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不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子萌發(fā)及幼苗生長(zhǎng)特性的影響

2017-11-01 12:01賈永紅田新年張金汕梁玉超迪里夏提爾肯石書(shū)兵
新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:種子活力花后春小麥

馮 魁,李 瓊,賈永紅,王 美,田新年,張金汕,梁玉超,迪里夏提·爾肯,劉 俊,石書(shū)兵

(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與藥學(xué)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;3.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院奇臺(tái)麥類試驗(yàn)站,新疆奇臺(tái) 831800)

不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子萌發(fā)及幼苗生長(zhǎng)特性的影響

馮 魁1,李 瓊2,賈永紅3,王 美1,田新年1,張金汕1,梁玉超1,迪里夏提·爾肯1,劉 俊1,石書(shū)兵1

(1.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與藥學(xué)學(xué)院,烏魯木齊 830052;3.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院奇臺(tái)麥類試驗(yàn)站,新疆奇臺(tái) 831800)

目的研究新疆主栽春小麥品種新春31號(hào)在不同成熟度貯藏過(guò)程中種子活力的變化。方法在100%相對(duì)濕度和45℃條件下,將花后15、25和35 d收獲的種子分別進(jìn)行人工加速老化0、2、4、6、8 d處理,并進(jìn)行恒溫發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)。發(fā)芽前測(cè)量3種成熟度種子的長(zhǎng)度、寬度、厚度和千粒重等物理指標(biāo),發(fā)芽過(guò)程中測(cè)量發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)、苗長(zhǎng)、根長(zhǎng)、幼苗鮮重和干重等種子活力指標(biāo),分析不同成熟度、不同老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥幼苗生長(zhǎng)和種子活力的影響。結(jié)果在不同成熟度下籽粒長(zhǎng)度差異顯著、千粒重和籽粒含水量差異極顯著;同一成熟度下,隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),種子的各相關(guān)活力指標(biāo)均表現(xiàn)為先平緩減小后急劇降低的趨勢(shì),拐點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在老化4 d,處理間均達(dá)到差異顯著水平;同時(shí)上述活力指標(biāo)在成熟度間差異均達(dá)到極顯著水平,表現(xiàn)為花后35 d>25 d>15 d;利用逐步回歸方法建立的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和種子活力的方程擬合優(yōu)度較高,R2達(dá)0.989以上。結(jié)論人工老化可模擬自然狀態(tài)下種子貯藏過(guò)程中的變化規(guī)律,成熟度和老化時(shí)間均影響種子活力的大小,種子發(fā)芽后幼苗的干重或鮮重可作為檢驗(yàn)種子活力大小的重要指標(biāo)。

