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耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

2017-11-01 23:07施麗莉胡志超顧峰瑋陳有慶
關(guān)鍵詞:回收機(jī)殘膜刮板

施麗莉,胡志超,顧峰瑋,吳 峰,陳有慶

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耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

施麗莉,胡志超※,顧峰瑋,吳 峰,陳有慶

(農(nóng)業(yè)部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所,南京 210014)

針對(duì)耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)回收殘膜后缺乏自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀,設(shè)計(jì)了耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)。分析平行四連桿脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性可靠性及脫膜順暢性,設(shè)計(jì)液壓裝置進(jìn)行脫膜,并在試驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上優(yōu)化機(jī)構(gòu),對(duì)不同形式刮板進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)及分析并最終設(shè)計(jì)適合耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)的“倒八字”型刮板。針對(duì)影響自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)工作效率的關(guān)鍵部件和影響因素分析其運(yùn)動(dòng)及受力情況,對(duì)“倒八字”型刮板進(jìn)行影響因素的響應(yīng)面分析??傻谬X板距、刮板角度、脫膜夾角為顯著影響的因素,且影響強(qiáng)弱關(guān)系為齒板距>刮板角度>脫膜夾角。綜合考慮后得到的最佳參數(shù)組合為齒板距2 mm、刮板角度70°、脫膜夾角60°。該研究可為相關(guān)設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考。

機(jī)械化;設(shè)計(jì);優(yōu)化;殘膜回收機(jī);響應(yīng)面分析;脫膜率

0 引 言

地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)因具有增溫、保墑、保肥、抑制雜草、減輕作物病害等作用而廣泛運(yùn)用于多種作物的種植過(guò)程中。隨著地膜覆蓋面積的不斷增大,造成了越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的“白色污染”,對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量及農(nóng)田機(jī)械化均產(chǎn)生不利影響[1-2]。

花生是中國(guó)重要的油料作物和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,多年來(lái)中國(guó)花生種植面積和產(chǎn)量均穩(wěn)居世界前2位,其殘膜污染問(wèn)題亟待解決[3-4]?,F(xiàn)有的滾筒式、鏟鏈?zhǔn)健㈢P篩式、耙齒式等回收機(jī)中,尤以耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)回收殘膜效果較好,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單且工作效率高,能基本滿(mǎn)足壟作花生殘膜的回收要求,但目前制約耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)大面積推廣使用的是缺少自動(dòng)脫膜裝置?,F(xiàn)有殘膜回收機(jī)采用的脫膜方法主要有人工脫膜、伸縮桿齒脫膜和脫膜葉片脫膜等,人工脫膜勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、效率低;伸縮桿齒脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)制造成本高、故障率高;整體或獨(dú)立葉片脫膜大部分采用逆向脫膜,效果差,不能達(dá)到脫膜裝置作業(yè)要求[5-8]。

針對(duì)耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī),其自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的研發(fā)已成為關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。因此,研究殘膜回收機(jī)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)、分析探討脫膜機(jī)理,對(duì)于研發(fā)殘膜回收機(jī)、提升設(shè)備技術(shù)水平、滿(mǎn)足農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)要求具有重要現(xiàn)實(shí)意義[9-12]。

1 結(jié)構(gòu)及原理

如圖1為耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)的整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。耙齒式自脫膜殘膜回收機(jī)的主要部件為機(jī)架、耙齒、液壓裝置及脫膜裝置組成。其中,液壓裝置分別裝于機(jī)架兩側(cè),脫膜工作時(shí),脫膜方管及刮板一起沿著轉(zhuǎn)軸旋轉(zhuǎn),如圖1所示的雙點(diǎn)劃線即為極限位置,脫膜裝置沿著雙點(diǎn)劃線的軌跡運(yùn)動(dòng),并在液壓裝置的驅(qū)動(dòng)下實(shí)現(xiàn)上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)脫膜,圖1中為液壓固定端點(diǎn)的位置,所示位置為任意一刮板端點(diǎn)的位置。如圖2所示為整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的三維模型圖。

