石勇

一、同位語從句

定義：在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句被稱為同位語從句。被同位語從句修飾的名詞（先行詞）一般是些有信息量的名詞，同位語從句對這類名詞進行解釋說明。

（一） 同位語從句的常見先行詞

1. 不是任意的名詞都可以作同位語從句的先行詞。一般情況下，同位語從句的先行詞是一些有信息承載量的詞，其后修飾的從句用來解釋或說明所表達的具體內(nèi)容，常見的可以跟同位語從句的抽象名詞有：belief， news， idea， truth， hope， rumor， problem， information， evidence， question， doubt， message， possibility， fact， word， promise， order， suggestion， proposal等。

例如：

The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting. 他們能橫跨這個大陸的想法讓人振奮。

The fact that ocean ships can go there surprises many people. 船能到達那里讓很多人吃驚不已。

此外，同位語從句還有些固定句式，如：

There is no doubt that... 毋庸置疑……

There is evidence that... 有證據(jù)表明……

There is no possibility that... ……是不可能的

There is a chance that... ……是有可能的

Word / News came that... ……的消息傳來

hold the belief that... 認(rèn)為……

【高考鏈接】

1） There's a feeling in me ______ we'll never know what a UFO is—not ever. （上海高考題）

A. that B. which

C. of which D. what

【答案】 A。

【分析】 that we'll never know what a UFO is—not ever 作 a feeling 的同位語，解釋a feeling 的具體內(nèi)容。that在從句中不做任何成分。

2） A story goes______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen. （上海高考題）

A. when B. which

C. what D. that

【答案】 D。

【分析】 that 引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，和story 構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系。that在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，也不能省略。

（二） 同位語從句的常見關(guān)系詞

1. 通常用連詞that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，that無詞義，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意從句用陳述句語序。如：

They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again. 他們表示希望我們再去訪問上海。

I have no idea that she quit her present job. 我不知道她辭掉了現(xiàn)在的工作。

Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答應(yīng)我，你今天晚上會來參加我們的聚會。

2. 同位語從句還可以用whether，when，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)。如：

The student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading. 學(xué)生問了我這個問題：這本書是否值得一讀。

I have no idea why he was excited at that time. 我不知道當(dāng)時他激動的原因。

【高考鏈接】

The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.（浙江高考題）

A. how B. that

C. which D. whether

【答案】 B。

【分析】 belief做先行詞，you are better than anyone else on the sports field為belief具體的解釋說明，同位語從句，答案為that，在從句中不做成分，不可以省略。

—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday？ （重慶）

—Yeah， but I have no idea______ he did it； that's one of his favorite universities.

A. when B. whyendprint

C. that D. how

【答案】 B。

【分析】 idea 為先行詞，why he did it 說明idea的具體內(nèi)容。這句話中why為從句的引導(dǎo)詞，答案選B。雖然同位語從句關(guān)系詞用that的情況比較多，但不是只有that才可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

（三） 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別

這兩大從句都是關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的從句緊跟著名詞。但究其本質(zhì)而言，定語從句屬于形容詞性從句，從句對先行詞起修飾或限制的作用；同位語從句屬于名詞性從句，其作用是對從句前面的抽象名詞作進一步的說明和解釋。如：

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我許諾如果誰讓我自由，我就讓他非常富有。（同位語從句，補充說明promise的內(nèi)容）

The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 媽媽許下了一個令她的孩子們高興的諾言。（定語從句，promise在從句中作pleased的主語）

【高考鏈接】

1） The notice came around two in the afternoon______ the meeting would be postponed. （江蘇高考題）

A. when B. that

C. whether D. how

2） The notice came around two in the afternoon， ______ he failed to receive for he was out.

A. when B. that

C. whether D. which

【答案】 1） B 2） D

【分析】 兩道題目的先行詞都是notice，但是差別在于1）句的從句the meeting would be postponed是個完整的句子，不缺任何成分，而且從意思可以判定它是對notice內(nèi)容的具體說明解釋，因此選B為同位語從句； 2）句he failed to receive for he was out 根據(jù)句意可以判定receive 之后少了notice，因此選D，選項which代指notice，為定語從句。

二、長句分析

長句常用于書面語，其特征是句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，所含單詞較多。長句難句指在句子的主干上直接或間接地粘附著各種從屬結(jié)構(gòu)層，如各種從句分句。這些從屬結(jié)構(gòu)層層環(huán)扣，盤根錯節(jié)，句中有句，構(gòu)建了英語“參天大樹”式的句子。

（1） The more exposed young people are to financial issues， and the younger they become aware of them， the more likely they are to become responsible， forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.