春小麥;成熟度;人工老化;物理指標(biāo);種子活力

0 引 言

【研究意義】種子老化是指降低種子的生存和貯藏能力、致使作物種子的活力和萌發(fā)力的減少或喪失的變化,是伴隨著種子貯藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而發(fā)展的不可避免的變化過(guò)程,也是反映種子質(zhì)量好壞的重要指標(biāo)之一[1-4]。研究人工老化對(duì)春小麥種子活力的影響,掌握種子在貯藏過(guò)程中潛在的質(zhì)量表現(xiàn),對(duì)于正確評(píng)價(jià)種子的質(zhì)量等級(jí)和指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】種子本身的遺傳因素和外界環(huán)境決定了種子活力的大小[5],人工加速老化法是種子活力眾多測(cè)定方法中最直接、最可靠,也是最常用的一種方法,通常情況下,研究者多通過(guò)高溫高濕老化法測(cè)定種子活力[6]。目前關(guān)于種子人工老化的報(bào)道較多,包括水稻[7]、大麥[8]、玉米[9]、棉花[10]、大豆[11]、牧草[12]等,余欣欣[13]通過(guò)測(cè)定161份小麥品種(系)在人工加速老化下的活力指標(biāo),發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著老化時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),萌發(fā)和生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的變化趨勢(shì)及規(guī)律基本一致,均表現(xiàn)出不同程度的降低。陳佳等[14]研究認(rèn)為,老化時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),種子的發(fā)芽率越低,種子滲出液電導(dǎo)率越高。周海寧等[15]研究雜交玉米成熟度和活力的關(guān)系,得出隨著成熟度的增加,發(fā)芽率等相關(guān)指標(biāo)提高,同時(shí)也指出適宜的收獲期能獲得較高活力的種子。覃鵬等[16]則認(rèn)為老化可使小麥發(fā)芽指標(biāo)和相關(guān)生理指標(biāo)迅速降低。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】前人研究多集中在不同成熟度種子活力的變化規(guī)律或同一種成熟度下種子在不同老化時(shí)間處理后的種子活力變化規(guī)律[15-17],有關(guān)成熟度和老化時(shí)間互作對(duì)種子活力的研究仍然不充分,特別是根據(jù)春小麥物理指標(biāo)、發(fā)芽指標(biāo)和幼苗生長(zhǎng)情況等指標(biāo)判斷種子活力的研究較少。新春31號(hào)是近年來(lái)北疆地區(qū)主栽的春小麥品種,具有適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、產(chǎn)量較高等優(yōu)勢(shì),但對(duì)于該品種在不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間下種子活力水平的差異尚不知?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】通過(guò)高溫高濕人工加速老化法,模擬春小麥自然老化以及劣變過(guò)程,研究不同成熟度和不同老化時(shí)間下春小麥種子活力的變化特征,為春小麥種子適期收獲和耐貯藏性提供理論參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材 料

供試春小麥品種為新春31號(hào),于2016年4月種植,采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),3次重復(fù),小區(qū)面積10 m2,按照試驗(yàn)預(yù)定時(shí)期分別在花后15、25和35 d收獲,其余田間管理與普通中產(chǎn)田一致。

1.2 方 法

1.2.1 種子物理性狀測(cè)定

采用萬(wàn)分度天平分別稱量三種成熟度小麥籽粒的千粒重,用游標(biāo)卡尺分別測(cè)量三種成熟度種子的長(zhǎng)度、寬度和厚度。

1.2.2 人工加速老化處理

采用高溫高濕法[8],并略作修改。在封閉的容器內(nèi)裝入一定量的蒸餾水,同時(shí)取三種成熟度種子若干,并裝入紗網(wǎng)中,紗網(wǎng)懸掛于封閉的容器內(nèi),保證不與水面接觸。并把設(shè)置好的裝置置于恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中,恒溫45℃分別培養(yǎng)2、4、6和8 d,處理完后將取出的種子在陰涼處自然風(fēng)干,再進(jìn)行25℃恒溫發(fā)芽試驗(yàn),以不老化種子作對(duì)照處理。

1.2.3 種子活力測(cè)定

參考劉玲等方法[18-19]。用1%次氯酸鈉消毒種子后,分別放入消毒過(guò)的發(fā)芽盒中,每個(gè)發(fā)芽盒上鋪2層含飽和水分的發(fā)芽紙,各均勻放入100粒春小麥種子。在恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中25℃條件下發(fā)芽,共設(shè)三個(gè)重復(fù),使種子保持較濕潤(rùn)的狀態(tài)。第4 d計(jì)算發(fā)芽勢(shì),第8 d統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)芽率并測(cè)量麥苗根長(zhǎng)、苗長(zhǎng)、根數(shù)、鮮重、干重,各重復(fù)10株并求平均值。發(fā)芽率=正常發(fā)芽種子數(shù)/供試種子總數(shù)×100%,發(fā)芽勢(shì)(%)=第4 d發(fā)芽種子粒數(shù)/供檢種子粒數(shù)×100%,簡(jiǎn)化活力指數(shù)=發(fā)芽率×幼苗鮮重,發(fā)芽指數(shù)=∑(GT/DT),式中:其中GT為在T天發(fā)芽的種子數(shù),DT為相應(yīng)的發(fā)芽天數(shù)。簡(jiǎn)化活力指數(shù)以下簡(jiǎn)稱種子活力指數(shù)。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