1.機(jī)架 2.液壓轉(zhuǎn)軸固定 3.液壓固定支架 4.耙齒5.脫膜方管 6.液壓裝置 7.脫膜刮板

圖2 耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)三維圖

2 關(guān)鍵部件設(shè)計(jì)

由于殘膜的物料特性對(duì)機(jī)具脫膜性能及結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)等均有重要影響,所以在進(jìn)行關(guān)鍵部件設(shè)計(jì)之前必須進(jìn)行田間殘膜的物料特性研究。

本次試驗(yàn)地為青島膠州,通過(guò)實(shí)地調(diào)研可知,殘膜大多呈條狀和塊狀分布,膜土草混雜且相互纏繞。地表殘留較多,地下也有殘留,形狀不規(guī)則大小不一,在陽(yáng)光和高溫下容易出現(xiàn)脆化等現(xiàn)象。通過(guò)對(duì)殘膜進(jìn)行的力學(xué)性能試驗(yàn)可得結(jié)論:厚度相同殘膜的拉伸負(fù)荷中,縱向和橫向拉伸負(fù)荷相差不大;殘膜與新地膜對(duì)比,縱向、橫向拉伸負(fù)荷等力學(xué)特性均發(fā)生明顯變化,說(shuō)明鋪設(shè)時(shí)間對(duì)地膜的力學(xué)性能影響顯著。

殘膜的物理特性決定了其回收以及收后脫膜的困難程度,因?yàn)樽冃未蠛湍ね敛堇p繞,所以必須強(qiáng)制脫膜,且脫膜徹底可以實(shí)現(xiàn)反復(fù)作業(yè)。根據(jù)分析,可得耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵部件為脫膜裝置及液壓裝置設(shè)計(jì)。

2.1 脫膜裝置設(shè)計(jì)

在過(guò)程中,耙齒會(huì)產(chǎn)生變形,變形后的耙齒會(huì)使脫膜更加困難且脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)到達(dá)極限位置后難以順暢歸位(即回歸水平位置),分析可知脫膜順暢歸位機(jī)構(gòu)裝置設(shè)計(jì)最主要就是脫膜刮板形狀和位置的設(shè)計(jì)。脫膜刮板均勻的分布在轉(zhuǎn)軸上,刮板與耙齒之間相互交錯(cuò)配合,殘膜在耙齒與刮板之間的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)之中從耙齒上脫下,實(shí)現(xiàn)脫膜。脫膜刮板的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足結(jié)構(gòu)合理,回位精準(zhǔn),脫膜順暢,工作性能可靠,使用壽命長(zhǎng),脫膜效率高等[13-16]。

圖3為設(shè)計(jì)的3種類(lèi)型的刮板示意圖。圖3a、圖3b為“一”字型刮板和“U”字型刮板示意圖,由分析及試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,其脫膜時(shí)主要問(wèn)題為部分耙齒變形較大,刮板到達(dá)極限位置后無(wú)法順暢歸位,即耙齒無(wú)法保證順利進(jìn)入刮板之間的間隙;無(wú)法進(jìn)入刮板間隙的耙齒阻礙了脫膜裝置的順暢歸位,必須依靠人力將其扳回原位,影響了作業(yè)的順暢性及工作效率。圖3c的“倒八字”型刮板具有順暢歸位機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置,則很好的解決了脫膜裝置的回位問(wèn)題。

具體分析及對(duì)比如圖4所示,由于耙齒在前進(jìn)過(guò)程中不僅前后方向,左右方向也會(huì)產(chǎn)生變形,所以當(dāng)左右變形較大時(shí),在反復(fù)脫膜的過(guò)程中耙齒無(wú)法一直保持在刮板間隙之中,會(huì)跟刮板卡住,阻礙了機(jī)具的順暢性,“倒八字”型刮板因有脫膜夾角,可在脫膜過(guò)程中將耙齒順暢引回原軌道,回位精準(zhǔn)實(shí)現(xiàn)位置矯正,確保機(jī)具連續(xù)作業(yè)及耙齒的使用性能。

