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經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽囊穿刺引流術(shù)在膽囊炎急性發(fā)作治療中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀

2018-01-20 20:20史洪石靳君華綜述趙海平審校
中國普通外科雜志 2018年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:引流術(shù)膽囊炎膽總管

史洪石,靳君華 綜述 趙海平 審校

(內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 肝膽外科,內(nèi)蒙古 呼和浩特 010000)

經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽囊穿刺引流(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder puncture and drainage,PTGBD)首次由Burckhardt在1921年做出報告[1]。在1980年,經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽囊穿刺引流術(shù)方才應(yīng)用于臨床實(shí)踐[2-4]。直到19世紀(jì)80年代,介入科醫(yī)師對這項(xiàng)技術(shù)更為熟練成熟,并發(fā)表了第1個病例報告[5]。自此,這項(xiàng)治療措施對膽囊炎急性發(fā)作,提供了一個有效的解決方案[6-9]。林曉鐮等[10]在我國首先對經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽管造影及引流術(shù)做出報道,為PTGBD在我國的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的前提。王光星等[11]初步探討了超聲從診斷轉(zhuǎn)向治療的體會,并取得了滿意的臨床答案。但這項(xiàng)技術(shù)一直傾向用于治療梗阻性黃疸的患者,達(dá)到減黃目的,以減少當(dāng)時由于經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,而穿刺肝管導(dǎo)致失敗的發(fā)生率。王孝華等[12]對PTGBD治療膽囊急性發(fā)作的可行性,進(jìn)行臨床試驗(yàn),并取得滿意得結(jié)果。時至今日,PTGBD的文獻(xiàn)報道部分僅限于老年人急性膽囊炎合并臟器功能不全、手術(shù)風(fēng)險較大或手術(shù)禁忌證者,但是具體適應(yīng)證人群及配合二期手術(shù)膽囊切除術(shù)時機(jī)方面暫無系統(tǒng)報道。本文就上述3點(diǎn)做一綜述,以供臨床參考。

1 PTGBD的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

超聲引導(dǎo)下PTGBD能減少急診手術(shù)和麻醉雙重打擊帶來的風(fēng)險,為患者渡過急性期、爭取擇期手術(shù)提供了寶貴的時間[13]。超聲靈活,操作方便、無放射性損害,安全性高,僅需要局麻及少量鎮(zhèn)靜處理?;颊叨嘁蚰昀象w弱和病情危重而不宜搬動,可在床旁進(jìn)行超聲快速準(zhǔn)確操作,手術(shù)在局麻下進(jìn)行。穿刺時超聲可精確定位膽囊位置,可在動態(tài)下選擇穿刺路徑,操作精準(zhǔn),成功率較高且手術(shù)并發(fā)癥少[14]。同時,對引流出的膽汁行細(xì)菌學(xué)檢查及藥敏培養(yǎng),可以更好地指導(dǎo)臨床合理用藥,提高治療效果。膽囊急性水腫期膽囊脹大,經(jīng)PTGBD治療,穿刺成功率高,可以迅速減輕膽囊壓力,有效緩解癥狀,使患者免于急性期行手術(shù),降低了手術(shù)風(fēng)險,也符合損傷控制外科的理念[15-16]。特別是老年患者,在膽囊炎急性發(fā)作時,由于急性炎癥期,導(dǎo)致原有基礎(chǔ)疾病瞬時發(fā)作,若不能及時處理,易產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。雖然PTGBD不能取代手術(shù)治療,但該治療方法可迅速減輕患者癥狀,改善患者全身狀態(tài),是一種非常重要的姑息性治療手段[17]。有研究[18]統(tǒng)計(jì),技術(shù)成功率為95%~100%,有效率為70%~85%。經(jīng)翔等[19]成功對753例患者行791次膽道穿刺引流,綜合并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為17.3%,其中嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率僅為1.1%,未出現(xiàn)致死性并發(fā)癥。綜上所述,該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的風(fēng)險收益比較高,且操作方便,為其后期推廣奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