所得數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2010進(jìn)行整理,采用DPS 7.05進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,用Origin 8.5繪圖。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1不同成熟度下春小麥種子部分物理指標(biāo)的比較

研究表明,在三種成熟度下籽粒的長(zhǎng)度差異顯著(P<0.05),千粒重和籽粒含水量差異極顯著(P<0.01)。春小麥種子的長(zhǎng)度、寬度、厚度和千粒重等物理指標(biāo)均隨成熟度的提高而依次增大。在花后25和35 d成熟度下籽粒的寬度、厚度差異不顯著?;ê?5~25 d期間種子的長(zhǎng)度、寬度、厚度、千粒重分別增長(zhǎng)了5.77%、31.76%、16.33%、113.80%,分別比花后25~35 d收獲的種子高4.88%、9.12%、9.82%、14.19%的增長(zhǎng)幅度。不同成熟度下春小麥籽粒的含水量依次降低,花后25 d較15 d成熟度的種子含水量下降了39.89%,花后35 d較25 d成熟度的種子含水量下降了76.53%,各處理間達(dá)到極顯著差異水平(P<0.01)。這表明,花后15~25 d是春小麥籽粒灌漿最快的時(shí)期,在這個(gè)階段,小麥籽粒逐漸完成生理成熟。表1

2.2不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子萌發(fā)的影響

研究表明,同一成熟度下,隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),發(fā)芽率與發(fā)芽勢(shì)的表現(xiàn)趨勢(shì)一致,均逐漸降低,處理間均達(dá)到了差異顯著水平(P<0.05)。在三種成熟度下,小麥種子發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)變化范圍分別在41.33%~98.33%和32.00%~97.33%,三種成熟度下老化0 d、2 d的發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)均在91.33%和86.00%以上,老化4 d開(kāi)始,發(fā)芽率和發(fā)芽勢(shì)呈明顯降低,老化8 d的發(fā)芽率不足50%,發(fā)芽勢(shì)僅為43.33%以下。人工加速老化處理可迅速降低種子的發(fā)芽率及發(fā)芽勢(shì)。

發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)與發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)的變化趨勢(shì)一致,即在相同成熟度下隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)逐漸降低,處理間均達(dá)到了差異極顯著水平(P<0.01)。小麥種子的發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)的變化范圍分別在15.50~48.97和11.18~206.49。分析可知,三種成熟度下老化2 d較老化0 d發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)分別降低的范圍在5.39%~9.74%和16.03%~20.25%,隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)降低的速度越快,老化8 d較老化0 d發(fā)芽指數(shù)和活力指數(shù)分別下降的范圍在59.61%~61.49%和81.40%~87.73%?;ê?5 d成熟度的種子老化8 d后活力指數(shù)為35.42,而花后15 d成熟度的種子老化8 d后活力指數(shù)僅為11.18。這說(shuō)明種子成熟度越低,受到脅迫的程度越大,越不利于形成壯苗,反之成熟度越高,種子越能抵御逆境。表2

表1 不同成熟度春小麥種子的物理指標(biāo)比較
Table 1 Comparison of physical indexes of spring wheat seeds with different maturity

成熟度Maturity長(zhǎng)度Length(mm)寬度Width(mm)厚度Thickness(mm)千粒重1000-grainweight(g)籽粒含水量Kernelmoisture(%)花后15d15dafteranthesis659cC233bB245bB1833cC7087aA花后25d25dafteranthesis697bAB307aA285aAB3919bB4260bB花后35d35dafteranthesis731aA335aA313aA4475aA1004cC

注:同列數(shù)據(jù)后對(duì)應(yīng)的大、小寫(xiě)字母分別表示在α=1%、α=5%水平(LSD法比較)差異顯著,下同

Note: Different capital and lowercase letters in the same column indicated significantly by LSD at 1% and 5% level, respectively. The same in other tables

表2 不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間下春小麥種子萌發(fā)變化
Table 2 Effects of different maturity and aging time on seed germination of spring wheat