圖3 三種類(lèi)型刮板示意圖

1.“一”字型刮板 2.耙齒變形后 3.耙齒變形前 4.“U”字型刮板 5.“倒八字”型刮板

如圖5所示為殘膜受力簡(jiǎn)圖,且其中虛線所示的“倒八字”弧形軌道可保證回位精準(zhǔn),刮板角度為,刮板向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)與耙齒之間的夾角為,刮板耙齒之間的距離為且非常小,刮板緊貼耙齒向下運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行脫膜可保證脫膜效果。在殘膜回收機(jī)的脫膜過(guò)程中,殘膜要收到重力、耙齒的摩擦力、刮板的摩擦力、殘膜自身對(duì)耙齒的壓力、耙齒的支持力外,還要受到由殘膜自身特性產(chǎn)生的吸附力和靜電作用力。其中,吸附力及靜電作用力亦十分微小,故忽略不計(jì)[2]。

注:Ff為摩擦力,N;θ為刮板角度,(°);F1為耙齒對(duì)殘膜的拉力,N;FN為耙齒對(duì)殘膜的支持力,N;F2為刮板向下的作用力,N;G為耙齒上殘膜的重力,N;μ為動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù);F′為刮板對(duì)殘膜的壓力,N;Fy為殘膜在豎直方向收到的合力,N;β為刮板向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)與耙齒之間的夾角,(°);S為刮板耙齒之間的距離。

如圖5所示為任意點(diǎn)處殘膜的受力簡(jiǎn)圖,可得殘膜滿(mǎn)足以下方程:

根據(jù)分析可知,實(shí)現(xiàn)順暢脫膜需滿(mǎn)足式(6)、式(7)2個(gè)條件,即殘膜在豎直方向的受力合力方向是豎直向下的,且刮板向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)與耙齒之間的夾角應(yīng)為鈍角。

2.2 液壓脫膜裝置設(shè)計(jì)

2.2.1 平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)

脫膜裝置應(yīng)在滿(mǎn)足脫膜要求的前提下,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),故采用平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)[17-20]。如圖6a所示為平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的一種,為含一個(gè)移動(dòng)副的四桿機(jī)構(gòu),運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),滑塊2既可沿點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)也可沿著方向進(jìn)行往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。

a. 平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖

a. Diagram of planar linkage

b. 運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡示意圖

b. Diagram of movement track

注:、為固定端,為可運(yùn)動(dòng)部件,1、2分別為可運(yùn)動(dòng)部件在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的2個(gè)位置,為的距離,、1、3、1為運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中各部件的夾角,(°)。

Note:,are fixed end;is moving parts;1,2are two places of;is the space betweenand;,1,3and1are angles of parts during moving, (°).

圖6 平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of planar linkage

如圖6b所示為平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡示意圖,可以看出極位夾角及運(yùn)動(dòng)路徑。1為極位夾角,其取值范圍為(0°,180°),并有=1。在耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中,點(diǎn)位置即為圖1中2液壓轉(zhuǎn)軸固定的位置,的位置即為圖1中液壓裝置的固定點(diǎn)的位置,而的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式即為液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)下脫膜方管與液壓連接點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,點(diǎn)可實(shí)現(xiàn)沿液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)方向的直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)以及圍繞固定點(diǎn)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),從理論上驗(yàn)證了液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)連桿機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行卸膜的合理性。

如上述分析及圖1中所示點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡滿(mǎn)足如下方程:

(8)

式中X、Y分別為點(diǎn)在方向、方向的位移;刮為刮板的長(zhǎng)度;為運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中刮板與水平面的夾角角度。

2.2.2 液壓裝置設(shè)計(jì)

耙齒式自動(dòng)脫膜殘膜回收機(jī)的液壓裝置是關(guān)鍵部件,其設(shè)計(jì)要求涉及整機(jī)的安全性能和工作性能,因此需總體上對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)的液壓系統(tǒng)做出設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算,結(jié)合實(shí)際工作條件,確定合理參數(shù)。在進(jìn)行脫膜作業(yè)時(shí),液壓主要提供推力和拉力,位置和距離要求精確穩(wěn)定,因此選擇單活塞雙作用液壓缸。