2 適應(yīng)證

2.1 老年人急性膽囊炎

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)[20],老年急性膽囊炎患者行急診膽囊切除術(shù)的病死率高達(dá)14%~19%,在這種高病死率的情況下,急診手術(shù)則將不再是首要的治療措施。而對于老年患者,本身不是診斷膽囊炎嚴(yán)重程度的因素[21],但老年患者應(yīng)激能力較青中年人群低。因此,臨床癥狀常不典型,早期診斷率較低,若出現(xiàn)較為明顯的臨床癥狀,則大多數(shù)已處于疾病惡化階段,而多數(shù)患者伴有高血壓、心臟病、糖尿病等慢性基礎(chǔ)疾病。所以,老年患者膽囊炎急性發(fā)作的手術(shù)風(fēng)險較高[22-24]。經(jīng)檢索國內(nèi)外大量文獻(xiàn),老年患者急性膽囊炎一期行PTGBD術(shù),均取得了較好的療效。

2.2 急性中、重度膽囊炎

急性膽囊炎嚴(yán)重程度評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)首先在全世界TG07[25-27]中提出,其中急性膽囊炎的嚴(yán)重程度分為以下3類:輕度(I級),中度(II級)和嚴(yán)重(III級)。經(jīng)過TG07,TG13賦予急性膽囊嚴(yán)重程度新的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[21]。其中II級(中度)急性膽囊炎,與以下條件有關(guān):⑴ 白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高(>18 000/mm3);⑵ 右上腹部觸摸腫塊;⑶ 主訴時間(>72 h);⑷ 局限性炎癥(壞疽性膽囊炎,氣腫性膽囊炎等)。若合并凝血、肝腎功損害等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥為III級,而I級(輕度)急性膽囊炎:不符合“三級”或“二級”急性膽囊炎的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。TG13中明確指出,中、重度的急性膽囊炎不易立即行膽囊切除術(shù),而PTGBD引流術(shù)既降低了手術(shù)的風(fēng)險,又能快速解決患者癥狀,為臨床醫(yī)生提供了較為安全的治療方法。

2.3 急性結(jié)石嵌頓性膽囊炎

急性結(jié)石性膽囊炎發(fā)病較急,當(dāng)結(jié)石嵌頓膽囊管突然受阻,膽囊內(nèi)壓力增高,膽囊管黏膜充血、水腫,則導(dǎo)致膽囊壓力進(jìn)一步升高,形成惡性循環(huán)。如果梗阻不能解除,高壓力的膽囊內(nèi)壓,促使膽囊壁出現(xiàn)血運(yùn)障礙,導(dǎo)致膽囊壁發(fā)生穿孔。當(dāng)膽囊內(nèi)已存在感染時,膽囊極易壞疽,病情迅速惡化[28]。由于膽囊管水腫,與周圍組織粘連嚴(yán)重,導(dǎo)致膽囊管、肝總管及膽總管解剖不清,術(shù)中肝總管或膽總管損傷機(jī)率較大。有研究[29-30]表明,頸部結(jié)石嵌頓是膽道損傷的高危因素,急診行腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)或開腹膽囊切除術(shù)后極易產(chǎn)生如膽漏、膽管炎、膽周積液以及膽囊床滲血等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響患者的預(yù)后及生活質(zhì)量。

2.4 急性膽囊炎并發(fā)膽總管結(jié)石(結(jié)石直徑<5 cm)繼發(fā)膽總管結(jié)石可以認(rèn)為是膽囊結(jié)石肝外并

發(fā)癥之一[31]。直徑<0.5 cm的膽囊結(jié)石較易通過彎曲的膽囊管螺旋瓣,掉落至膽總管。期間,小結(jié)石通過Oddi括約肌,導(dǎo)致其痙攣,患者則出現(xiàn)較為強(qiáng)烈的腹痛,若痙攣長時間不能緩解,患者可出現(xiàn)短暫鞏膜輕度黃染,嚴(yán)重時可誘發(fā)急性胰腺炎?;颊咴诩毙阅懩已装l(fā)作過程中,行超聲或磁共振膽道水成像中,可發(fā)現(xiàn)較小的膽總管結(jié)石,這可以成為膽總管探查的指征[32]。膽管纖細(xì)在急性期探查有暴露膽道困難、增加膽道損傷及術(shù)后膽管狹窄的風(fēng)險,PTGBD即可緩解急性膽囊炎的癥狀,減輕膽道壓力,又可通過術(shù)后經(jīng)PTGBD管造影確診有無膽管結(jié)石,避免膽道陰性探查,也符合損傷控制外科的理念。

