董涵之 彭志強(qiáng) 邱志敏 劉志良
76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者臨床特征及預(yù)后因素分析
董涵之 彭志強(qiáng) 邱志敏 劉志良
目的分析乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者臨床病理特征,探討影響乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的預(yù)后因素。方法收集76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的臨床病理資料,采用單因素和多因素分析影響乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的預(yù)后因素。結(jié)果乳腺癌患者確診腦轉(zhuǎn)移后中位生存期為8.4個月,1年生存率為31.6%,2年生存率為7.9%,3年生存率為3.9%。多因素分析提示未放療、PS評分≥2分、多發(fā)顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移灶、分子分型為Her-2型及三陰型均是乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的不良預(yù)后因素。Luminal A、Luminal B、Her-2型及三陰型乳腺癌患者中位無腦轉(zhuǎn)移生存期(46.8個月、34個月、26.8個月和17.6個月,P=0.005)、確診腦轉(zhuǎn)移后生存期(16.9個月、9.5個月、7.6個月和5.5個月,P=0.001)和總生存期(64.3個月、40.9個月、31.7個月和24.1個月,P=0.001)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論放療、PS評分、腦轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目及分子分型是影響乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素;與Luminal型乳腺癌相比,Her-2型及三陰型乳腺癌更易早期發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移,且生存期更短。
乳腺癌;腦轉(zhuǎn)移;臨床特征;預(yù)后因素
(ThePracticalJournalofCancer,2017,32:1624~1627)
乳腺癌是僅次于肺癌且易發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移的惡性腫瘤[1],臨床資料顯示有10%~16%晚期乳腺癌患者會出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移[2],而經(jīng)尸檢證實(shí)有腦轉(zhuǎn)移的患者高達(dá)30%[3]。腦轉(zhuǎn)移一旦出現(xiàn),病情進(jìn)展迅速,預(yù)后差,也常常是治療失敗的原因之一。乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者在臨床上有其特征,許多因素影響其預(yù)后。本研究回顧性分析76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的臨床病理資料,探討影響乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的預(yù)后因素,并對四種不同亞型乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的生存狀態(tài)做進(jìn)一步研究。
1.1 臨床資料
收集江西省腫瘤醫(yī)院2012年1月至2016年5月收治的76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的臨床資料。所有患者均為女性,所有病例均有明確的病理診斷,CT或MRI證實(shí)為腦轉(zhuǎn)移。分期方法采用美國癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(AJCC)TNM分期第7版。
1.2 分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及免疫組織化學(xué)檢測
根據(jù)原發(fā)灶或轉(zhuǎn)移灶免疫組化結(jié)果將乳腺癌分為四個亞型:管腔A型(Luminal A)定義為ER和PR陽性,PR>20%,Ki-67<14%;管腔B型(Luminal B)定義為ER和(或)PR陽性,且Ki67≥14%或Her-2陽性;Her-2型:ER和PR陰性,Her-2陽性;三陰型:ER、PR、Her-2均為陰性。Her-2基因過表達(dá)定義為免疫組化Her-2+++或熒光免疫原位雜交法(FISH)+。Luminal型乳腺癌包含Luminal A和Luminal B,非Luminal型乳腺癌包含Her-2型和三陰型。
1.3 腦轉(zhuǎn)移后治療與隨訪方法
76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者中有18例出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)壓迫癥狀,給予激素、甘露醇等對癥支持治療,以減輕腦水腫、緩解癥狀。其中13例接受單純?nèi)X放療,劑量為30~40 Gy/10~20 F,42例接受全腦放療聯(lián)合化療,8例接受全腦放療聯(lián)合內(nèi)分泌,3例接受γ刀治療?;熕幬镉凶仙即?、多西他賽、卡培他濱、長春瑞濱、表阿霉素、吉西他濱、司莫司汀及鉑類等。
隨訪自患者確診為乳腺癌開始,采用電話或門診隨訪,末次隨訪時間為2017年3月,中位隨訪時間為39個月(2~115個月)。至隨訪結(jié)束,死亡52例,存活24例,無失訪。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 15.0分析軟件,預(yù)后分析采用COX回歸模型,生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,并進(jìn)行Log-Rank檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 臨床特征
76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者均為女性。首次確診乳腺癌時年齡為33~66歲,中位年齡47歲,浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌為最常見病理類型,小葉癌及混合性乳腺癌較少見;組織學(xué)分級均為2、3級;TNM分期初診為Ⅰ、Ⅳ期較少,Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者較多且例數(shù)相近;87%的患者在診斷為腦轉(zhuǎn)移前就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)其他部位的轉(zhuǎn)移;絕經(jīng)前45例,絕經(jīng)后19例,月經(jīng)狀況不詳12例;Luminal A型10例,Luminal B型 33例,Her-2型15例,三陰型18例;單發(fā)腦轉(zhuǎn)移者25例,多發(fā)腦轉(zhuǎn)移者51例,見表1。
2.2 預(yù)后因素
76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者確診腦轉(zhuǎn)移后中位生存期為8.4個月(95%CI 7.5~9.3個月),1年生存率為31.6%,2年生存率為7.9%,3年生存率為3.9%。COX單因素分析結(jié)果提示:PS評分、組織學(xué)分級、分子分型、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目及顱腦放療影響患者生存期,見表2。
