郭玉娜 竇智 李小琳 唐元章 楊立強(qiáng) 嚴(yán)偉
[摘要] 目的 觀察腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯治療椎間盤源性腰痛的效果。 方法 選取2016年1月~2017年1月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院疼痛科接受微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療的椎間盤源性腰痛患者80例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分成A、B兩組:A組(42例)采用腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯手術(shù)治療;B組(38例)采用腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)治療。比較兩組術(shù)后1周和術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月的疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS);術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月采用改良Macnab進(jìn)行療效評(píng)定;記錄并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 與術(shù)前比較,兩組患者術(shù)后1周和術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月的VAS評(píng)分差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),A組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)點(diǎn)的VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月,A組改良Macnab評(píng)定中優(yōu)/良患者數(shù)量明顯高于B組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)、動(dòng)脈損傷及感染等并發(fā)癥。 結(jié)論 腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯治療椎間盤源性腰痛是安全有效的。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 低溫等離子消融術(shù);硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管;盤源性腰痛
[中圖分類號(hào)] R681.55 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)10(a)-0111-04
Efficacy of low temperature plasma ablation combined with epidural tube in discogenic low back pain
GUO Yu′na1 DOU Zhi1 LI Xiaolin1 TANG Yuanzhang1 YANG Liqiang1 YAN Wei2▲
1.Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Beijing Huairou District, Beijing 101400, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of low temperature plasma ablation combined with epidural anterior interspace catheterization in the treatment of discogenic low back pain. Methods From January 2016 to January 2017, 80 patients with discogenic low back pain underwent minimally invasive treatment in the Department of Pain Management of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University were selected and divided into low temperature plasma ablation combined with epidural tube group (Group A, 42 cases) and low temperature plasma ablation group (Group B, 38 cases) by random digital table method. The VAS scores of two groups 1 week, 1 month, 3 and 6 months after operation were compared; reformed Macnab assessment was used to evaluate the treatment effect of two groups 1 month, 3 and 6 months after operation; the complications were recorded. Results The VAS scores difference were statistically significant at 1 week, 1 month, 3 and 6 months after treatment compared with those before operation in two groups (P < 0.05). VAS scores in Group A at each time points after operation were lower than those in the Group B, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). 1 month, 3 and 6 months after operation, the propotion of patients with excellent or good score in the reformed Macnab assessment in Group A were higer than those in Group B, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). There was no complications such as nerve and artery injury or infection was found in the two groups. Conclusion Lumbar low temperature plasma ablation combined with epidural anterior interspace catheterization is safe and effective in the treatment of discogenic low back pain.