1)負(fù)載分析

設(shè)液壓油缸的工作負(fù)載為F

根據(jù)分析及推算,現(xiàn)暫定F=2 000 N,根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可得工作壓力1=6 MPa;液壓缸的機(jī)械效率=0.95。

2)油缸內(nèi)徑

液壓缸缸體的材料選為45#鋼,調(diào)制處理,活塞桿的材料選為45#鋼,調(diào)制處理。由式(10)計(jì)算可得后對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行圓整,并根據(jù)實(shí)際工作情況,先設(shè)計(jì)液壓缸內(nèi)徑=40 mm。

3)活塞桿直徑

式中為活塞桿直徑,m;為油缸內(nèi)徑,m;為速度比;1為活塞桿的回縮速度,m/min;2為活塞桿的伸出速度,m/min。

當(dāng)壓力1≤10 MPa時(shí),速度比為1.33;當(dāng)壓力1在>10~20 MPa時(shí),速度比的范圍為1.46~2;當(dāng)壓力1>20 MPa時(shí),速度比為2。本文速度比取值為1.33。根據(jù)式(12)計(jì)算,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行圓整以及分析實(shí)際情況,確保運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)及性能可靠,現(xiàn)取活塞桿直徑=25 mm。

4)活塞桿強(qiáng)度校核

在液壓脫膜的過(guò)程中,活塞桿是液壓缸向外傳遞推力的重要零件,它承受著對(duì)刮板向下的作用力,必須有足夠強(qiáng)度,故按強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行校核。

式中為材料的屈服強(qiáng)度;為安全系數(shù)(一般取≥1.4)。

又根據(jù)公式材料的許用應(yīng)力[]=σ/,已知45號(hào)鋼的許用應(yīng)力為72 MPa,最大推力2 000 N,可求得活塞桿直徑的取值范圍≥5.9 mm,而=25 mm,故活塞桿強(qiáng)度符合要求。

3 田間試驗(yàn)及參數(shù)優(yōu)化

如圖7a所示為刮板幾何形狀示意圖。分析可知刮板的幾何形狀對(duì)脫膜率有很大影響。從避免干涉和結(jié)構(gòu)合理的角度分析,刮板的整體長(zhǎng)度3應(yīng)保持在合理范圍之內(nèi),即100~120 mm之間。刮板角度以及刮板與耙齒之間的距離等都是影響其工作效率的重要因素[21-26]。

注:L1、L2、L3、S1、S2、K分別表示刮板的長(zhǎng)度尺寸;γ為脫膜夾角, (°)。

各因素之間的關(guān)系如式(14)-(17)所示。

式中為刮板與耙齒間距離,mm;為相鄰兩耙齒間距離,mm。

如圖8b刮板安裝位置示意圖,點(diǎn)為耙齒圓心的位置,刮板的安裝位置與耙齒上端的距離為,不同的安裝位置導(dǎo)致刮板向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)與耙齒的夾角也會(huì)不同,分析可知,脫膜夾角的大小也是影響脫膜效率的重要因素之一,即為銳角時(shí)等有利于脫膜過(guò)程的進(jìn)行。由前期試驗(yàn)可得,相鄰兩耙齒之間的最佳距離為120 mm,此時(shí)的殘膜回收率較高且不會(huì)壅土,即=120 mm。上述公式經(jīng)化簡(jiǎn)后可得式(18)-(20)。

通過(guò)上述分析,刮板與耙齒間距、脫膜夾角、刮板角度為影響脫膜率的重要因素。應(yīng)通過(guò)試驗(yàn)的方式進(jìn)行分析優(yōu)化,并進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)以確定最優(yōu)的結(jié)構(gòu)和參數(shù)組合,使耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的工作性能達(dá)到最佳,以實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)脫膜,解決耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)的缺乏有效自脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的難題。

3.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

3.1.1 試驗(yàn)條件及指標(biāo)

