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把握今日,為Carpe Diem正名

2018-01-04 21:47ByRomanKrznari
英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí) 2017年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:詩(shī)社格言哈姆雷特

By+Roman+Krznari

“Carpe Diem”盛行于流行文化、社交媒體,但是這樣一句拉丁文格言的含義究竟是什么?不同的人似乎有不同的解讀。新時(shí)代的一些因素將其“劫持”,讓人們的行為偏離了這句格言最初的含義。因此,我們需要反思,找回它原本的含義,也找回真正的生活。

Carpe diem—seize the day—is one of the oldest philosophical mottos in western history. First uttered by the Roman poet Horace1 more than 2,000 years ago, it retains an extraordinary resonance in popular culture. The heavy metal band Metallica has rocked audiences around the world with their song “Carpe Diem Baby”, while the actress Judi Dench had carpe diem tattooed on her wrist for her 81st birthday.2

Its a message found in Hollywood films such as Dead Poets Society; in one of the most successful brand campaigns of the last century (Just Do It);3 and in the social media hashtag#yolo (you only live once).

It is remarkable that an expression from a long-dead language4 generates more than 25m online search results. Yet just as striking is the fact that there is not one carpe diem, but many. While usually translated as “seize” the day, the original Latin is sometimes rendered as “harvest”, “pluck” or“enjoy” the day. These variations tell us that carpe diem means different things to different people. For some its about taking a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, while for others it is about indulging in wild hedonism or living calmly in the present moment.5 We might casually use the term carpe diem when chatting with a friend, but how aware are we of its many personalities hidden beneath the surface?

In our age of distraction, where we are checking our phones an average of 110 times a day, grasping these different meanings is more important than ever. They are an antidote to the reality that we are, as Dead Poets Mr Keating (and also Shakespeare) put it, “food for worms”.6 Life is short and our time is running out.

But heres the problem: carpe diem has been hijacked, and the result is that its potential to transform our lives is rapidly slipping away from us. This hijacking is an existential7 crime of the century—and one we have barely noticed. Who, or what, are the hijackers? First, the spirit of “seize the day” has been surreptitiously hijacked by consumer culture, which has recast it as Black Friday shopping sprees and oneclick buying:8 Just Do It has come to mean Just Buy It.

Alongside this is the growing cult of efficiency and time management that has driven us towards hyperscheduled living, turning the spontaneity of Just Do It into a culture of Just Plan It.9endprint

A third hijacker is 24/7 digital entertainment that is replacing vibrant life experiences with vicarious,10 screen-based pleasures. Rather than Just Do It, we increasingly Just Watch It instead.

Finally—and though it might seem counterintuitive—carpe diem has been hijacked by the mindfulness movement.11 While mindfulness has many proven benefits, from reducing stress to helping with depression, one of its unintended consequences has been to encourage the narrow idea that seizing the day is primarily about living in the here and now. Just Do It has become Just Breathe.

Confronted by these four hijackers, the art of seizing the day is vanishing and we urgently need to do something about it, or else risk losing touch with the carpe diem wisdom of humanity that has accumulated over the past two millennia.

My hope is to wake us up to the promise of Horaces maxim so we dont reach our final days looking back on life with regret. The prize it offers is great: nothing less than the gift of radical aliveness or, to borrow a phrase from Henry David Thoreau, the possibility “to live deep and suck out all the marrow from life”.12

The time has come to reclaim carpe diem.