[Key words] Low temperature plasma ablation; Epidural anterior interspace catheterization; Discogenic low back pain
腰痛是臨床最常見的慢性疼痛疾病之一,70%~80%的人一生中都會(huì)經(jīng)歷腰痛[1]。腰痛的機(jī)制復(fù)雜,其中椎間盤源性腰痛占28%~40%,指的是腰椎間盤內(nèi)部的痛覺感受器受到刺激引起的疼痛,其特點(diǎn)是腰骶部、臀部、大腿后外側(cè)的彌漫性疼痛,定位模糊,通常不伴有根性癥狀[2-3]。椎間盤源性腰痛目前的主要治療方式為等離子射頻消融術(shù),其目的是毀損盤內(nèi)的感覺神經(jīng)纖維,但存在部分患者療效不佳和術(shù)后易復(fù)發(fā)的缺點(diǎn)[4]。腰椎硬膜外連續(xù)阻滯能消除椎間盤外因素引起的疼痛[2],筆者認(rèn)為可以彌補(bǔ)椎間盤等離子射頻消融術(shù)在治療機(jī)制上的不足。因此,本研究對(duì)低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外置管治療盤源性腰痛的效果及安全性進(jìn)行了探索,報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016年1月~2017年1月在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)接受微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療的椎間盤源性腰痛患者80例,其中男49例,女31例;年齡52~70歲;單一節(jié)段病變34例,多節(jié)段病變46例,其中L2/3、L3/4間盤3例,L3/4、L4/5間盤10例,L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1間盤14例,L4/5、L5/S1間盤19例。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為A、B兩組,A組(42例)采用腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯;B組(38例)患者采用腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)治療,所有患者治療前均行腰椎X線、腰椎核磁共振(MRI)檢查。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者入組前均知情同意并簽屬知情同意書。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腰背部疼痛>3個(gè)月,無(wú)下肢放射痛,保守治療1個(gè)月以上效果欠佳;②直腿抬高試驗(yàn)陰性;③腰椎MRI:椎間盤突出<6 mm,無(wú)明顯脊髓及神經(jīng)根受壓;T2加權(quán)像椎間盤單/多節(jié)段信號(hào)降低(黑盤征),其中至少一個(gè)椎間盤纖維環(huán)后部存在高信號(hào)區(qū)(HIZ)[5]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①凝血功能障礙或正在接受抗凝藥物治療;②椎體間隙感染,穿刺部位皮膚感染或全身感染等;③存在非脊柱源性腰痛,如骶髂關(guān)節(jié)源性疼痛等;④病變節(jié)段曾經(jīng)接受過手術(shù)治療;⑤影像學(xué)檢查提示嚴(yán)重的椎管狹窄;⑥重要器官系統(tǒng)功能障礙或腫瘤腰椎骨轉(zhuǎn)移;⑦存在精神疾患及不能配合完成手術(shù)。兩組患者年齡、性別、病程比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.3 治療方法
A組患者先采用腰椎硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管持續(xù)泵入消炎鎮(zhèn)痛液2周后,再行腰椎間盤低溫等離子消融術(shù)。腰椎硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管具體方法:患者取側(cè)臥位,患側(cè)向下,進(jìn)針點(diǎn)選擇在L2~L5椎棘間隙旁開0.5~1.0 cm,硬膜外穿刺針緊貼小關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)緣進(jìn)入硬膜外腔,采用空氣阻力消失法穿刺針進(jìn)入硬膜外腔后,置入帶有鋼絲導(dǎo)芯的導(dǎo)管。C型臂(General Electric Company,型號(hào):OEC 9900 Elite)下確定導(dǎo)管位于硬膜外腔前或側(cè)間隙,緩慢注入造影劑(歐乃派克,General Electric Company,批號(hào):16272420)3~5 mL,C型臂再次確認(rèn)造影劑位于硬膜外腔。打通皮下隧道固定硬膜外導(dǎo)管,連接鎮(zhèn)痛泵(泵容量250 mL,消炎鎮(zhèn)痛液:0.4%利多卡因250 mL+地塞米松5 mg+慶大霉素4萬(wàn)U,流速為5 mL/h)[6],持續(xù)帶泵2周后停止給藥并拔除硬膜外導(dǎo)管。腰椎間盤低溫等離子消融術(shù)操作方法:患者取俯臥位或側(cè)臥位,責(zé)任間盤節(jié)段正中旁開8~10 cm為穿刺點(diǎn),采用17G套管針進(jìn)行穿刺,C型臂引導(dǎo)下調(diào)整針尖方向到達(dá)靶點(diǎn)(HIZ區(qū)為重點(diǎn)靶向目標(biāo))。插入等離子刀頭,然后在3檔熱凝模式下測(cè)試有無(wú)下肢異常感覺或運(yùn)動(dòng)。在3檔低溫消融模式下,以0.2 cm/s的速度推進(jìn)刀頭進(jìn)行消融,推進(jìn)距離約1 cm,然后在3檔熱凝模式下,以0.5 cm/s的速度退出刀頭。進(jìn)入和退出步驟在椎間盤的2、4、6、8、10及12點(diǎn)6個(gè)時(shí)鐘方向反復(fù)進(jìn)行,直到推進(jìn)刀頭時(shí)無(wú)明顯阻力。然后緩慢退出套管針,退針過程中在針道內(nèi)給予0.5%利多卡因+曲安奈德10 mg(同息痛,昆明積大制藥股份有限公司,批號(hào):160610)共10 mL,術(shù)后臥床48 h[7]。B組患者只接受腰椎間盤低溫等離子消融手術(shù)治療。射頻儀選用西安高通低溫等離子體多功能手術(shù)系統(tǒng),型號(hào):SM-D380C,均使用配套等離子刀頭,型號(hào):DXR-G1100-A185。所有操作均由具有腰椎間盤低溫等離子消融技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)5年以上的醫(yī)生進(jìn)行,避免因技術(shù)問題造成臨床數(shù)據(jù)的偏差。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)及隨訪時(shí)間
