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榴蓮的藥用價值及綜合開發(fā)利用△

2018-01-18 14:15戴瑋周林他維亮肖蘇萍蘭青山
中國現(xiàn)代中藥 2018年4期
關鍵詞:榴蓮提取物小鼠

戴瑋,周林,他維亮,肖蘇萍,蘭青山*

(1.中國中藥有限公司,北京 100195;2.眾花南藥有限公司,馬來西亞 檳城 14100)

榴蓮DuriozibethinusMurr.又名韶子,為木棉科(Bombacaceae)榴蓮屬(Durio)常綠喬木[1],原產(chǎn)于泰國、菲律賓、馬來西亞等東南亞和南亞熱帶國家,我國廣東、廣西、海南、臺灣等地也有引種栽培[2]。宋代《證類本草》記載:“韶子,味甘,溫,無毒,主暴痢,心腹冷”。榴蓮營養(yǎng)價值高、味道獨特,被稱為“水果之王”。本文整理了榴蓮的研究情況,對其化學成分、藥用價值、毒副作用、開發(fā)利用等方面進行了總結論述。

1 化學成分

1.1 果肉

榴蓮果肉主要化學成分為蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、碳水化合物、維生素、礦物質(zhì)等營養(yǎng)成分及黃酮類、多酚類、花青素類成分[3-6]。榴蓮果肉揮發(fā)油以含硫化合物(50.79%)為主,主要為二烯丙基三硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚和二烯丙基四硫醚。這些含硫化合物具有特殊的臭味,構成了榴蓮的獨特氣味[7-8]。

1.2 種子

榴蓮種子含有大量以雜多糖蛋白質(zhì)復合物為主要成分的種子膠,其多糖部分主要由半乳糖(50.1%~64.9%)、葡萄糖(29.4%~45.7%)、阿拉伯糖(0.11%~0.89%)、木糖(3.2%~3.9%)等單糖組成,蛋白質(zhì)部分由亮氨酸(31.78%~43.02%)、賴氨酸(6.23%~7.78%)、天冬氨酸(6.45%~8.58%)、甘氨酸(6.17%~7.27%)、谷氨酸(5.43%~6.55%)、丙氨酸(4.60%~6.23%)、纈氨酸(4.49%~5.52%)等氨基酸組成[9-12]。

1.3 果皮

馮建英[13]對榴蓮果皮的化學成分進行了系統(tǒng)研究,共分離鑒定了56個化合物,其中香豆素類化合物有6-methoxy-7-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosyl]-coumarin、8-hydroxyl-6-methoxy-7-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosyl]-coumarin、7-hydroxyl-6-methoxy-8-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosyl]-coumarin、8-hydroxy-7-O-β-D-glucosyl-6-methoxy-coumarin、7-O-β-D-glucosyl-6-methoxy-coumarin、7-hydroxycoumarin、scopoletin、fraxetin、fraxidin、5’-methoxy-jatrorin A、jatrocin A、propacin、cleomiscosin A、cleomiscosin B、propacin isomer,酚類化合物有3-methoxy-4-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoylglucopyranosl]benzoic acid、4-O-β-D-[6-(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]glucopyranosyl cinnamic acid、1-O-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranose、3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、leonuriside A、3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid、4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid、ethyl protocatechuate、3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde、evofolin-B、2-hydroxy-8α-hydroxycalamenene、α-conidendrin,三萜類化合物有2α-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid、2α-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid、23α-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid、23α-cis-p-coumaroyloxy-2α,3β,23α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oicacid、arjunolic acid、oleanolic acid、maslinic acid、2α,3β-dihydroxyl-urs-12-en-28-oic acid、ursolic acid、alphitolic acid,糖苷類化合物有(3S,6S)-cis-linalool-3,7-oxide-β-D-glucopyranoside、icariside B1、tiglic acid 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-α-glucose、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-β-glucose、6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-α-glucose、6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-β-glucose、2-glucosyl-3-pentanediol、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-α-primeverose、2-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-β-primeverose、6-O-[(S)-2-methylbutanoyl]-sucrose,其他類有(8E,9R)-methyl-(3S,5R,6S)-3,6-dihydroxy-1,1,5-trimethylcyclohex-yl-9-hydroxybut-8-enoate、2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone、5-oxymaltol、5-hydroxymethylfurfural、methyl(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate、7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione、nicotinamide、16-dehydropregnenolone。Pongsamart等[14]采用水提醇沉法從榴蓮果皮中精制出具有凝膠特性的多糖組分,經(jīng)水解后鑒定其主要組成單元為葡萄糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖。為了進一步了解榴蓮果皮中水溶性多糖的化學結構,Hokputsa等[15]采用離子交換色譜將其分為PG1和PG2兩個組分,其中PG1主要為果膠和葡聚糖混合物,PG2主要成分為果膠。榴蓮果皮揮發(fā)性成分以酯類化合物為主,構成榴蓮獨特的果香[7]。此外榴蓮果皮還含有蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、礦物質(zhì)等豐富的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),其內(nèi)皮的營養(yǎng)成分含量普遍高于外皮[16]。

