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血小板衍生生長因子及其受體在結(jié)直腸癌中的作用

2018-03-05 12:19牛悅婷
微循環(huán)學(xué)雜志 2018年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:激酶二聚體生長因子

牛悅婷 陳 杰

結(jié)直腸癌(Colorector Cancer,CRC)是全世界常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其高發(fā)病率和死亡率是癌癥患者死亡的重要原因。CRC發(fā)病的病理生理過程極其復(fù)雜,同時又缺乏可靠的生物標記物,使其早期診斷較為困難。與其它腫瘤有所不同,腺瘤在CRC的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,早期診斷并切除高度發(fā)育不良的腺瘤,可提高CRC治愈的可能性。因此,對于CRC的治療早期診斷顯得極為重要。就目前技術(shù)來看,大便潛血實驗(Fectal Occult Blood Tests, FOBT)[1]是CRC常用的一項簡單、經(jīng)濟的無創(chuàng)檢測手段,但其特異性不高,無法滿足現(xiàn)今的臨床早期診斷需求[2]。腫瘤微環(huán)境(Tumor Microenvironment,TME)是癌癥的新標志代表[3],包括腫瘤細胞與基質(zhì)、免疫細胞與內(nèi)皮細胞之間的復(fù)雜合作。TME所包括的炎性細胞和炎性介質(zhì)(如趨化因子和細胞因子)在CRC的進展中起著重要作用,單個細胞因子(例如生長因子)可以激活復(fù)雜分子級聯(lián)信號,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展?;谶@一觀點,腫

[作者單位] 哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院婦科,哈爾濱 150086

本文2018-01-17收到,2018-02-27修回

瘤血管生成和脈管系統(tǒng)重塑代表CRC激活的兩個重要機制。近年來,血小板衍生生長因子(Platelet-derived Growth Factors,PDGFs)研究逐漸引起人們的關(guān)注,研究表明: PDGFs/血小板衍生生長因子受體(PDGFRs) 在多種腫瘤中存在不同程度的表達,并且其表達與腫瘤生長轉(zhuǎn)移顯著相關(guān)。因此,了解PDGFs/PDGFRs在CRC中的作用,或可為CRC的早期診斷和指導(dǎo)預(yù)后提供新的思路和方法。

1 PDGFs/PDGFRs 的生物學(xué)特性

1.1 PDGFs結(jié)構(gòu)分型及其受體

在血管生成中,血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors VEGF)的功能伴著PDGFs的激活。PDGFs的單體形式是無活性的,包括四種不同的多肽鏈(PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C和PDGF-D),這些多肽鏈通過二聚體化,由氨基酸二硫鍵與單體形式結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。PDGFs含有同型二聚體為PDGF-AA,PDGF-BB,PDGF-CC和PDGF-DD,以及異型二聚體PDGF-AB[4.5]。PDGFR同型二聚體和異型二聚體表現(xiàn)形式包括PDGFR(-αα,-ββ和-αβ),PDGFs特異性結(jié)合同型二聚體和異二聚體PDGFR(-αα,-ββ和-αβ)來發(fā)揮其獨特的細胞效應(yīng)[6]。同型二聚體PDGFR-αα可被PDGF-DD除外的其它PDGFs活化;異二聚體PDGF-αβ可被除PDGF-AA之外的所有PDGFs異構(gòu)體激活; PDGFR-ββ僅通過結(jié)合PDGF-BB和PDGF-DD激活從而發(fā)揮作用[7]。PDGFs/PDGFRs結(jié)合后激活下游作用因子如生長因子受體結(jié)合蛋白(Grb2)/鳥苷酸交換因子(SOS)、磷脂酰肌醇-3(PI3K)/蛋白激酶(AKT)/哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、c-JUN氨基末端激酶(JNK)、G蛋白調(diào)控因子(GAP)和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(STATs)途徑,進一步啟動并放大復(fù)合物Ras蛋白依賴型的MAPK細胞內(nèi)信號(Ras)/有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAP-kinase)號級聯(lián)信號[8,9],調(diào)控PDGF靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄。

1.2 PDGFs/PDGFRs的抗血管生成作用

血管的形成涉及促血管生成和抗血管生成因素之間的平衡以及多種信號通路之間的關(guān)系[9]。惡性腫瘤破壞了血管生成因子之間的平衡,稱為“血管生成開關(guān)”,成為促進腫瘤生長以及增強腫瘤細胞營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)的有利條件[4]。腫瘤細胞的血管生成在CRC

