辛 鶴 王傳卓 綜述 劉兆玉 審校
microRNA(miRNA)是存在于真核生物中的非編碼短鏈RNA,在生命活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮了重要的調(diào)控作用。1993年,Lee等[1]首次在秀麗隱桿線蟲(chóng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)度為22nt,能夠與LIN-14 mRNA互補(bǔ)的反義RNA分子,并將其命名為RNA-1in-4。此后,量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了miRNA的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。其中,miR-196a作為miRNA家族中的成員之一,近年來(lái)受到了很大關(guān)注。本文就miR-196a在腫瘤中的作用做一綜述。
2004年,Yekta等[2]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)與HOX家族基因相關(guān)聯(lián)的miR-196a。miR-196a是從HOX家族基因座轉(zhuǎn)錄而來(lái),其包含miR-196a-1和miR-196a-2兩個(gè)亞型,兩者的編碼基因分別位于17號(hào)染色體和12號(hào)染色體,其中前者位于HOXB9和HOXB13之間,后者位于HOXC10和HOXC12之間。miR-196a在多種生物學(xué)過(guò)程中起重要的調(diào)控作用。有研究報(bào)道,miR-196a在人臀部皮下脂肪組織的表達(dá)水平顯著高于腹部皮下脂肪組織,且miR-196a通過(guò)調(diào)控HOX基因表達(dá),影響皮下脂肪組織的分布,與肥胖、代謝紊亂等病癥密切相關(guān)[3]。miR-196a上調(diào)也能夠抑制其靶基因HOXC8的表達(dá),參與脂肪組織的褐變過(guò)程[4]。在亨廷頓氏舞蹈癥轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-196a能夠作用于RANBP10的3′ UTR抑制其表達(dá),提高β-微管蛋白的聚合能力,改善神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的胞內(nèi)運(yùn)輸和突觸可變性,增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[5]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-196a能夠影響小鼠胚胎干細(xì)胞的自我更新和分化狀態(tài)[6],調(diào)節(jié)SD大鼠骨髓基質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分化和成骨基因表達(dá)[7],增強(qiáng)BMP4、Pax7表達(dá)促進(jìn)蠑螈尾再生[8]。
據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道位于不穩(wěn)定位點(diǎn)的人類miRNAs與腫瘤發(fā)生有著密切聯(lián)系,HOX家族的基因座屬于不穩(wěn)定位點(diǎn),其中HOXB4、HOXB5、HOXC9、HOXC10、HOXD4、HOXD8與鄰近miRNAs的表達(dá)紊亂參與眾多實(shí)體瘤及血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤的形成[9-10]。而位于HOX基因座的miR-196a與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展也密切相關(guān)。近年來(lái)研究表明,miR-196a在多種腫瘤組織中呈高表達(dá),表現(xiàn)為癌基因的作用,能夠通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/Akt等通路,促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,并增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療藥物的耐藥性。
食管癌是食管鱗狀上皮或腺上皮異常增生所形成的病變,是人類最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,多發(fā)于亞洲和非洲。食管癌術(shù)后5年生存率僅為18%~30%,是高致死性疾病[11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在食管癌組織中,miR-196a表達(dá)水平高于癌旁組織。采用細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)表達(dá)miR-196a能夠促進(jìn)食管癌細(xì)胞TE1增殖、侵襲和遷移[12]。Luthra等[13]對(duì)食管癌細(xì)胞系OE33、SEG-1、BIC-1、SKGT-5的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-196a表達(dá)上調(diào)能夠降低ANXA1 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平,且熒光素酶實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示miR-196a能夠靶向調(diào)控ANXA1,而ANXA1能夠調(diào)控多條信號(hào)通路,抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞凋亡。
此外,Wang等[14]分析了miR-196a基因多態(tài)性與食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的關(guān)系,實(shí)驗(yàn)中采用PCR-LDR技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a基因rs11614913 C/T SNP的T等位基因能夠增加60歲以下人群食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而miR-196a基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)rs35010275的多態(tài)的C等位基因是60歲以下人群食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)病的保護(hù)因素。PAR1A屬于小分子G蛋白R(shí)as超家族成員之一,其表達(dá)異常與腫瘤的發(fā)生及轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。SNP rs6573位點(diǎn)位于RAP1A基因的3′ UTR區(qū),存在miR-196a潛在結(jié)合區(qū),通過(guò)構(gòu)建SNP rs6573A/C不同基因型RAP1A 3′ UTR的載體,采用熒光素酶報(bào)告基因發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a可以顯著降低A等位基因的熒光素酶活性,而對(duì)C等位基因的熒光素酶活性沒(méi)有影響,說(shuō)明SNP rs6573通過(guò)影響miR-196a對(duì)PAP1A表達(dá)的調(diào)控,參與食管鱗癌的轉(zhuǎn)移[15]。