【句式翻譯】 年輕人越接觸經(jīng)濟問題，他們就能越早地了解這些問題，他們就更有可能成為有責(zé)任感的、早作打算的成年人，能夠有信心地、有效地管理自己的經(jīng)濟問題。

【句式分析】 本句含有“the+比較級，the+比較級”的句式，同時又含有一個who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞adults。

【詞語點撥】

1） expose vt. 揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接觸

We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 我們一定要向報社揭露這一無恥行徑。

We should allow children to be exposed to new ideas. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)讓孩子們接觸新思想。

2） manage v. 應(yīng)付，設(shè)法對付；管理；能解決；manage to do設(shè)法做成

We need people who are good at managing. 我們需要擅長管理的人。

He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 他設(shè)法把游客及時送到機場。

Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are not managed carefully. 如果掌控小帆船不夠小心，它們在水中就容易翻。

【語法點撥】

“the+比較級，the+比較級”，表示“越……越……”。如：

The more we get together， the happier we'll be. 我們越是多聚會， 我們越快樂。

The longer she worked at it， the more enthusiastic she became. 她越干越來勁。

（2） Having heard wolves howling in the forest， Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.endprint

【句式翻譯】 拉拉沿著回洞穴的路走著，聽到狼群在森林里嚎叫，她的步伐加快了，擔(dān)心會有野獸在等著伏擊她。

【句式分析】 本句是復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，Having heard 和fearing...在句中作狀語。

【詞語點撥】

1） accelerate v. 加快，加速

In order to catch up with and surpass the advanced world levels we'll have to accelerate our speed. 要趕超世界先進水平，我們還得快馬加鞭。

Sunshine， fresh air， and rest often accelerate a person's recovery from sickness. 陽光、新鮮空氣和休息常會促使病人早日康復(fù)。

2） lie vi. 平躺；位于 （lay， lain）；撒謊 （lied， lied）；n. 撒謊

The factory lies to the west of town. 工廠在小鎮(zhèn)的西邊。

David felt tired， so he went and lay down for a rest. 戴維感到疲勞，所以去躺下休息了。

His books lay open on the desk when I went in. 我進去時，發(fā)現(xiàn)他的書平攤在書桌上。

Richard wasn't telling the truth. He was lying. 理查德沒講實話，他在撒謊。

The only way to meet the manager is to lie in wait for him as he leaves one of his meetings. 找到這個經(jīng)理的唯一辦法是，等著他從會議結(jié)束出來。

【語法點撥】

1） having done作狀語：

2） 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：

① 現(xiàn)在分詞doing所代表的動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動詞是同時或幾乎是同時發(fā)生的，可以作時間、原因、方式、條件、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、伴隨等狀語。分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。如：

Rushing out of the house， he was knocked down by a car. 他一沖出屋子就被一輛車撞倒了。

My cousin went to Shenzhen， hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那兒找份工作。

The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，頭在門上碰了一下。

In the last few years， the country has had a hard time， suffering several killer quakes. 過去幾年里，這個國家經(jīng)歷了艱難的時期，遭受了幾次致命的地震。

Being spring， the flowers are in full bloom. 因為是春天，所以花都盛開著。

② 有些分詞作狀語，沒有邏輯上的主語，已成為習(xí)慣用法：considering， judging from， talking of， allowing for （考慮到）， generally / frankly / honestly / roughly / strictly speaking， assuming that（假設(shè)）等。如：

Talking of this film， it's wonderful. 說到這部電影，好極了。

Assuming that it is true， what should we do now？ 假定那是真的， 我們現(xiàn)在該怎么辦？

Judging by the direction of the wind， it won't rain today. 根據(jù)風(fēng)向測度， 今天不會下雨。

Social psychology， strictly speaking， deals with the behavior of people in groups. 嚴(yán)格地說， 社會心理學(xué)研究人們的群體行為。

練習(xí)鞏固

1. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

A. how B. that

C. which D. whether

2. Evidence has been found through years of study ______ children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.

A. why B. how

C. whether D. that

3. The manager put forward a suggestion______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.

A. whether B. that

C. which D. what

4. Along with the email was my brother's promise______ I came first in the competition， he would buy me an MP4.

A. what B. that

C. that if D. whether

5. Modern science has given clear evidence______ smoking can lead to many diseases.

A. what B. which

C. that D. where

6. The fact has worried many scientists______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.

A. what B. which

C. that D. though

7. When the news came ______ the war broke out， he decided to serve in the army.

A. since B. which

C. that D. because

8. A recent survey shows that the question ______ New Year's Eve should be included in the three-day New Year's holiday sparked heated discussion among Internet users.

A. that B. whether

C. how D. where

參考答案

1—5 BDBCC 6—8 CCBendprint