2 藥用價值

榴蓮具有很高的營養(yǎng)和藥用價值,經(jīng)常食用可以強身健體、健脾補氣、補腎壯陽、活血散寒、溫暖身體,近年來藥理研究證明,其具有抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗動脈粥樣硬化、激活熱受體、抗糖尿病等多種活性。

2.1 抗氧化

榴蓮含有豐富的多酚類及維生素類成分,諸多實驗證明[4,17-20],榴蓮的水提物、醇提物及其他有機溶劑提取物都具有較好的抗氧化作用。由于成熟期的榴蓮多酚類成分含量最高,其抗氧化能力也顯著高于其他生長期。

2.2 抗腫瘤

研究表明,榴蓮提取物能夠抑制腫瘤細胞增殖。Haruenkit等[4]通過MTT法考察不同生長期榴蓮甲醇提取物對胃癌細胞和肺癌細胞的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同生長期榴蓮對癌細胞增殖均有一定抑制作用,其中成熟期的榴蓮活性最強。Jayakumar等[21]也發(fā)現(xiàn),榴蓮乙醇提取物對乳腺癌細胞的增殖具有一定抑制作用。

2.3 抗動脈粥樣硬化

有研究者[18,22]采用高膽固醇食物誘導的大鼠高脂血癥模型比較Mon Thong、Chani、Kan Yao 3個品種以及不同生長期的Mon Thong榴蓮提取物對血脂的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)榴蓮提取物能夠降低血清總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白及甘油三酯含量。

2.4 激活熱受體

中醫(yī)理論認為,榴蓮性熱,可以活血散寒,改善腹部寒涼的癥狀。實驗證明[23],榴蓮果肉中含有二乙基二硫醚、乙基丙基二硫醚、二丙基二硫醚等含硫化合物,可以激活與中醫(yī)理論辛味藥性相關的TRPA1和TRPV1受體,起到調(diào)節(jié)溫感的作用。

2.5 促進生育

在印度南部,榴蓮被認為具有促進生育的作用。多囊卵巢綜合征是婦女常見的一種復雜的內(nèi)分泌疾病,是糖尿病、心血管疾病、子宮內(nèi)膜癌的重要危險因素,可導致女性月經(jīng)周期不規(guī)律、肥胖、不孕等。Ansari[24]通過對多囊卵巢綜合征產(chǎn)生機理的分析、各種代謝綜合征及榴蓮所含化學成分的總結,對榴蓮促進生育的作用機理進行了初步闡述。

2.6 其他作用

除果肉外,榴蓮果皮的藥理作用也被越來越多的研究者關注。

2.6.1 抗菌 大量文獻報道[25-35]證明,榴蓮皮水提物對金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌、枯草芽孢桿菌、藤黃微球菌、戊糖乳桿菌、變形鏈球菌、伴放線放線桿菌、哈氏弧菌、綠膿桿菌、無乳鏈球菌、乳房鏈球菌、豕鏈球菌、模仿葡萄球菌、克雷伯氏菌、假單胞菌、牙齦卟啉單胞菌、白色假絲酵母菌具有抑制作用,榴蓮皮醇提物對金黃色葡萄球菌、綠膿桿菌具有一定抑制作用。