發(fā)展和傳播中在有重要地位[9]。在腫瘤進展期間,缺氧條件促進關(guān)鍵血管生成因子如VEGF、PDGF、成纖維細胞生長因子(Fibroblast Growth Factor,F(xiàn)GF)和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(Transforming Growth Factor beta,TGFβ)以及缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 HIF-1)的合成[10.11],PDGFs的信號傳導(dǎo)在腫瘤血管生成中的主要作用是招募周圍細胞血管,促進血管生成因子的合成和血管內(nèi)皮細胞的增殖,遷移和促進淋巴管生成以及淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移[12-15]。不同信號通路的靶向抗血管生成療法被認為是抗腫瘤治療的希望,而血管的生成和發(fā)育需要在幾個生長因子家族與其特異受體之間密切合作,由此了解受體級聯(lián)信號傳導(dǎo)即可為抗血管生成治療提供幫助[16]。目前多數(shù)抗血管生成療法針對的是VEGF/VEGFRs家族,但為了更好地控制腫瘤血管發(fā)生,PDGFs/PDGFRs也作為目標之一[16]。PDGFs信號拮抗劑的開發(fā)是基于PDGFs對于正常血管成熟和功能的影響,而在未成熟血管中PDGFs/PDGFRs的靶向機制尚未完全闡明。有研究表明[17],在CRC發(fā)展中,PDGFs/PDGFRs在腫瘤血管生成中有促進作用,調(diào)節(jié)PDGFs/PDGFRs表達水平可能是一種更有效抗血管生成、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的療法。其機制可能是通過誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細胞凋亡,從而降低血管通透性,減少腫瘤組織的血流量。當(dāng)前,處于臨床晚期研究階段的多靶點抗血管生成劑包括:KDR酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(Cediranib)、多靶點的受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(Linifanib)、RTK抑制劑(TKI-258)多靶點受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(Dovitinib)、多酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(Lenvatinib)和VFGFR-2D三磷酸腺苷競爭性抑制劑(Brivanib)等藥物,可抑制VEGFR,PDGFR和FGFR家族的多個成員[17],其中的Cediranib證據(jù)相對較多,適應(yīng)征廣泛,包括CRC,膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤,膽道癌和卵巢癌等[17]。

2 PDGFs/PDGFRs與CRC

2.1 PDGFs與CRC

2.1.1PDGF-AB:PDGF-AB是PDGFs/PDGFRs系統(tǒng)中調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖和遷移的重要分子,包括對CRC細胞的調(diào)節(jié)[18]。 Mantur等[19]報道,PDGF-AB不僅在CRC患者的血液中升高,而且在其它腫瘤各個發(fā)展階段血液PDGF-AB水平較對照組顯著增加。Yu等[18]研究表明,PDGF-AB血液水平與腫瘤

分化程度成正相關(guān),表明它們在腫瘤形成中有重要作用。并且與腫瘤活檢相比,動態(tài)檢測PDGF-AB血液水平的變化結(jié)果更容易獲得。根據(jù)以上證據(jù),有研究檢驗及追蹤PDGF-AB在血液表達可作為早期非侵入性CRC評估以及CRC進展的有效手段之一。

2.1.2PDGF-AA:有研究證實,PDGF-AA在血管生成中發(fā)揮著重要作用,而且它的過度表達在多數(shù)實體器官的癌癥促血管生成有關(guān)[20]。Holleran[21]等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)直腸癌原發(fā)腫瘤的靜脈血清中檢測到PDGF-AA在肝轉(zhuǎn)移患者中顯著升高。更有Inanc[22]等在評估化療治療的轉(zhuǎn)移性結(jié)直腸癌患者PDGF-AA在腫瘤血管生成和腫瘤生長以及其預(yù)后有作用,并且以上學(xué)者還發(fā)現(xiàn)PDGF-AA在部分緩解和病情穩(wěn)定的患者中均顯著降低。