成熟度Maturity老化時(shí)間AgingTime(d)發(fā)芽率Germinationpercentage(%)發(fā)芽勢(shì)Germinationpotential(%)發(fā)芽指數(shù)Germinationindexes活力指數(shù)Vigorindexes花后15d09367aA8833aA4057aA9115aA15dafteranthesis29167bA8600bB3720bB7654bB47467cB6933cB3486cC5041cC66167dC4567dC2554dD2772dD84133eD3200eD1550eE1118eE花后25d09300aA9100aA4661aA17879aA25dafteranthesis29133bB8600bB4207bB14259bB47833cC7533cC3747cC9707cC66600dD5400dD2866dD5762dD84800eE4333eE1798eE3325eE花后35d09833aA9733aA4897aA20649aA35dafteranthesis29400bB9233bB4633bB16699bB48033cC7933cC4227cC12231cC66700dD6300dD3108dD8202dD84833eE4200eE1978eE3542eE

2.3不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子活力影響的雙因素方差

研究表明,不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽指數(shù)以及活力指數(shù)的影響差異極顯著(P<0.01);不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間的交互作用對(duì)其發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)的影響均差異極顯著(P<0.01),對(duì)發(fā)芽率的影響差異不顯著(P>0.05)。表3

表3 不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子活力影響的雙因素方差
Table 3 Effects of different maturity and aging time on seed vigor of spring wheat

變異來(lái)源Source自由度Degreeoffreedom發(fā)芽勢(shì)Gp發(fā)芽率Gr發(fā)芽指數(shù)Gi活力指數(shù)ViF值Fvalue顯著性Sig.F值Fvalue顯著性Sig.F值Fvalue顯著性Sig.F值Fvalue顯著性Sig.成熟度Maturity2192070000615900011850200002256420000老化時(shí)間Agingtime41538860000164619000011180200003224690000成熟度×老化時(shí)間Maturity×agingtime8726000014602234060004127580004

2.4不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥幼苗干鮮重的影響

研究表明,不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥幼苗鮮重和干重的影響規(guī)律一致,即同一成熟度下,隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),幼苗鮮重和干重逐漸降低,且均達(dá)到顯著差異水平,同一老化時(shí)間下,成熟度間鮮重和干重表現(xiàn)為花后35 d>花后25 d>花后15 d,干鮮重在各成熟度間差異均達(dá)到極顯著水平?;ê?5、25和35 d成熟度的種子老化8 d與對(duì)照相比,鮮重分別下降了72.18%、67.83%、60.39%,干重分別下降了52.74%、39.24%、35.27%,這說(shuō)明幼苗生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)與種子成熟度、老化時(shí)間密切相關(guān)。圖1

圖1 不同成熟度與老化時(shí)間下春小麥種子幼苗干鮮重變化
Fig.1 Effects of different maturity and aging time on dry weight and fresh weight of spring wheat seedling

2.5不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥幼苗和根生長(zhǎng)的影響

研究表明,幼苗根長(zhǎng)和苗長(zhǎng)在成熟度間差異均達(dá)到極顯著水平,同一成熟度下幼苗根長(zhǎng)和苗長(zhǎng)在老化時(shí)間上差異也達(dá)到極顯著水平。不同成熟度和老化時(shí)間對(duì)春小麥種子幼苗鮮重和干重的影響規(guī)律一致,即同一成熟度下,隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),幼苗的根長(zhǎng)和苗長(zhǎng)逐漸減?。煌焕匣瘯r(shí)間內(nèi),隨著收獲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),幼苗的根長(zhǎng)和苗長(zhǎng)逐漸增大。這說(shuō)明,隨著成熟度的增加,幼苗地上部分和地下部分性狀具有增加的趨勢(shì),隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),幼苗生長(zhǎng)明顯受到抑制。圖2

圖2 不同成熟度與老化時(shí)間下春小麥苗長(zhǎng)和根長(zhǎng)變化
Fig.2 Effects of different maturity and aging time on seedling length and root length of Spring Wheat

2.6春小麥幼苗生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和活力指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性分析及回歸分析