Carpe diem(把握今日)是西方歷史上最古老的哲學(xué)格言之一。這句格言最早于兩千多年前出自古羅馬詩(shī)人賀拉斯之口,如今在流行文化中仍然能夠引起非同一般的反響。重金屬樂(lè)隊(duì)Metallica用一首“Carpe Diem Baby”(《把握今日,寶貝》)讓全世界的聽(tīng)眾為之搖滾,而女演員朱迪·丹奇在81歲生日之時(shí)將這句格言文在了自己的手腕上。

這一信息可以在好萊塢電影《死亡詩(shī)社》中找到;可以在上世紀(jì)最成功的品牌營(yíng)銷(xiāo)Just Do It(想干就干)中找到;也可以在社交媒體話題標(biāo)簽#yolo(生命只有一次)中找到。

這樣一句用早已無(wú)人使用的死語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)的格言在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上竟然有兩千五百多萬(wàn)條搜索結(jié)果,著實(shí)令人驚訝。而同樣令人驚訝的是這樣一個(gè)事實(shí):carpe diem并非只有一種意思,而是有著五花八門(mén)的含義。雖然這句格言通常被翻譯成“把握”今日,但其拉丁原文有時(shí)會(huì)被譯為“收獲”、“采摘”或是“享受”今日。這些差別讓我們明白carpe diem對(duì)于不同人而言有不同的含義:對(duì)于一些人而言,這是關(guān)于“一生只有一次”的機(jī)會(huì),而對(duì)于其他人而言,這是關(guān)于放縱享樂(lè)或是平靜地活在當(dāng)下。我們同朋友聊天時(shí)或許會(huì)偶爾用到carpe diem,但我們對(duì)其隱藏在表面之下的豐富內(nèi)涵又有多少認(rèn)識(shí)呢?

在這個(gè)人們時(shí)刻容易分心、每天平均要查看手機(jī)110次的時(shí)代,了解這些不同的含義比以往任何時(shí)候都更為重要。這些含義幫助我們應(yīng)對(duì)這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí):我們是,正如《死亡詩(shī)社》中的基丁老師(以及莎士比亞)所說(shuō),“蛆蟲(chóng)的食物”。人生苦短,時(shí)不我待。

但問(wèn)題是:carpe diem已經(jīng)遭到劫持,結(jié)果就是其改變我們生活的潛力正在快速?gòu)奈覀兩磉吜镒摺_@種劫持是本世紀(jì)的一種存在主義的犯罪,而且對(duì)這種犯罪我們幾乎毫無(wú)覺(jué)察。這些劫匪是誰(shuí),或者說(shuō),是什么?首先,“把握今日”的精神偷偷被消費(fèi)文化所劫持,變成了黑色星期五購(gòu)物狂歡和一鍵購(gòu)買(mǎi):Just Do it(想干就干)成了Just Buy It(想買(mǎi)就買(mǎi))。

與此同時(shí),效率至上和時(shí)間管理的風(fēng)潮也使我們過(guò)上了日程爆滿的生活,將Just Do It(想干就干)的自發(fā)、隨性變成了Just Plan It(想計(jì)劃就計(jì)劃)的文化。

第三個(gè)劫匪就是全年無(wú)休的數(shù)字娛樂(lè),我們豐富多彩的生活經(jīng)歷被間接的、來(lái)自屏幕的愉悅所取代。Just Do It(想干就干)逐漸變成了Just Watch It(想看就看)。

最后,盡管似乎有悖常理,但carpe diem已經(jīng)被正念運(yùn)動(dòng)所劫持。盡管正念有許多已被驗(yàn)證的好處,無(wú)論是減壓還是緩解抑郁,但其中一個(gè)未曾料到的結(jié)果就是正念鼓勵(lì)了“把握今日基本等同于活在當(dāng)下”這樣一個(gè)狹隘的理念。Just Do It(想干就干)變成了Just Breathe(呼吸就行了)。

在這四大劫匪的挾持之下,“把握今日”的藝術(shù)正在消失,而我們必須趕緊做些什么,不然我們就有可能與人類(lèi)過(guò)去兩千多年所積累起來(lái)的carpe diem的智慧失之交臂。endprint

我希望能夠讓大家清醒過(guò)來(lái),真正實(shí)踐賀拉斯的格言,這樣我們才不會(huì)在垂暮之年回首一生時(shí)有所遺憾。隨之而來(lái)的獎(jiǎng)品十分豐厚:我們得到的回饋就是活力四射的生命,或者,借用亨利·戴維·梭羅的話來(lái)說(shuō),“深深地扎入生活,吮盡生活的骨髓。”