2.5 急性胰腺炎合并急性膽囊炎

目前關(guān)于急性胰腺炎合并急性膽囊炎機(jī)制尚不明確[33-34]??赡芘c急性胰腺炎時,機(jī)體出現(xiàn)休克,導(dǎo)致膽囊黏膜缺血,加之患者長期禁食水,膽囊排空延遲,膽汁淤積等導(dǎo)致膽囊急性炎癥發(fā)生。此外,急性胰腺炎發(fā)作時可出現(xiàn)胰頭水腫、十二指腸乳頭水腫,膽道壓力增大導(dǎo)致膽汁排出障礙,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致膽囊炎發(fā)作。急性重癥胰腺炎不易行手術(shù)治療,若合并急性膽囊炎,炎癥進(jìn)一步加重。此時,行PTGBD術(shù),為控制損傷的最佳選擇。李剛等[35]觀察571例急性胰腺炎患者。其中合并急性膽囊炎108例,除有明顯禁忌外,76例成功行PTGBD術(shù)。術(shù)后患者各項(xiàng)觀察指標(biāo),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。綜上所述,急性胰腺炎合并急性膽囊炎時,行PTGBD術(shù),可有效減輕炎癥損傷,延緩病情進(jìn)展,為急性胰腺炎合并急性膽囊炎的治療,提供新思路。

3 二期手術(shù)的時機(jī)

PTGBD雖然可迅速緩解患者的癥狀,且高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)。但PTGBD不能從根本上解除患者病因,因此應(yīng)待其全身狀況好轉(zhuǎn)后行膽囊切除術(shù),但手術(shù)時機(jī)目前尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)[36-38]。關(guān)于PTGBD術(shù)后行LC時機(jī)的選擇存在眾多爭議,術(shù)后短時間內(nèi)行LC術(shù),膽囊情況無明顯改善,且術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,影響患者術(shù)后早期恢復(fù),不符合目前外科快速康復(fù)理念。有研究[39]顯示,2~4個月行LC膽囊壁厚度明顯低于2個月以內(nèi)行LC的患者,表明2個月內(nèi)患者膽囊壁可能仍處于水腫狀態(tài),炎癥尚未消退,膽囊及三角的顯露較為困難,從而導(dǎo)致中轉(zhuǎn)為開腹的比例大大增加。因此,若2個月后,復(fù)查超聲,患者的膽囊壁厚度于較前相比無明顯改變,表明其炎癥已消退,此時行手術(shù)切除較為容易。PTGBD后行LC的手術(shù)時機(jī)會對患者的恢復(fù)產(chǎn)生重要影響,因此應(yīng)合理評估患者的基本情況、擇期行LC,以期達(dá)到最好的治療效果[40]。

綜上所述,急性膽囊炎發(fā)病率極高,而急診行腹腔鏡或開腹膽囊切除術(shù)術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高。此外,急性膽囊炎為良性病,一旦出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥不易被家屬接受,這些一直困擾外科醫(yī)生。而PTGBD創(chuàng)傷小、便捷、高效、應(yīng)用廣泛,改善了患者應(yīng)激的狀態(tài),為二期手術(shù)治療創(chuàng)造了條件。但PTGBD根據(jù)患者的情況,可能置管時間較長,影響患者是生活質(zhì)量及外觀,但對比急性期手術(shù)造成的并發(fā)癥相比,無論是醫(yī)生和患者都可以欣然接受。故今后其應(yīng)用空間廣泛,尤其在基層醫(yī)院將廣受歡迎,但關(guān)于適應(yīng)證及二期手術(shù)時機(jī),仍需不斷探索。

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