研究表明,春小麥苗期生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和活力指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性較好,在三種成熟度下,幼苗鮮重、干重、苗長(zhǎng)、根長(zhǎng)和種子的發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)均呈極顯著正相關(guān)。為進(jìn)一步研究籽粒生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和活力指標(biāo)的關(guān)系,將老化時(shí)間、幼苗鮮重、干重、苗長(zhǎng)、根長(zhǎng)、發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)分別設(shè)為自變量(x1~x8),活力指數(shù)設(shè)為因變量Y,利用逐步進(jìn)入法將模型中F值最小的且符合剔除判據(jù)的變量剔除模型,重復(fù)進(jìn)行直至回歸方程的自變量均符合進(jìn)入模型的判據(jù)為止,通過(guò)多元線性回歸分析明確各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和活力指標(biāo)對(duì)活力指數(shù)在不同收獲時(shí)期的響應(yīng)情況,在三種成熟度下,活力指數(shù)回歸方程的相關(guān)系數(shù)R2值較高,方程的擬合優(yōu)度較好,較大的F值說(shuō)明回歸方程顯著。在花后15 d,活力指數(shù)和幼苗干重極顯著相關(guān),花后25和35 d則與幼苗鮮重極顯著相關(guān),說(shuō)明幼苗干鮮重可以作為檢驗(yàn)種子活力大小的指標(biāo)。表4,表5

表4 春小麥幼苗生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和活力指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性
Table 4 Correlation analysis of growth index and vigor index of spring wheat

成熟度Maturity項(xiàng)目Project發(fā)芽率Germinationpercentage發(fā)芽勢(shì)Germinationpotential發(fā)芽指數(shù)Germinationindexes活力指數(shù)Vigorindexes花后15d鮮重0984??0989??0976??0995??15dafteranthesis干重0985??0986??0968??0998??苗長(zhǎng)0993??0981??0966??0991??根長(zhǎng)0987??0988??0969??0998??花后25d鮮重0983??0992??0981??0996??25dafteranthesis干重0998??0989??0995??0979??苗長(zhǎng)0988??0995??0996??0973??根長(zhǎng)0988??0997??0981??0993??花后35d鮮重0985??0984??0971??0998??35dafteranthesis干重0991??0989??0975??0997??苗長(zhǎng)0995??0997??0994??0983??根長(zhǎng)1000??0999??0990??0986??

注:*表示顯著性在0.05水平;**表示顯著性在0.01水平,下同

Note:*significant at 5% level of significance,**significant at 1% level of significance.The same as below

表5 不同成熟度下春小麥生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和種子活力回歸分析
Table 5 Regression analysis of growth index and seed vigor of spring wheat under different maturity

成熟度Maturity回歸方程TheregressionequationR2F花后15d 15dafteranthesisY=-64642+12593X30994700588??花后25d 25dafteranthesisY=-42866+1191X20989363163??花后35d 35dafteranthesisY=-82533+13753X20995729700??

3 討 論

研究表明[20-22],種子活力與種子成熟度密切相關(guān),同時(shí)籽粒長(zhǎng)度、寬度及千粒重等物理指標(biāo)也是影響小麥幼苗生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的重要參數(shù)。孫群等[23]認(rèn)為種子成熟度越好,其重量就會(huì)不斷增加,在生理成熟期種子鮮重達(dá)到最大,此時(shí)種子發(fā)芽率及種子活力最高,其后活力開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)下降的不可逆變化。以新麥草為例,隨著種子成熟度提高,種子活力指數(shù)顯著提高[24]。王淑英等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雜交玉米灌漿前期種子成熟度低,導(dǎo)致抗逆性較差、發(fā)芽率降低,冷害脅迫后的發(fā)芽率則更低,同時(shí)田間出苗率也不高。前人研究認(rèn)為只是用發(fā)芽率來(lái)判別種子質(zhì)量好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不可靠,而用種子活力能比較客觀地反映其萌發(fā)特性[20]。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,春小麥種子在花后15 d便具備了發(fā)芽能力,且發(fā)芽率在93%以上,隨著成熟度的增加,種子的物理指標(biāo)逐漸增加,籽粒含水量顯著下降,種子的發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)以及幼苗生長(zhǎng)等活力指標(biāo)逐漸增加,且活力指數(shù)增加的速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其他指標(biāo)。由此可見(jiàn),活力指數(shù)大小可以作為檢驗(yàn)種子活力高低的一項(xiàng)可靠指標(biāo),同時(shí)成熟度越高,種子越能抵御逆境的變化。

