噬細(xì)胞中由HO-1產(chǎn)生的炎癥的抗炎性質(zhì)進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TMC能促進(jìn)Nrf2通路上的抗炎的OH-1的表達(dá)從而抑制炎癥介質(zhì)而產(chǎn)生抗炎作用。Wang Juan等[56]研究印度黃檀中的黃酮類化合物對RAW264.7巨噬細(xì)胞中脂多糖引起的炎癥的抗炎活性，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)其中sativanone的抗炎活性最強(qiáng)，作用機(jī)制可能是減少一氧化氮的釋放和抑制炎癥因子TNF-α。

2.3 抗菌活性 Koma Okwute Simon等[57]對黃檀的根材主要成分進(jìn)行抗菌活性篩選，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)樺木酸對大腸桿菌和枯草桿菌較強(qiáng)的作用。Mutai Peggoty等[58]從非洲黑檀莖皮中分離出兩個(gè)新的3-羥基異黃酮類化合物，活性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)均有抗結(jié)核分支桿菌的作用。

2.4 成骨活性 Im Nam Kyung等[59]對降香黃檀心材化學(xué)成分DMF抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化和作用進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果表明DMF能抑制受體活化劑核因子κ，通過破壞激動(dòng)蛋白環(huán)的形成降低破骨細(xì)胞功能，抑制有絲分裂原蛋白激酶信號(hào)通路的核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(激動(dòng)的T細(xì)胞、活化T細(xì)胞核因子1蛋白(NFATc1)和c-Fos)。KumarPadam等[60]對降香黃酮心材的新黃酮類化合物的抗骨質(zhì)疏松活性進(jìn)行研究，共分出8個(gè)化合物，顱骨成骨細(xì)胞的堿性磷酸酶活性和礦化來評估其活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)化合物 1, 3, 5-8有顯著的促進(jìn)新骨形成的作用。 Khedgikar Vikram等[61]用絕經(jīng)后骨質(zhì)疏松小鼠模型研究印度黃檀葉和豆莢的正丁醇提取物(BSSF)對骨骼的影響。成年的S-D大鼠切除卵巢后，連續(xù)12周口服給BSSF(50和100 mg/kg-1·d-1)或者雌激素。對骨微結(jié)構(gòu)、骨轉(zhuǎn)化標(biāo)記物、生物力學(xué)強(qiáng)度、新骨形成、破骨細(xì)胞骨骼表達(dá)和再吸收基因標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，BSSF治療能提高長骨的骨小梁微構(gòu)筑和脊椎和股骨的生物力學(xué)強(qiáng)度，降低骨轉(zhuǎn)化標(biāo)記物和骨骼破骨細(xì)胞基因的表達(dá)以及提高新骨形成和股骨中破骨基因的表達(dá)。

2.5 腦保護(hù)作用 KulkarniSudhir C等[62]以腦缺血再灌注引發(fā)的腦梗死大鼠模型研究闊葉黃檀中黃檀的腦保護(hù)活性可能的機(jī)制，研究表明闊葉黃檀樹皮的甲醇提取物對環(huán)氧合酶抑制劑表現(xiàn)出協(xié)同作用，其作用機(jī)制可能是抑制環(huán)氧合酶途徑。Li Bohui等[63]研究包括印度黃檀在內(nèi)的三種代表性的中藥治療心血管疾病(CVD)的作用機(jī)制。通過藥物的吸收、分布、代謝及排泄(ADME)的結(jié)合使用篩選和網(wǎng)絡(luò)藥理學(xué)方法，發(fā)現(xiàn)其治療CVD的活性成分和蛋白質(zhì)靶點(diǎn)。揭示了活性成分和和潛在靶點(diǎn)、疾病和信號(hào)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系。

