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年輕人結(jié)直腸癌的診療進(jìn)展

2018-01-19 01:52徐誼趙曉牧綜述王今審校
中國(guó)普通外科雜志 2018年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:年老生存率發(fā)病率

徐誼,趙曉牧 綜述 王今 審校

(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京友誼醫(yī)院 普通外科/國(guó)家消化系統(tǒng)疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,北京 100050)

結(jié)直腸癌是世界上最常見的惡性腫瘤之一。在我國(guó),結(jié)直腸癌位于男性惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率的第四位,女性惡性腫瘤發(fā)病率的第3位,并且在病死率最高的前十位癌癥中,結(jié)直腸癌分別位于男性和女性的第5位和第4位[1]。近年來,盡管醫(yī)學(xué)診療技術(shù)得到飛速發(fā)展,研究[2]也證實(shí)結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率和病死率在西方國(guó)家呈下降趨勢(shì),但在亞洲國(guó)家中,結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率和病死率則呈上升趨勢(shì),在我國(guó)尤為明顯[1,3]。結(jié)直腸癌好發(fā)于中老年人,有研究[4]報(bào)道超過90%的結(jié)直腸癌患者發(fā)生于50歲以上,然而,最近越來越多的研究[5-8]指出年輕結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病率明顯增高,且與年老患者相比分期更晚、預(yù)后更差。有研究[8]估計(jì),到2030年,20~34歲的結(jié)腸癌和直腸癌的發(fā)病率將分別上升90.0%和124.2%,35~49歲的患者分別上升27.7%和46.0%。屆時(shí),<50歲的結(jié)腸癌患者和直腸癌患者將分別占所有結(jié)直腸癌患者的10.9%和22.9%,而在2010年這一比例僅為4.8%和9.5%。因此,對(duì)年輕結(jié)直腸癌的定義、危險(xiǎn)因素、臨床特點(diǎn)、診療方法及其預(yù)后等研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,進(jìn)而指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)師提高對(duì)年輕結(jié)直腸癌的認(rèn)識(shí),做到早診斷、早治療具有重要意義。

1 年輕人結(jié)直腸癌的定義

目前年輕結(jié)人直腸癌的定義尚無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)其年齡劃定也各自不一,有研究[9-10]劃定為<40歲,有研究[11]劃定為<45歲,然而大部分文獻(xiàn)[5,12-15]將其定為<50歲。結(jié)合目前美國(guó)預(yù)防服務(wù)工作組(United States Preventative Services Task Force,USPSTF)推薦結(jié)直腸癌的篩查從50歲開始[16],且50歲以下和50歲以上結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病趨勢(shì)、臨床特征及其預(yù)后被越來越多的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道存在明顯差異,故本次敘述的年輕人結(jié)直腸癌為年齡<50歲的結(jié)直腸癌。

2 發(fā)病的危險(xiǎn)因素

結(jié)直腸癌是由多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果[17]。除了年齡和性別外,大腸癌家族史[18]、炎癥性腸病[19]、吸煙[20]、酗酒[21]、食用過多紅肉[22]、肥胖[23]、糖尿病[24]等均已被證明和結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病有關(guān),其中一級(jí)親屬中患有結(jié)直腸癌或既往有炎癥性腸病的患者與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率的增加最為密切。近來有報(bào)道[25-26]幽門螺桿菌、梭桿菌屬和其他潛在傳染原感染可能與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)。而對(duì)于年輕結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率日益增加的原因各報(bào)道意見不一,我們現(xiàn)將其總結(jié)如下。

2.1 肥胖

肥胖被認(rèn)為是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的高危因素[23,27]。美國(guó)近30年來所有年齡段人群肥胖的患病率均明顯增加[28-29],有學(xué)者[30]認(rèn)為這可能是導(dǎo)致年輕結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率呈總體上升趨勢(shì)的原因之一。而在中國(guó),隨著生活水平的提高,成人和兒童中肥胖和超重的比例也日益上升[31]。研究[32]指出兒童肥胖和超重的比例由1985年的<3%升至2010年的20%,而成人這一比例則于2010年達(dá)到了42.6%[33],這也許能部分解釋中國(guó)的結(jié)直腸癌總體發(fā)病率不降反升的原因。

2.2 食用過多紅肉

紅肉中含有較高的飽和脂肪酸,食用過多會(huì)增加結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),世界衛(wèi)生組織國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)已將其納入2A類致癌物清單中。有研究[30,34]指出從1977—1996年,在青少年(12~18歲)和年輕人(19~29歲)中,來自漢堡之類的快餐平均能量攝入量增加了30%,而來自牛奶的能量攝入比例下降了42%,這種飲食的變化可能是導(dǎo)致年輕結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率增加的潛在原因。