本試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)為山東青島,時(shí)間為2016年9月-10月,前茬作物為花生,花生收獲后進(jìn)行收膜試驗(yàn)。花生種植方式為壟作,一壟雙行,壟高100 mm;土壤類(lèi)型為沙壤土且土塊較多,表層含水率約為16%(0~50 mm)。地膜寬度1 000 mm,厚度0.008 mm。先進(jìn)行收膜試驗(yàn),再進(jìn)行自動(dòng)脫膜試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)如圖8所示。

圖8 試驗(yàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)

脫膜過(guò)程運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、一次脫膜率高是衡量機(jī)構(gòu)脫膜效果的指標(biāo)。耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)脫膜裝置進(jìn)行脫膜后,對(duì)脫下來(lái)的殘膜進(jìn)行洗凈、晾曬,并用電子稱(chēng)進(jìn)行稱(chēng)量和數(shù)據(jù)記錄;未脫下來(lái)仍纏繞在耙齒上的殘膜由人工卸下,并進(jìn)行凈、晾曬、稱(chēng)量和數(shù)據(jù)記錄。用脫膜裝置脫下來(lái)的殘膜質(zhì)量與殘膜的總質(zhì)量的比值為機(jī)具的一次脫膜率。

式中為一次脫膜率;1為進(jìn)行一次脫膜試驗(yàn)后脫下的殘膜的質(zhì)量,kg;2為一次脫膜試驗(yàn)后未脫下的殘膜的質(zhì)量,kg。

3.1.2 試驗(yàn)過(guò)程與結(jié)果

在自動(dòng)脫膜過(guò)程中存在很多影響一次脫膜率的非線性因素,通常需要選用二次或者更高次的模型來(lái)逼近響應(yīng),模型可采用響應(yīng)面法來(lái)建立[27-30]。根據(jù)分析及經(jīng)驗(yàn),刮板與耙齒間距(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)齒板距)、刮板角度、脫膜夾角為影響脫膜率的重要因素,為便于統(tǒng)一及對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,響應(yīng)面分析中將這3個(gè)因素分別用1、2、3表示,一次脫膜率作為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),用表示[22-26]。

通過(guò)分析可知:齒板距1的距離對(duì)脫膜效果有影響,刮板和耙齒之間貼合的越近,脫膜的效果也好。但是在耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)在收膜的過(guò)程中,耙齒會(huì)不可避免的產(chǎn)生變形,變形后再進(jìn)行脫膜時(shí),會(huì)產(chǎn)生回位困難的問(wèn)題,所以齒板距1應(yīng)在合理范圍內(nèi),即試驗(yàn)時(shí)分別選為1、2、3 mm。刮板角度2的取值若過(guò)大則會(huì)導(dǎo)致其垂直方向的分力減小,不利于脫膜;且刮板整體高度有限制,2的取值也不能過(guò)小,故試驗(yàn)時(shí)刮板角度2分別為60°、70°、80°。脫膜夾角3的理論取值范圍為(0°,90°),即為銳角;角度過(guò)大會(huì)導(dǎo)致脫膜效率降低,角度過(guò)小又不符合實(shí)際情況,所以試驗(yàn)時(shí)脫膜夾角3的取值為50°、60°、70°。對(duì)各因素進(jìn)行水平編碼如表1所示,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表2所示。

表1 試驗(yàn)因素水平

表2 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果

3.1.3 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析

應(yīng)用軟件Design expert對(duì)表3中數(shù)據(jù)擬合并進(jìn)行方差分析,可得回歸系數(shù)及其顯著性檢驗(yàn)如表3所示。殘膜回收機(jī)自脫膜裝置脫膜率回歸方程如式(22)所示。

式中1、2、3分別為齒板距、刮板角度和脫膜夾角對(duì)應(yīng)的編碼值。

如表3所示,模型的顯著性檢驗(yàn)=363.37,<0.000 1,說(shuō)明二次回歸方程的檢驗(yàn)達(dá)到高度顯著;且失擬性檢驗(yàn)=0.047,>0.1為不顯著,說(shuō)明在試驗(yàn)范圍內(nèi)模型的擬合性非常好,可以用此模型進(jìn)行對(duì)齒板距、刮板角度、脫膜夾角這3個(gè)因素的影響效果進(jìn)行分析和預(yù)測(cè)。

表3 顯著性檢驗(yàn)

注:<0.01為極顯著,<0.05為顯著。

Note:<0.01 is highly significant,<0.05 is significant.