胰腺癌發(fā)病隱蔽、早期發(fā)現(xiàn)困難,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)多屬于晚期。由于其早期即可發(fā)生浸潤(rùn)和轉(zhuǎn)移,導(dǎo)致胰腺癌手術(shù)切除率較低。miRNAs常作為腫瘤診斷標(biāo)志物,用于腫瘤的鑒別和預(yù)后判斷[16-17]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胰腺癌患者血漿中miR-21、miR-210、miR-155、miR-196a、miR-20a和miR-25表達(dá)水平顯著高于正常對(duì)照組,且miR-196a高表達(dá)會(huì)降低患者存活率,說(shuō)明血漿miR-196a水平對(duì)胰腺癌具有一定的診斷效能[18]。Hong等[19]通過(guò)miRNAs芯片分析胰腺癌組織及其癌旁組織中miRNA的表達(dá)差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)51種miRNA高表達(dá),107種miRNA低表達(dá),同時(shí)采用Real-time PCR進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了miR-196a的表達(dá)變化,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,胰腺癌患者中miR-196a表達(dá)水平顯著升高,且與腫瘤的病變程度等密切相關(guān)。
此外有研究報(bào)道,miR-196a轉(zhuǎn)染人胰腺癌PANCA-1細(xì)胞后,能夠降低ING5表達(dá)水平,提高細(xì)胞凋亡水平,抑制細(xì)胞侵襲和增殖。ING5是抑癌基因家族成員之一,ING5與p53相互作用能促進(jìn)p53轉(zhuǎn)錄活化,抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。因此,miR-196a可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)ING5的表達(dá),影響胰腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖情況、凋亡水平及侵襲遷移能力[20]。Huang等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),下調(diào)miR-196a表達(dá)能夠降低Cyclin D1和CDK4/6表達(dá)水平,增加G0/G1期細(xì)胞數(shù);實(shí)驗(yàn)中通過(guò)熒光素酶實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a能夠靶向調(diào)控NFKBIA,NFKBIA基因沉默能夠促進(jìn)PANCA-1細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲遷移[21],說(shuō)明miR-196a通過(guò)靶向調(diào)控NFKBIA影響胰腺癌細(xì)胞的生物活性。
結(jié)直腸癌是世界上最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,死亡率在癌癥相關(guān)死亡率中位居前列。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)直腸癌患者癌組織中miR-196a表達(dá)量顯著高于癌旁組織,且miR-196a表達(dá)水平與有無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、有無(wú)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤分期呈明顯相關(guān)性[22]。Nagy等[23]通過(guò)基因芯片發(fā)現(xiàn)了結(jié)腸癌患者與非結(jié)腸癌患者血漿中miR-196a表達(dá)存在差異,又進(jìn)一步通過(guò)PCR驗(yàn)證了這一結(jié)果,說(shuō)明miR-196a可作為結(jié)腸癌診斷和預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物,甚至可能成為結(jié)腸癌基因治療的靶標(biāo)。
miR-196a也能夠通過(guò)調(diào)控ZG16的表達(dá)影響結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展,ZG16蛋白是分子量為16 kDa的可溶性蛋白,目前常用來(lái)作為檢測(cè)胃癌、腺癌等癌癥的標(biāo)志物。Chen等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌組織中的ZG16蛋白表達(dá)量明顯低于癌旁正常組織,進(jìn)一步尋找與ZG16蛋白有關(guān)的miRNAs,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a與ZG16基因3′UTR端有7個(gè)堿基可構(gòu)成共價(jià)鍵,因此miR-196a通過(guò)調(diào)控下游ZG16基因的表達(dá)促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的癌變。Jacob等[25]采用RNA免疫共沉淀、免疫熒光等技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)LMTK3能夠通過(guò)DDX5蛋白與miR-196a結(jié)合,通過(guò)構(gòu)建LMTK3 3′UTR的載體,采用熒光素酶報(bào)告基因發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a也能夠靶向調(diào)控LMTK3。LMTK3是絲氨酸-蘇氨酸-酪氨酸激酶家族成員之一,是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的癌癥相關(guān)基因,最新研究表明其在多種惡性腫瘤中高表達(dá),且高表達(dá)水平與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預(yù)后有關(guān),Jacob等人的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果也顯示,miR-196a能夠與LMTK3相互作用影響結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力。此外,Pan等[26]通過(guò)基因敲除、染色質(zhì)免疫共沉淀等實(shí)驗(yàn)探究了miR-196a與LncRNA UCA1、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CREB在耐藥過(guò)程中的相互關(guān)系及作用機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a在癌細(xì)胞耐藥形成中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用。
肝癌是我國(guó)發(fā)病率極高,預(yù)后差的一種癌癥,也是目前世界上第三大致死性癌癥。肝癌的發(fā)病是多因素、多步驟的復(fù)雜過(guò)程。目前,多組臨床資料及實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)道了miR-196a在肝癌發(fā)病過(guò)程中的調(diào)控作用及機(jī)制。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-196a在肝癌患者的組織、血清中呈高表達(dá),且在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)引發(fā)的肝癌患者中表達(dá)異常升高,相關(guān)研究表明miR-196a可作為慢性乙型肝炎的診斷物,通過(guò)檢測(cè)血清中miR-196a的表達(dá)水平,對(duì)患者的病情進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)估[27-28]。