2.3 遺傳因素

據(jù)估計(jì),年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者中有大約10%是和遺傳因素有關(guān)的[12]。當(dāng)新診斷年輕結(jié)直腸癌時(shí),應(yīng)首先考慮其是否患有遺傳性疾病,如家族性腺瘤性息肉病,林奇綜合征(Lynch syndrome,LS),MUTYH相關(guān)性息肉病以及不常見的Peutz-Jeghers綜合征和幼年性息肉病等。目前指南不推薦年齡<50歲且無危險(xiǎn)因素的成年人接受常規(guī)結(jié)直腸癌篩查,而高危人群(即有家族性息肉病史,遺傳性非息肉病性結(jié)直腸癌或潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎病史)則建議在50歲之前開始篩查[8]。

2.4 吸煙、飲酒

吸煙與結(jié)直腸癌的亞型有關(guān),特別是在有微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性(microsatellite instability,MSI)的散發(fā)性老年人結(jié)直腸癌患者中更明顯[35]。然而,吸煙引起結(jié)直腸癌通常需要幾十年的誘導(dǎo),這個(gè)一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的過程,并且有研究[36]表明,年輕人的吸煙率正在下降,吸煙不太可能是年輕結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率增加的原因。另外,有研究[37]指出,飲酒對(duì)于45歲以下且有結(jié)直腸癌家族史的人群是一個(gè)高危因素。

3 年輕人結(jié)直腸癌的臨床特點(diǎn)

3.1 臨床表現(xiàn)

年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者的臨床表現(xiàn)與年老患者相似,但通常不典型。O'Connell等[38]分析指出絕大多數(shù)的年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者在就診時(shí)已有臨床癥狀,極少數(shù)在體檢時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),最常見的癥狀為腹痛(55%)和便血(46%),其次是體質(zhì)量減輕(35%)和排便習(xí)慣改變(32%);直腸和乙狀結(jié)腸是年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者最常見的發(fā)生部位,占大腸癌的54%,其次是升結(jié)腸(22%),降結(jié)腸(13%),橫結(jié)腸(11%)。Siegel等[30]也指出,86%的年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者在診斷時(shí)已有癥狀,同時(shí)指出50歲以下結(jié)直腸癌患者增加的原因主要是由于左側(cè)大腸癌特別是直腸癌的增加造成的。另有研究[39]指出21%的年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者在得到確診時(shí)癥狀已經(jīng)超過6個(gè)月。因此,對(duì)于有家族史或癌前病變的年輕人,因腹痛、便血、排便習(xí)慣和大便性狀改變就診時(shí),臨床醫(yī)生要提高警惕,應(yīng)有對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌的鑒別診斷,以減少誤診和漏診。

3.2 臨床分期

年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者臨床分期通常比年老患者更晚[5-8,13]。來自SEER(Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results)分期數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2000—2009年,50歲以下的結(jié)直腸癌患者,TNM分期3期或4期的占67%,局限于原發(fā)部位的占30%,擴(kuò)散到腸系膜淋巴結(jié)的占40%,有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的占27%;然而,50歲以上患者的這一比例依次為56%、39%、37%和19%[40]。眾多學(xué)者[9,36,39]將這一結(jié)果歸因?yàn)樵\斷的延誤。而診斷延誤往往是由患者和醫(yī)生共同造成的[41]。有研究[38]指出,由患者和醫(yī)生造成的診斷延誤平均時(shí)間分別是6.2個(gè)月和3~6個(gè)月,主要是由于醫(yī)務(wù)人員的疏忽或認(rèn)識(shí)不足,導(dǎo)致很多年輕人的癥狀被誤診為是痔等良性疾病。年輕醫(yī)師對(duì)于50歲以下的結(jié)直腸癌做出精準(zhǔn)的診斷是有難度的[42]。因此我們?cè)谕扑]結(jié)直腸癌篩查年齡從50歲開始時(shí)也應(yīng)該提高對(duì)50歲以下結(jié)直腸癌的認(rèn)識(shí),75%的直腸癌是可以在直腸指診時(shí)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的,筆者認(rèn)為直腸指診和腸鏡檢查是減少年輕結(jié)人直腸癌誤診和漏診的保證。另外,對(duì)于年輕結(jié)直腸癌分期較晚是否與其更具侵襲性的腫瘤生物學(xué)特性有關(guān)聯(lián)目前還不確定[43]。

3.3 病理特點(diǎn)和分子生物學(xué)特點(diǎn)

年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者在腫瘤分化程度和組織學(xué)類型方面與年老患者有明顯不同,年輕患者的腫瘤特征往往更具侵襲性[12],黏液腺癌、印戒細(xì)胞癌和低分化腺癌的比例明顯高于年老患者。有學(xué)者[44]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著年齡的增加,結(jié)直腸癌患者中產(chǎn)生粘蛋白的腫瘤(包括印戒細(xì)胞癌和黏液腺癌)比例顯著降低,年老患者的低分化腺癌比例較年輕患者也低很多。O'Connell等[38]報(bào)道,年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者中黏液腺癌占21%,印戒細(xì)胞癌占3%,低分化腺癌占27%。