3.2 影響因素分析及參數(shù)優(yōu)化

3.2.1 影響因素分析

通過(guò)表3顯著性檢驗(yàn)分析可知,齒板距、刮板角度、脫膜夾角對(duì)一次脫膜率均有顯著性影響,且影響強(qiáng)弱次序?yàn)辇X板距>刮板角度>脫膜夾角,其中齒板距的影響為極顯著,且13、23、12、22均為顯著。

如圖9所示為一次脫膜率的響應(yīng)曲面及3D效果圖。從圖中可直觀看出,1、2、3對(duì)目標(biāo)函數(shù)影響顯著。圖9a、9b、9c分別表示因素12、23、13對(duì)一次脫膜率均產(chǎn)生影響,綜合考慮3個(gè)因素并對(duì)其進(jìn)行優(yōu)化分析可得出最優(yōu)參數(shù)組合。

3.2.2 參數(shù)優(yōu)化

一次脫膜率是反應(yīng)耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)工作效果的重要指標(biāo),在試驗(yàn)范圍內(nèi)要求其值越大越好。應(yīng)用Design expert的尋優(yōu)功能對(duì)其進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,優(yōu)化后的齒板距為1.32 mm、刮板角度71.34°、脫膜夾角59.05°,預(yù)測(cè)的一次脫膜率為0.966。在實(shí)際試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中,齒板距大小對(duì)一次脫膜率影響較大。齒板距越小,耙齒與脫膜刮板貼合的越近,越有利于脫膜。對(duì)優(yōu)化結(jié)果進(jìn)行圓整,圓整后的齒板距為1.5 mm、刮板角度70°、脫膜夾角60°,仿真試驗(yàn)得到的一次脫膜率為0.959。實(shí)際的工作過(guò)程中,耙齒會(huì)產(chǎn)生變形,即齒板距可能會(huì)小于1.5 mm。在試驗(yàn)中,若間距過(guò)小導(dǎo)致耙齒與脫膜刮板緊緊貼合使得脫膜困難、回位困難、產(chǎn)生噪音等以及影響脫膜作業(yè)的順暢性,再加上田間收膜受到阻力及本身加工誤差等原因,綜合考慮軟件分析結(jié)果及田間試驗(yàn)作業(yè)實(shí)際情況,現(xiàn)定最優(yōu)組合為齒板距2 mm、刮板角度70°、脫膜夾角60°。

注:響應(yīng)面試驗(yàn)因素和水平表見(jiàn)表1,響應(yīng)值見(jiàn)表2,下同。

4 結(jié) 論

1)耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)的自動(dòng)脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)的主要部件之一為脫膜刮板,通過(guò)對(duì)“一”字型,“U”字型,“倒八字”型結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析及試驗(yàn),確定“倒八字”型脫膜刮板回位精準(zhǔn),可保障其脫膜順暢,為最合理的順暢脫膜機(jī)構(gòu)。通過(guò)分析可得,實(shí)施脫膜順暢性需滿(mǎn)足的條件為:殘膜在豎直方向所受合力方向?yàn)橄蛳?,刮板向下運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)與耙齒之間的夾角為鈍角。

2)液壓裝置設(shè)計(jì)為平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)形式,具體為擺動(dòng)導(dǎo)桿機(jī)構(gòu),通過(guò)對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的分析從理論上確定了該結(jié)構(gòu)的可行性。

3)以一次脫膜率為主控目標(biāo),以耙齒刮板間距、脫膜夾角、刮板角度為影響脫膜率的重要因素進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),并用Design-expert進(jìn)行響應(yīng)面分析。并綜合考慮軟件分析結(jié)果及試驗(yàn)實(shí)際情況,影響強(qiáng)弱次序?yàn)辇X板距>刮板角度>脫膜夾角,確定最優(yōu)組合為齒板距2 mm、刮板角度70°、脫膜夾角60°。相比于人工卸膜,提高了工作效率,可為耙齒式殘膜回收機(jī)大規(guī)模推廣使用提供參考。