Hao等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a能夠影響肝癌細(xì)胞中p53、caspase-3、HOXB9、HOXB8 mRNA和蛋白的表達(dá),發(fā)揮促癌因子的作用。此外,Liu等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)與人正常原代肝細(xì)胞(PHH)相比,肝癌細(xì)胞系HepG2、Huh7、MHCC-97H、Hep3B、SMMC-7721中miR-196a呈高表達(dá),并且通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染miR-196a inhibitor及其陰性對(duì)照,進(jìn)一步探究了miR-196a的作用機(jī)制,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示下調(diào)miR-196a表達(dá)能夠降低癌細(xì)胞活性和克隆形成能力,并且促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,且這一生物過(guò)程是通過(guò)miR-196a靶向調(diào)控FOXO1實(shí)現(xiàn)的。Xu等[31]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)丙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白感染的HepG2和Huh-7肝癌細(xì)胞系中miR-196a表達(dá)上調(diào),并且通過(guò)生物信息學(xué)網(wǎng)站預(yù)測(cè)了miR-196a與FOXO1 3′UTR的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),同時(shí)利用雙熒光素酶實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了miR-196a與FOXO1的相互作用關(guān)系。上述結(jié)果表明miR-196a通過(guò)調(diào)控FOXO1的表達(dá)在肝癌發(fā)病過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要的作用。
宮頸癌是常見(jiàn)的婦科惡性腫瘤之一,目前其發(fā)病率逐年上升,且趨于年輕化。Liu等[32]通過(guò)對(duì)105位宮頸癌患者和50位健康志愿者血漿中miR-196a表達(dá)水平的測(cè)定,發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照組相比,宮頸癌患者血漿中的miR-196a顯著升高,且表達(dá)水平與宮頸癌的臨床分期、病例分級(jí)、有無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。
Yang等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)lnc RNA GAS5能夠靶向調(diào)控miR-196a,GAS5過(guò)表達(dá)能夠降低miR-196a的表達(dá)水平,抑制宮頸癌細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。Hou等[34]報(bào)道在宮頸癌細(xì)胞中,過(guò)表達(dá)miR-196a能夠增加G1/S期細(xì)胞數(shù),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,且miR-196a能夠靶向調(diào)控FOXO1和p27,F(xiàn)OXO1和p27是PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路中兩種重要的效應(yīng)因子,說(shuō)明miR-196a能夠通過(guò)影響PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路作用于宮頸癌細(xì)胞。
此外,研究報(bào)道m(xù)iR-196a rs11614913T>CSNP多態(tài)與宮頸癌遺傳易感性密切關(guān)系,采用TaqMan-PCR方法對(duì)509例宮頸癌患者及對(duì)照個(gè)體進(jìn)行基因型分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)含突變純合子CC個(gè)體與野生型純合子TT比較,患宮頸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯升高;分層分析數(shù)據(jù)也顯示月經(jīng)初潮年齡、生育年齡及產(chǎn)子數(shù)目與miR-196a rs11614913T>CSNP基因遺傳變異之間存在著交互作用[35]。
腦膠質(zhì)瘤是人類腫瘤中最具有侵襲性的一種原發(fā)性腫瘤,也是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最常見(jiàn)的腫瘤。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a與腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[36]。Yan等[37]對(duì)116名腦膠質(zhì)瘤患者通過(guò)高通量測(cè)序發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種抑制腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)展的miRNA:miR-767和miR-105,三種促進(jìn)腦膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)展的miRNA:miR-584、miR-296和miR-196a,且miR-196a表達(dá)水平與患者的不良預(yù)后存在相關(guān)性,在低度惡性腦膠質(zhì)瘤轉(zhuǎn)化為惡性間變性膠質(zhì)瘤過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用。Guan等[38]采用基因芯片技術(shù)對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤中16種miRNA表達(dá)水平進(jìn)行了分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a呈高表達(dá),且通過(guò)對(duì)39名患者多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196a表達(dá)水平是患者存活率的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[39],惡性膠質(zhì)瘤U87細(xì)胞中沉默LncRNA Hotair能夠促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制細(xì)胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。Liu等[40]報(bào)道m(xù)iR-196a能夠靶向調(diào)控Hotair,說(shuō)明miR-196a通過(guò)Hotair對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展起到調(diào)控作用。
通過(guò)檢測(cè)血清及組織中某些microRNA的表達(dá)水平,可達(dá)到腫瘤早期診斷的目的,并且能夠?qū)颊卟∏檫M(jìn)展及預(yù)后進(jìn)行評(píng)估。microRNA作為基因表達(dá)和蛋白翻譯過(guò)程中的調(diào)節(jié)分子,在許多腫瘤的發(fā)生過(guò)程中都起到調(diào)控的樞紐作用。因此,把microRNA作為腫瘤生物治療的靶分子具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。在多種腫瘤中,miR-196a的表達(dá)都與腫瘤的分期、預(yù)后具有較為明確的相關(guān)性,而且,目前一些研究數(shù)據(jù)也表明針對(duì)miR-196a的藥物制劑在腫瘤的治療中具有潛在的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。相信隨著對(duì)miR-196a研究的深入,在基因調(diào)控的高水平層面通過(guò)生物治療來(lái)控制腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展將取得豐碩的成果。
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