2.6.2 抗炎 榴蓮皮水提取物對角叉菜膠誘發(fā)的小鼠足跖腫脹具有顯著的抑制效果,對2,4-二硝基氟苯所致小鼠變應性接觸性皮炎也有明顯抑制作用。在體外實驗中,榴蓮提取物能夠有效抑制腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細胞介素-6(IL-6)、白細胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、NO及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子核因子-кВ(NF-кВ)等炎癥因子含量,提高IL-10等抗炎因子含量[36]。骨關節(jié)炎是最常見的關節(jié)炎癥。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),關節(jié)軟骨細胞外基質(zhì)合成與降解失衡是造成軟骨變性的重要原因,其中基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)起著重要的作用。榴蓮皮提取物能夠抑制MMP-2和MMP-9活性,從而降低關節(jié)軟骨細胞外基質(zhì)的降解代謝[37]。

2.6.3 保濕 榴蓮皮中提取的多糖類成分具有保濕作用。Futrakul等[38]選擇了22名年齡在20至38歲之間的志愿者,采用單盲法考察榴蓮皮多糖的保濕作用,結果顯示,榴蓮皮多糖能夠提高皮膚的緊實度和含水量。

2.6.4 促進傷口愈合 榴蓮皮提取物能夠促進豬傷口愈合,顯著減少傷口皮膚纖維化和肉芽腫[39]。榴蓮皮提取物制成的敷料能夠促進犬表皮再生,抑制金黃色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,使已被感染的傷口快速愈合[40]。

2.6.5 抗糖尿病 Muhtadi等[41]采用四氧嘧啶糖尿病大鼠研究榴蓮皮提取物的降糖作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)榴蓮果皮提取物能夠降低糖尿病大鼠血液中的葡萄糖水平,并呈現(xiàn)出一定量效關系,高劑量組降糖效果優(yōu)于使用格列苯脲的陽性對照組,推測降糖作用可能與提取物中黃酮類成分抑制葡萄糖吸收、促進胰島素分泌有關。

2.6.6 止咳及鎮(zhèn)痛 榴蓮皮水提物能夠延長氨水和二氧化硫誘導的小鼠咳嗽潛伏期、抑制咳嗽次數(shù),具有良好的止咳作用。通過醋酸致小鼠扭體反應和熱板法考察榴蓮皮水提物的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)其能夠延長醋酸致小鼠扭體的潛伏期并減少扭體次數(shù),在一定程度上延長小鼠熱板疼痛反應時間,推測鎮(zhèn)痛作用可能與榴蓮皮提取物抑制炎性因子產(chǎn)生釋放和清除自由基有關[29]。

2.6.7 抗亞硝化反應 亞硝胺是目前所知的最強的化學致癌物質(zhì)之一,能引起人和動物的胃、肝臟等多器官的惡性腫瘤,阻斷亞硝胺合成或清除亞硝胺的前體——亞硝酸根是防止癌癥產(chǎn)生的有效途徑之一。在模擬人體胃液條件下,榴蓮皮提取液能夠清除亞硝酸鹽,并阻斷N,N-二甲基亞硝胺合成[42]。

2.6.8 抗應激性肝損傷 榴蓮殼醇提物可以明顯降低拘束負荷小鼠血漿ALT活性,有效地降低拘束負荷小鼠血漿MDA水平與肝組織NO含量,改善肝組織GSH含量,對拘束負荷誘發(fā)小鼠應激性肝損傷具有保護作用[43]。

2.6.9 治療老年性瘙癢癥 老年性瘙癢癥多由皮脂腺萎縮,皮脂分泌減少,繼而皮膚干燥所致。臨床實驗證明,榴蓮皮外洗可以治療老年性瘙癢癥,總有效率為84.4%,優(yōu)于口服克敏、維生素E及外擦艾洛松軟膏的對照組[44]。將榴蓮皮提取物制成軟膏,治療組總有效率為87.5%,而外搽尿素軟膏的對照組僅為56.7%[45]。榴蓮皮軟膏配合口服養(yǎng)血祛風顆粒,治療總有效率高達93.3%,明顯優(yōu)于口服氯雷他定分散片、外搽尿素軟膏的對照組,具有較好的治療效果[46]。