MSI代表細(xì)胞的“突變表型”,即具有MSI的腫瘤細(xì)胞傾向于多個(gè)基因的突變,尤其是具有重復(fù)DNA序列的突變。研究[45-46]表明,MSI可以導(dǎo)致多種下游細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)調(diào)控基因的改變,從而加速結(jié)直腸癌的進(jìn)展。年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者的分子生物學(xué)與老年患者不同,他們具有高微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性(MSI-H)[47-48]。因此由于MSI-H的比例高,年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者病情進(jìn)展得快,導(dǎo)致在初始診斷時(shí)就處于更晚期[49]。而MSI-H腫瘤的預(yù)后往往較好,這或許可以解釋為什么處于同一分期的腫瘤,年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者比年老患者具有更高的生存率[38,47]。

4 年輕結(jié)直腸癌的治療及術(shù)后監(jiān)測(cè)

年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者的治療方式與年老患者相同,以外科手術(shù)為主[12]。美國(guó)國(guó)家綜合癌癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)[50]建議,當(dāng)結(jié)直腸癌得到診斷后,術(shù)前應(yīng)檢查胸部、腹部和骨盆的CT評(píng)估患者轉(zhuǎn)移情況,以便對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌進(jìn)行分期,同時(shí)檢測(cè)患者血清癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)水平,幫助指導(dǎo)治療后的隨訪,年輕的結(jié)直腸癌患者還應(yīng)進(jìn)行MSI檢測(cè)以評(píng)估LS的可能性。對(duì)于不伴遺傳易感性的結(jié)直腸癌患者,不論年齡大小,手術(shù)切除都是主要的治療方式。由于年輕患者對(duì)性功能、排便、泌尿等要求比較高,術(shù)者應(yīng)在保證腫瘤根治性原則的前提下,最大限度的保留患者上述功能以提高生活質(zhì)量。腸癌患者術(shù)后1年內(nèi)復(fù)查腸鏡,如果術(shù)前腸鏡檢查不全則時(shí)間調(diào)整為術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月以內(nèi),這些檢查策略不因年齡而異[51-52]。由于直腸癌局部復(fù)發(fā)率高于結(jié)腸癌,所以在直腸癌術(shù)后的前兩年需每3~6個(gè)月進(jìn)行1次直腸超聲或腸鏡檢查。

5 年輕人結(jié)直腸癌的預(yù)后

最新數(shù)據(jù)[53]顯示我國(guó)結(jié)直腸癌的5年生存率男性為48.1%,女性為46.2%,然而關(guān)于年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者的預(yù)后一直意見不一[5,9,12,15,36,49]。Chung等[9]認(rèn)為處于同一分期的年輕患者和年老患者相比較時(shí),其生存率并無明顯差異,并指出年齡<50歲并不是結(jié)直腸癌較差預(yù)后的標(biāo)志,不應(yīng)該消極的看待。同樣地,Liang等[49]研究指出IV期的年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者存活時(shí)間明顯長(zhǎng)于老年患者,并且對(duì)126例患者分析得出腫瘤低分化、產(chǎn)生黏蛋白、CEA濃度高于3.5 ng/mL、IV期腫瘤、p53基因過度表達(dá)和結(jié)直腸癌缺失基因(deleted in colorectal cancer,DCC)基中的雜合性丟失(loss of heterozygosity,LOH)基因表達(dá)是預(yù)后不良的重要因素。Yang等[54]認(rèn)為年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者發(fā)生異時(shí)性多原發(fā)結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,但其生存率比年老患者好,因?yàn)樗麄兘邮芨涡允中g(shù)的比例較高且隨訪時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。然而,當(dāng)單獨(dú)研究直腸癌時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),40歲以下患者的預(yù)后不佳,與老年患者相比術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移率更高,總生存期更短[55]。有研究[56]發(fā)現(xiàn)50歲以下結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后前20個(gè)月的生存率較低,但其后的生存率與50歲以上者相當(dāng)。以上研究均需多中心、進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí),不過對(duì)于年輕結(jié)直腸癌患者早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療仍是提高其生存率和生活質(zhì)量的重要措施。

綜上所述,隨著結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病越來越年輕化,人們對(duì)年輕結(jié)直腸癌的認(rèn)識(shí)也逐步深入。在精準(zhǔn)治療和個(gè)體化治療日益發(fā)展的形勢(shì)下,對(duì)于年輕結(jié)直腸癌如何準(zhǔn)確地做出疾病診斷、合理地選擇手術(shù)方式以及精準(zhǔn)地確立術(shù)后需輔助治療的人群等仍需多中心、大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究獲得高級(jí)別的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。

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