COX多因素分析結(jié)果提示:是否放療、PS評分、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目及分子分型是乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者預(yù)后獨(dú)立影響因素,風(fēng)險比(Hazard Ratio,HR)分別為0.46、4.51、9.10、0.36,見表3。
2.3 不同亞型乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者生存情況
luminal A、luminal B、Her-2型及三陰型四種不同亞型患者的中位無腦轉(zhuǎn)移生存時間、中位腦轉(zhuǎn)移后生存時間及總生存時間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其中Her-2型及三陰型乳腺癌較Luminal型乳腺癌更易早期發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移,且生存期更短,見表4、圖1。
表1 76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者臨床特征
表2 76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)后影響因素單因素分析結(jié)果
表3 76例乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者預(yù)后影響因素多因素分析結(jié)果
腦是乳腺癌患者繼骨、肺、肝臟之后較易出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的部位。大約12%的乳腺癌患者最早轉(zhuǎn)移部位為腦[4]。乳腺癌患者出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移后預(yù)后差且治療手段有限,大部分患者生存時間為2~25.3個月[5]。Altundag等[4]研究顯示腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者1年生存率為32.5%。本研究中首次確診乳腺癌中位年齡為47歲,腦轉(zhuǎn)移后中位生存為8.4個月,1年生存率為31.6%,與既往研究基本吻合。
76例腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者組織學(xué)分級均為2、3級,其中3級患者48例,占63.2%,臨床資料支持組織學(xué)分級高的患者更易出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究分析了年齡、PS評分、AJCC分期、組織學(xué)分級、分子分型、顱內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目、病理類型及顱腦放療等8個乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的預(yù)后因素,結(jié)合單因素和多因素生存分析結(jié)果提示初診時年齡、AJCC分期、組織學(xué)分級及病理類型不影響乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的預(yù)后。Rezvan等[6]的研究也提到腦轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生后,乳腺癌患者的年齡、種族背景和腦轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的間隔時間與生存時間無關(guān)。盡管初診時年齡、分期及組織學(xué)分級均是乳腺癌的預(yù)后因素,但腦轉(zhuǎn)移一旦發(fā)生后,這些因素并不影響患者的生存時間。PS評分是1個非特異性的預(yù)后因素,在很多腫瘤中PS評分高都預(yù)示著患者預(yù)后不良?;颊吣X轉(zhuǎn)移后自然生存期短,全腦放療可將乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者中位生存時間提高4~6個月[7]。本研究認(rèn)為PS評分≥2分、轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目>1個、未接受放療、Her-2型及三陰型乳腺癌均是乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者不良的預(yù)后因素。另外Leone等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與顱外轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌患者相比,僅發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌患者生存期并無差異。且有研究[9-10]提示顱外轉(zhuǎn)移部位與總生存不相關(guān),因此本研究未將顱外轉(zhuǎn)移部位列入預(yù)后因素進(jìn)行研究。
表4 四種不同亞型乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者生存情況
圖1 不同亞型乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者的總生存曲線
乳腺癌是1種高度異質(zhì)性疾病,Harrell等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)非Luminal型乳腺癌更易發(fā)生腦轉(zhuǎn)移,三陰型乳腺癌更易發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,骨轉(zhuǎn)移最多見且發(fā)生率在各個亞型之間沒有差異。本研究運(yùn)用目前最常見的分子分型將乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移患者分為Luminal A、Luminal B、Her-2型和三陰型,根據(jù)生存分析結(jié)果提示與Luminal型患者相比,Her-2型及三陰型乳腺癌患者較早出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移,且生存時間更短。Yonemori等[12]提出Her-2陽性乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移與GLUT1(glucose transporter 1)和BCRP(breast cancer resistance protein)的表達(dá)相關(guān),而三陰型乳腺癌腦轉(zhuǎn)移與這兩者并無關(guān)聯(lián)。研究[13-14]表明三陰型乳腺癌細(xì)胞可以突破血腦屏障種植至腦組織,而Her-2陽性乳腺癌細(xì)胞可以通過上皮細(xì)胞滲透到腦組織中而非突破血腦屏障。這可能是這兩種類型乳腺癌較易早期出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移的原因。多項(xiàng)研究[15-16]表明對于Her-2陽性乳腺癌患者,積極的抗Her-2治療可以推遲乳腺癌患者出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移的時間,并且在出現(xiàn)腦轉(zhuǎn)移后可以延長患者的生存。本研究在Luminal B和Her-2型兩組患者中均有Her-2陽性的患者,且部分患者經(jīng)過積極的抗Her-2治療,這可能是這兩組患者腦轉(zhuǎn)移后中位生存期僅相差1.9個月的原因之一,在今后的研究中將對這部分患者進(jìn)行細(xì)分,對他們的生存情況作進(jìn)一步的探討。
[1] Yeh RH,Yu JC,Chu CH,et al.Distinct MR imagingfeatures of triple negative breast cancer with brain metastasis〔J〕.Neuroimaging,2015,25(3):474-481.