是時(shí)候奪回carpe diem啦。

1. Horace: 昆圖斯·賀拉斯·弗拉庫(kù)斯(公元前65年—公元前8年),羅馬帝國(guó)奧古斯都統(tǒng)治時(shí)期著名的詩(shī)人、批評(píng)家、翻譯家,代表作有《詩(shī)藝》等。

2. Metallica: 金屬樂(lè)隊(duì),是美國(guó)殿堂級(jí)的重金屬樂(lè)隊(duì),于1981年在美國(guó)洛杉磯組建;Judi Dench: 朱迪·丹奇(1934— ),英國(guó)著名演員,她演繹的經(jīng)典角色為007系列電影中的M夫人。

3. Dead Poets Society: 《死亡詩(shī)社》(1989),講述了一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校的老師用反傳統(tǒng)的方法來(lái)教學(xué)生們?cè)姼琛⑽膶W(xué)、生活的故事,是主演羅賓·威廉姆斯的經(jīng)典之作;Just Do It:“想做就做”,是耐克公司著名廣告語(yǔ)。

4. 雖然拉丁語(yǔ)通常被認(rèn)為是一種死語(yǔ)言,但有少數(shù)基督宗教神職人員及學(xué)者仍然可以流利使用拉丁語(yǔ)。羅馬天主教傳統(tǒng)上用拉丁語(yǔ)作為正式會(huì)議的語(yǔ)言和禮拜儀式用的語(yǔ)言。

5. indulge in: 使(自己)沉湎于,縱情享受;hedonism: 享樂(lè)主義。

6. antidote: 解藥,對(duì)抗的手段。注:關(guān)于“蛆蟲(chóng)的食物”,電影中基丁老師的臺(tái)詞為:“Because we are food for worms, lads. Because, believe it or not, each and every one in this room is one day going to stop breathing, turn cold and die.”;莎士比亞在《哈姆雷特》第四幕第三場(chǎng)中寫(xiě)道:克勞狄斯向哈姆雷特詢問(wèn)波洛涅斯的下落,哈姆雷特回答 “At supper… Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. A certain convocation of politic worms are een at him. Your worm is your only emperor for diet. We fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for maggots…”

7. existential: 存在主義的。

8. surreptitiously: // 秘密地,偷偷摸摸地;recast: 重塑,改寫(xiě);Black Friday: 黑色星期五,指每年感恩節(jié)之后的第一天,標(biāo)志著圣誕購(gòu)物期的開(kāi)始,是美國(guó)每年最盛大的購(gòu)物狂歡節(jié)之一;spree: 狂歡,無(wú)節(jié)制的狂熱行為。

9. cult: 狂熱崇拜,熱潮;hyper-: 表示“超出,過(guò)度”;spontaneity: 自發(fā)(性),自然(性)。

10. 24/7: 是一天24小時(shí),一星期7天的縮寫(xiě),即全天候提供服務(wù)的意思;vicarious: // 間接體驗(yàn)的。

11. counter-intuitive: 違反直覺(jué)的;mindfulness: 正念訓(xùn)練,是來(lái)源于東方佛教思想并結(jié)合了西方心理療法的心理訓(xùn)練方法。正念指的是注意力維持在當(dāng)下,意識(shí)到當(dāng)下正在發(fā)生什么并采取一種接納但不作評(píng)判的態(tài)度。

12. Henry David Thoreau: 亨利·戴維·梭羅(1817—1862),美國(guó)作家、哲學(xué)家、廢奴主義及自然主義者,其思想深受愛(ài)默生影響,提倡回歸本心,親近自然,其代表作《瓦爾登湖》記載了他在瓦爾登湖畔的隱逸生活;marrow: 精髓,精華。endprint

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