分別記錄兩組患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后1周和1、3、6個(gè)月時(shí)的患者疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS),VAS評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):0分表示無(wú)痛,10表示最劇烈疼痛[8]。分別于術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月進(jìn)行改良Macnab評(píng)定(優(yōu)、良、中、差)評(píng)價(jià)患者的主觀滿意度,優(yōu):無(wú)疼痛、運(yùn)動(dòng)受限,能參加正常工作和活動(dòng);良:偶發(fā)非神經(jīng)性疼痛,主要癥狀減輕,能夠參加調(diào)整好的工作;中:一定程度的功能改善,仍為殘疾和/或失業(yè)狀態(tài);差:癥狀無(wú)改變或加重[9]。統(tǒng)計(jì)評(píng)分為優(yōu)/良的患者占比。兩組患者術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間均以低溫等離子消融術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)開始計(jì)算。觀察術(shù)后生命體征、穿刺點(diǎn)滲血情況以及神經(jīng)損傷、感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,重復(fù)測(cè)量資料采用單因素方差分析,兩組間比較采用兩個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),采用雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組手術(shù)前后VAS評(píng)分比較
與術(shù)前比較,兩組患者術(shù)后1周和1、3、6個(gè)月的VAS評(píng)分差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。A組患者術(shù)后1周和1、3、6個(gè)月的VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組患者術(shù)后Macnab評(píng)定優(yōu)/良患者占比比較
A組患者術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月的Macnab評(píng)定為優(yōu)/良的人數(shù)明顯多于B組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。
2.3兩組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況
兩組患者均無(wú)神經(jīng)損傷相關(guān)的支配區(qū)域異感、麻木等并發(fā)癥,亦無(wú)血管損傷、大出血及感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
3討論
椎間盤源性腰痛的病理生理機(jī)制目前并無(wú)定論,但主流觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為椎間盤退變后血管及神經(jīng)末梢沿破裂的纖維環(huán)長(zhǎng)入椎間盤,是產(chǎn)生盤源性疼痛的病理基礎(chǔ)[10-11]。所以大多數(shù)治療均圍繞腰椎間盤展開,但在部分病例療效并不理想。本研究考慮,腰椎間盤退化變性之后所引起的慢性炎性反應(yīng),尤其是髓核外漏刺激臨近神經(jīng)、軟組織引起的硬膜外粘連等一系列反應(yīng)均可引起慢性腰腿痛。Matvienko等[12]曾在椎管內(nèi)給藥治療慢性腰腿痛?;谏鲜隼碚摶A(chǔ)及臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),本研究以腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯治療椎間盤源性腰痛,并觀察其療效。
射頻手術(shù)治療各種椎間盤源性疾病由來(lái)已久,最初的射頻手術(shù)是通過熱凝效應(yīng)[13],通過射頻電極使針尖周圍的組織溫度達(dá)到90℃,從而使突出的髓核產(chǎn)生明顯的體積收縮,達(dá)到對(duì)周圍神經(jīng)血管減壓的目的,熱凝效應(yīng)還能起到促進(jìn)炎癥因子、致痛因子消散,滅活竇椎神經(jīng)纖維和消除組織水腫的作用[14]。但隨著該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,其存在的并發(fā)癥也逐漸受到重視,如射頻熱凝后的終板炎[15]、高溫對(duì)神經(jīng)根的損傷。等離子消融的出現(xiàn)明顯地減少了上述并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[16]。等離子射頻消融技術(shù)是利用射頻電場(chǎng)產(chǎn)生等離子薄層,使離子獲得足夠的動(dòng)能,打斷分子鍵形成切割和消融效果,不依賴熱效應(yīng),因此溫度一般控制在40~70℃[17],其可通過對(duì)椎間盤靶點(diǎn)進(jìn)行等離子消融達(dá)到損毀新生的血管及神經(jīng)末梢,并局部減壓的目的[14,18],但是無(wú)法對(duì)椎間盤外的炎癥病灶進(jìn)行處理。
部分椎間盤源性腰痛患者存在明顯的纖維環(huán)破裂,人體豁免的髓核組織泄漏至硬膜外腔導(dǎo)致脊神經(jīng)根炎癥形成,以及長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的炎性反應(yīng)繼發(fā)的椎管腔組織粘連[19]。糖皮質(zhì)激素類一直是疼痛科控制無(wú)菌性炎癥的首選藥物,其能夠通過抑制前列腺素合成,達(dá)到抑制炎性反應(yīng)的目的[20]。而腰椎硬膜外腔置管持續(xù)藥物輸注則是將糖皮質(zhì)激素準(zhǔn)確作用于椎間盤外炎癥病灶的技術(shù)手段[21-23],因此認(rèn)為此方法可以作為椎間盤低溫等離子消融術(shù)的有益補(bǔ)充。
本研究中,兩組患者在治療后疼痛均有明顯緩解,與腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)的患者比較,接受腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯治療的患者疼痛VAS評(píng)分降低更顯著,主觀滿意度也更好。雖然置管治療期間患者的生活質(zhì)量會(huì)受到一定影響,但從對(duì)患者主觀滿意度的分析來(lái)看,置管治療并未對(duì)患者滿意度產(chǎn)生明顯的不利影響,患者還是更傾向于選擇鎮(zhèn)痛效果更加完善的聯(lián)合治療方案。
綜上所述,腰椎低溫等離子消融術(shù)聯(lián)合硬膜外腔前側(cè)間隙置管連續(xù)阻滯治療椎間盤源性腰痛效果確切,安全性高,值得在臨床推廣使用。
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(收稿日期:2018-06-07 本文編輯:任 念)
(本欄目主編:楊立強(qiáng))