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Design on automatic unloading mechanism for teeth type residue plastic film collector

Shi Lili, Hu Zhichao※, Gu Fengwei, Wu Feng, Chen Youqing

(,,210014,)

With the increasing use of the agricultural plastic film, the pollution it brings is also becoming more and more serious.Therefore, design and experiment on plastic film collector of ridged peanut mean great significance to us, of course, facing huge problems. Mechanical recycling plastic film can overcome shortcomings of the great labor intensity and low efficiency using artificial picking up. However the existing plastic film recycling equipments are generally designed based on experiences and have no precise theoretical researches for components, and there are some issues including unreliable picking up performance and unloading mechanism and serious wear of working parts. This paper focuses on the lack of effective automatic removing mechanism for teeth type residue plastic film collector, and according to this situation, automatic removing and smooth returning mechanism for teeth type residue plastic film collector have been designed. Teeth type residue plastic film collector with self-motion unloading mechanism consists of frame, hydraulic shaft fixture, hydraulic fixing bracket, rake, self-motion unloading square tube, hydraulic device, and self-motion unloading scraper. The stability, reliability, and returning smoothness of the motion of the parallel 4-rod linkage mechanism are analyzed. We design a variety of different forms of squeegees to test, and at last find the best form of inverted “八” squeegee. The key part of the mechanism is focused and the stress analysis is performed. Teeth are persistently distorted when they are working. We design 3 types of squeegees including “一” squeegee, U-shaped squeegee, and inverted “八” squeegee, and at last we find the inverted “八” squeegee can ensure that teeth are put back in origin place, so it can achieve the best results. The design and innovation of the hydraulic system are also important. We choose single-rod hydraulic cyclinder of 45#steel, the size of hydraulic cyclinder diameter is 40 mm, and the size of piston rod diameter is 25 mm. We use the stress analysis on squeegee, and the movement analysis on planar linkage, and find the movement track of the squeegee at last. Based on this, the objective function and constraints are determined, and the major influencing factors of teeth type residue plastic film collector with self-motion unloading mechanism are the space between teeth and squeegee, squeegee angle, and automatic removing mechanism angle. We do experiment in Jiaozhou, Qingdao, China, the previous crop is peanut, and moisture content of soil is 16%. The experiment and response surface analysis are done for the space between teeth and squeegee, squeegee angle, and automatic removing mechanism angle. The data are then processed, and the parameters are optimized by the response surface method with Design Expert. The response surface analysis of the model shows that the effect of the 3 factors on the primary film removal rate is significant. The order of influencing factors is: The space between teeth and squeegee > squeegee angle > automatic removing mechanism angle. The machine is optimized by the function of optimization of Design Expert, the space between teeth and squeegee is 2 mm, the squeegee angle is 70°, and the automatic removing mechanism angle is 60°. Through the field test, which shows the feasibility of the optimization scheme and will provide theoretical basis for the optimization of related machines.The teeth type residue plastic film collector of ridged peanut has a good film removal effect, which meets the design requirements of plastic recyling machine.

mechanization; design; optimization; residue plastic film collector; response surface analysis; rate of automatic unloading

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.18.002

S223.5

A

1002-6819(2017)-18-0011-08

2017-01-18

2017-06-20

公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)“殘膜污染農(nóng)田綜合治理技術(shù)方案”(201503105_08);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新工程土下果實(shí)收獲機(jī)械。

施麗莉,女(漢),安徽合肥人,助理研究員,主要從事農(nóng)機(jī)化裝備研發(fā)。南京 農(nóng)業(yè)部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所,210014。Email:1301706961@qq.com

胡志超,男(漢),陜西藍(lán)田人,研究員,博士,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事農(nóng)作物收獲及產(chǎn)后加工技術(shù)與裝備研究。南京 農(nóng)業(yè)部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所,210014。Email:nfzhongzi@163.com

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