[2] Lin NU.Breast cancer brain metastases:new directions in systemic therapy.〔J〕.Ecancer medical science,2013,7:307.
[3] Arslan UY,Oksuzoglu B,Aksoy S,et al.Breast cancer subtypes and outcomes of central nervous system metastases〔J〕.Breast,2011,20(6):562-567.
[4] Altundag K,Bondy ML,Mirza NQ,et al.Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors in 420 metastatic breast cancer patients with central nervous system metastasis〔J〕.Cancer,2007,110(12):2640-2647.
[5] Leone JP,Lee AV,Brufsky AM.Prognostic factors and survival of patients with brain metastasis from breast cancer who underwent craniotomy〔J〕.Cancer Med,2015,4(7):989-994.
[6] Rostami R,Mittal S,Rostami P,et al.Brain metastasis in breast cancer:a comprehensive literature review〔J〕.J Neurooncol,2016,127(3):407-414.
[7] Mehta MP,Khuntia D.Current strategies in whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases 〔J〕.Neurosurgery,2005,57(5 Suppl):33-44.
[8] Leone JP,Leone J,Zwenger AO,et al.Prognostic factors and survival according to tumour subtype in women presenting with breast cancer brain metastases at initial diagnosis〔J〕.Eur J Cancer,2017,74:17-25.
[9] Kuba S,Ishida M,Nakamura Y,et al.Treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients with brain metastases according to intrinsic subtype〔J〕.Jpn J Clin Oncol,2014,44(11):1025-1031.
[10] Anders CK,Deal AM,Miller CR,et al.The prognostic contribution of clinical breast cancer subtype,age,and race among patients with breast cancer brain metastases〔J〕.Cancer,2011,117(8):1602-1611.
[11] Harrell JC,Prat A,Parker JS,et al Genomic analysis identifies unique signatures predictive of brain,lung,and liver relapse〔J〕.Breast Cancer Res Treat,2012,132(2):523-535.
[12] Yonemori K,Tsuta K,Ono M,et al.Disruption of the blood brain barrier by brain metastases of triple negative and basal-type breast cancer but not HER2/ neu-positive breast cancer〔J〕.Cancer,2010,116(2):302-308.
[13] Rodriguez PL,Jiang S,Fu Y,et al.The proinflammatory p-
eptide substance P promotes blood-brain barrier breaching by breast cancer cells through changes in microvascular endothelial cell tight junctions〔J〕.Int J Cancer,2014,134(5):1034-1044.
[14] Bos PD,Zhang XH,Nadal C,et al.Genes that mediate bre-
ast cancer metastasis to the brain〔J〕.Nature,2009,459(7249):1005-1009.
[15] Swain SM,Im YH,Im SA,et al.Safety profile of Pertuzumab with Trastuzumab and Docetaxel in patients from Asia with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer:results from the phase Ⅲ trial CLEOPATRA〔J〕.Oncologist,2014,19(7):693-701.
[16] Bartsch R,De Vries C,Pluschnig U,et al.Predicting for activity of second-line trastuzumab-based therapy in her2-positive advanced breast cancer〔J〕.BMC Cancer,2009,9:367-376.
ARetrospectiveAnalysisofClinicalFeaturesandPrognosticFactorsfor76CasesofBreastCancerwithBrainMetastasis
DONGHanzhi,PENGZhiqiang,QIUZhimin,etal.
JiangxiCancerHospital,Nanchang,330029
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients with brain metastasis.MethodsThe clinical features of 76 breast cancer patients with brain metastasis were collected,prognostic factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate survival analysis.Results The median survival from brain metastasis was 8.4 months,and the 1-,2-,3-year overall survival were 31.6%,7.9%,3.9%,respectively.Multivariate analysis showed that without brain radiotherapy,performance status≥2,multiple brain metastases,her-2 subtype and triple negative subtype were associated with poor prognosis.The patients were divided into Luminal A,Luminal B,Her-2 and triple negative subtypes.The median brain disease-free survival were 46.8,34,26.8 and 17.6 months (P=0.005) among the 4 types.The median survival from brain metastasis were 16.9,9.5,7.6 and 5.5months (P=0.001) among the 4 types.The median overall survival(OS) were 64.3,40.9,31.7 and 24.1 months(P=0.001) among the 4 types.ConclusionRadiotherapy,performance status,the number of brain metastasis and molecular type are independent prognostic factors of breast cancer patients with brain metastasis.Compared with Luminal type breast cancer,Her-2 type and triple negative breast cancer patients are more prone to metastasize to brain and suffer a shorter median survival.
Breast cancer;Brain metastasis;Clinical features;Prognostic factors
江西省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委員會課題(編號:20175405)
330029 江西省腫瘤醫(yī)院
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5930.2017.10.017
R737.9
A
1001-5930(2017)10-1624-04
2017-04-13
2017-05-03)
(編輯吳小紅)