2.6 止瀉活性 Chandra Phool等[64]研究印度黃檀葉的乙醇提取物(EDSL)對小鼠腹瀉和腸蠕動(dòng)的保護(hù)作用，利用蓖麻油引起的腹瀉和硫酸鎂引起的腹瀉測試對印度黃檀的抗腹瀉活性進(jìn)行評價(jià)，結(jié)果表明EDSL能顯著減少排便量和腹瀉情況，能延緩腹瀉的發(fā)作時(shí)間。 Kalaskar M. G[65]用蓖麻油引起腹瀉的小鼠模型研究印度黃檀樹皮的抗腹瀉活性，結(jié)果顯示其有顯著的、劑量依賴性的抗腹瀉活性，提取物還能減少小腸炭末推進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)的小腸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間，與硫酸阿托品有相同的作用。

2.6 抗糖尿病活性 Pund Kiran V等[66]研究印度黃檀乙醇提取物對地塞米松引起的胰島素抵抗小鼠的影響，觀察小鼠血漿、血液葡萄糖、血漿甘油三酯、肝臟抗氧化酶(LPO, GSH, SOD和過氧化氫酶)等水平，結(jié)果顯示高劑量組顯著地降低血漿葡萄糖、甘油三酯水平和LPO的水平，增強(qiáng)GSH, SOD和過氧化氫酶水平。 Niranjan Pankaj Singh[67]等研究印度黃檀葉乙醇提取物對四氧嘧啶導(dǎo)致糖尿病的小鼠模型的降血糖活性，口服給藥，連續(xù)21 d給藥后，低劑量組血糖水平降低至125 mg/dL，高劑量組降低至104 mg/dL，格列本脲組，比格列本脲的降血糖效果(降低至120 mg/dL)更顯著。

2.7 抗生育作用 Verma Hari Prakash等[68]研究印度黃檀葉水提物對雄鼠的形成和生育能力的影響，連續(xù)35 d口服給藥后，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)附睪的精子活力、生存能力和數(shù)量顯著降低，提取物組血清睪酮水平也顯著降低。Vasudeva Neeru等[69]對印度黃檀莖皮乙醇提取物對抗精子形成的影響進(jìn)行研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)印度黃檀乙醇提取物對精子的活力和生存能力產(chǎn)生劑量依賴性和時(shí)間依賴性的影響，200 mg/kg的乙醇提取物能顯著降低睪丸和附睪的重量，附睪中的精子活力和數(shù)量也顯著降低。

2.8 其他作用 Jaiganesh K P等[70]對 dalbergia spinosa roxb根提取物的利尿活性進(jìn)行研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)乙醇提取物能增加尿量和電解質(zhì)(鈉、鉀、氯)，效果與強(qiáng)效利尿藥呋塞米的效果相當(dāng)。Choi Chun Whan等[71]對降香黃檀心材甲醇提取物的抗癌成分的研究，結(jié)果顯示提取物能顯著抑制增生期的癌細(xì)胞，抗癌活性主要成分是研究黃酮類和酚類化合物。 Hood M. M.[72]對印度黃檀不同提取物(石油醚、四氯化碳、苯和乙醇)的抗蚯蚓蠕蟲活性進(jìn)行研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)四種提取物有均有抗蠕蟲活型，其中四氯化碳提取物的活性最高。

3 小結(jié)與展望

通過分析黃檀屬植物國內(nèi)外有關(guān)化學(xué)成分和藥理活性的研究文獻(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)黃檀屬植物主要的化學(xué)成分是黃酮及其苷類化合物，且有著廣泛而顯著的藥理作用，如抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、成骨活性、腦保護(hù)作用、止瀉等。從目前的研究來看，對黃檀屬研究取得了一定的成果，尤其國外對其研究得比較多，但在國內(nèi)其化學(xué)成分以及藥理作用的研究尚不夠深入。對生物活性的作用機(jī)制及藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)仍未得到較好的闡明。亟待今后對其特色藥理作用機(jī)制和活性成分進(jìn)行深入研究，闡明其藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，一方面可以為黃檀屬植物的開發(fā)利用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)，另一方面可為從天然產(chǎn)物中開發(fā)新藥或藥物先導(dǎo)化合物積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

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