2.1.3PDGF-BB:在猿猴肉瘤病毒致癌基因(v-sis)及Ras/MAP-激酶信號基因中,PDGF-BB的同源性結(jié)構(gòu)在細胞存活、增殖和侵襲中起重要作用,因此,PDGF-BB被認為是癌基因在PDGFs/PDGFRs信號通路起作用[23]。有研究表明,PDGF-BB通過旁分泌形式來誘導(dǎo)血管形成[24],同時刺激內(nèi)皮細胞產(chǎn)生VEGF和FGF等,并招募內(nèi)皮細胞生成血管[4]。Ito等[25]首次提到PDGF-BB在CRC發(fā)生中的作用,在人CRC細胞系中發(fā)現(xiàn)包括PDGF-BB等生長因子的多重表達。Kitadai等[26]研究表明,PDGF-BB的表達與PDGFR-β的過度表達同時發(fā)生,而與Duke階段無關(guān)。Ionescu等[16]證實PDGF-BB與腫瘤分期的關(guān)聯(lián),CRC的Duke B、Duke C和Duke D期中,PDGF-BB的表達水平相似。

新近的研究表明,CRC中PDGF-BB的作用與腫瘤內(nèi)周細胞增多有關(guān)[27]。在血管平滑肌細胞(VSMC)和周細胞均表達的PDGFR-β為PDGF-BB原始受體的同型二聚體[28]。Belizon等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)腺瘤患者PDGF-BB水平顯著升高,因此,將PDGF-BB血液水平作為診斷CRC的非侵入性生物標志物。

2.1.4PDGF-CC:PDGF-CC是有絲分裂因子,活性高于PDGF-AA,在間充質(zhì)細胞中含量與PDGF-AB和PDGF-BB相當(dāng)[30]。以往研究表明,PDGF-CC通過結(jié)合PDGFR-αα和內(nèi)皮細胞中的PDGFR-αβ來促進血管形成[31]。Yamauchi等[32]的研究顯示CRC腫瘤組織中PDGF-C mRNA的表達顯著高

于相鄰組織,轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤組織中PDGF-C mRNA比非轉(zhuǎn)移性組織高。此外,PDGF-CC的蛋白高表達與CRC臨床病理特征以及預(yù)后之間存在顯著相關(guān)性,即高水平的PDGF-CC蛋白可以預(yù)測手術(shù)后CRC的復(fù)發(fā)情況。在沒有其它復(fù)發(fā)因素情況下,CRC患者PDGF-CC水平升高可能與強化佐劑化療有關(guān)[33]。另外有研究表明PDGF-CC以旁路方式刺激腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細胞,促進血管形成和腫瘤的發(fā)展[33]。與對照組相比,CRC血液中的PDGF-CC顯著增加[34],表明外周血PDGF-CC水平可能有助于早期診斷CRC。

2.1.5PDGF-DD:PDGF-DD作為上調(diào)因素作用于不同的腫瘤,但與CRC關(guān)系尚不明確[35]。

2.2 PDGFRs與CRC

PDGFRs家族信號傳導(dǎo)的改變在CRC發(fā)生中具有重要作用,與CRC腫瘤細胞和腫瘤相關(guān)基質(zhì)細胞中過度表達相關(guān)[4,36-39]。Wehler等[39]調(diào)查CRC患者的隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PDGFR-α/β表達與淋巴傳播顯著相關(guān)。此外,Steller等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)CRC中PDGFR-β的高表達與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生相關(guān)。Estevez garcia等[41]研究這些受體遺傳多態(tài)性與CRC進展臨床相關(guān)性,92例CRC樣本中,PDGFR-β外顯子19經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)SNP(rs246395),占58%,與增加的PDGF途徑活化相關(guān)。Erben等[42]觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)晚期CRC患者癌組織PDGFR-βmRNA表達較正常組織顯著增加。

3 結(jié)語

PDGFs/PDGFRs在CRC中的過表達,參與腫瘤血管生成及腫瘤生長、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。CRC的發(fā)病與PDGF-AB和PDGF-CC血液水平顯著相關(guān);作為血管生成調(diào)節(jié)劑,PDGF-BB水平與腫瘤的嚴重程度相關(guān)。因此,PDGFs/PDGFRs可作為CRC診斷或判斷預(yù)后的生物標志物,另外,PDGFs/PDGFRs在CRC腫瘤細胞血管的生成、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中有重要作用,相應(yīng)的拮抗劑有望成為CRC治療的新策略。

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本文作者簡介:

牛悅婷(1990—),女,漢族,碩士,主要從事婦科腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)研究

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