3 毒性和副作用

在民間,一直有榴蓮不可與酒一起食用的飲食禁忌,榴蓮與酒同食會引發(fā)心悸、惡心、嘔吐等癥狀,嚴重者出現(xiàn)心臟驟停而危及生命。Maninang等[47]采用酵母乙醛脫氫酶體外抑制實驗,考察榴蓮果肉提取物對乙醛脫氫酶活性的抑制作用,結果顯示,榴蓮果肉提取物與乙醛脫氫酶抑制作用存在一定量效關系,提取物濃度為0.33×10-6時最大的抑制作用可達到70%,抑制作用可能與榴蓮果肉提取物中存在大量含量硫化合物有關。為了進一步研究榴蓮果肉與乙醇共同作用對哺乳動物的影響,Maninang等[48]采用條件性味覺厭惡實驗觀察榴蓮對大鼠的影響,通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠口服榴蓮提取物和乙醇后,體內(nèi)乙醛消除速率減慢,比單獨口服乙醇更易出現(xiàn)低體溫癥及味覺厭惡。

Pongsamart等[49]研究榴蓮果皮提取物的安全性,開展了急性毒性實驗,一次性給予瑞士白化小鼠和Wistar大鼠口服2 g·kg-1榴蓮果皮提取物,均未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯毒性反應。在此基礎上,Pongsamart等[50]繼續(xù)采用瑞士白化小鼠開展亞慢性毒性實驗,分別給予雄性小鼠和雌性小鼠口服0.25 g·kg-1·d-1和0.5 g·kg-1·d-1榴蓮果皮提取物。結果顯示,雄性小鼠經(jīng)60 d喂養(yǎng)、雌性小鼠經(jīng)100 d喂養(yǎng)后均未出現(xiàn)毒性反應。

4 開發(fā)利用現(xiàn)狀

在Patsnap專利檢索平臺以“榴蓮”和“durian”為關鍵詞進行檢索,范圍涵蓋了1977年至2016年3月前中、美、歐、日、韓等20余個國家和地區(qū)的專利信息。對檢索到的信息進行篩選、合并,共檢索到專利申請631件,其中中國大陸(88.11%)、美國(6.81%)、韓國(1.74%)、歐盟(1.27%)、加拿大(0.79%)、中國臺灣(0.63%)、馬來西亞(0.32%),主要內(nèi)容涉及食品加工、獸藥飼料、種植栽培等。榴蓮是東南亞地區(qū)最受歡迎的水果之一,除直接食用新鮮果肉外,還常常將果肉作為烘培的原料用于制作糕點,或?qū)⒐饷撍笾瞥晒?、果粉[51-55]。在馬來西亞,榴蓮果肉經(jīng)過腌制發(fā)酵后可制成腌榴蓮,稱為“Tempoyak”[56-59]。此外,榴蓮果肉還被開發(fā)成果醬、果汁、糖果、冰激凌、巧克力、果酒[60-62]等。榴蓮種子磨成粉可以部分替代谷物用于制作面食,其中提取的種子膠具有增稠性和乳化性,可以作為果醬、蛋黃醬、果汁的增稠劑、乳化劑和穩(wěn)定劑[63-65]。由于富含淀粉,在東南亞榴蓮種子經(jīng)切片蘸糖烤制或椰子油炸后可以作為點心食用,更有研究者將其開發(fā)成替代稻米制作紅曲的發(fā)酵底物[66]。榴蓮皮經(jīng)處理后可以作為活性炭及染料的吸附劑用于治理水污染,其中提取的果膠具有生物吸附劑的作用,可以用來吸附水中的重金屬[67-76]。

5 展望

榴蓮作為傳統(tǒng)的藥食兩用水果,具有多種藥用和保健功能。目前對榴蓮的利用方式主要為食用果肉,占果實總重量66.7%以上的果皮和種子部分被當作廢棄物丟棄。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,全球榴蓮年總產(chǎn)量約為140萬噸,將產(chǎn)生廢棄物90余萬噸[71]。隨著榴蓮基礎研究的不斷深入,對其進行綜合開發(fā)利用將是未來的發(fā)展方向。

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