Dickson[26]認(rèn)為影響種子活力的因素很多,同時(shí)種子活力也是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的綜合指標(biāo),表現(xiàn)在萌發(fā)指標(biāo)、幼苗形態(tài)指標(biāo)、抗老化能力、逆境脅迫等諸多方面。利用人工加速老化則可以模擬自然條件下種子貯藏過(guò)程中的機(jī)理變化[27-28],種子在老化和劣變過(guò)程中,發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)呈現(xiàn)出先平緩減小后急劇降低的規(guī)律,會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)明顯的拐點(diǎn),拐點(diǎn)之后各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)迅速下降[29-30]。試驗(yàn)得出,老化4 d時(shí),種子活力相關(guān)指標(biāo)均出現(xiàn)大幅下降,由此說(shuō)明,老化4 d可能是春小麥種子內(nèi)部生理功能出現(xiàn)明顯變化的時(shí)期。王鳳等[31]研究人工老化對(duì)大麥種子發(fā)芽特性的影響,表明隨著老化時(shí)間的推遲,大麥的萌發(fā)指標(biāo)均呈逐漸降低的趨勢(shì),種子發(fā)芽速率相關(guān)指標(biāo)適合對(duì)大麥種子活力進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),而電導(dǎo)率則不能準(zhǔn)確地反映其活力指數(shù)情況。劉旭歡等[32]研究認(rèn)為,人工加速老化的時(shí)間越久,種子劣變?cè)娇?,各?xiàng)生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)則越低。試驗(yàn)與前人研究結(jié)果基本一致,研究表明,經(jīng)人工加速老化處理后,春小麥種子的各項(xiàng)發(fā)芽指標(biāo)和形態(tài)指標(biāo)均呈現(xiàn)出降低的趨勢(shì),且老化時(shí)間越久,上述指標(biāo)下降幅度越大。雖然人工老化法可以模擬種子貯藏中活力的變化,但有關(guān)其生理和分子機(jī)制還需進(jìn)行多方面、多層次的研究,其次對(duì)于人工老化后在田間試驗(yàn)的作用效果等也需進(jìn)一步研究。

4 結(jié) 論

4.1 春小麥種子在花后15 d便具備了發(fā)芽能力,且發(fā)芽率在93%以上,隨著成熟度的增加,種子的物理指標(biāo)逐漸增大,發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)以及幼苗生長(zhǎng)等活力指標(biāo)逐漸增加,且活力指數(shù)增加的速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其他指標(biāo),三種成熟度活力指標(biāo)大小為:花后35 d>25 d>15 d。

4.2 人工加速老化可模擬自然狀態(tài)下種子貯藏過(guò)程中的變化規(guī)律,隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),種子的發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽勢(shì)、發(fā)芽指數(shù)、活力指數(shù)、幼苗干重、鮮重、根長(zhǎng)和苗長(zhǎng)均呈現(xiàn)出先平緩減小后急劇降低的趨勢(shì),且隨著老化時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),上述指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)大幅度下降,幼苗的干重或鮮重可作為檢驗(yàn)種子活力大小的重要指標(biāo)。

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InfluenceofDifferentMaturityandAgingTimesonSeedGerminationandSeedlingGrowthofSpringWheat

FENG Kui1, LI Qiong2, JIA Yong-hong3, WANG Mei1, TIAN Xin-nian1,ZHANG Jin-shan1,LIANG Yu-chao1, Dilixiati Erken1, LIU Jun1, SHI Shu-bing1

(1.CollegeofAgronomy,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi830052,China; 2.CollegeofFoodandPharmaceuticalSciences,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi, 830052,China; 3.QitaiCountyWheatExperimentStation,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,QitaiXinjiang831800,China)

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine the dynamic changes of seed vigor of spring wheat 31 with different maturity in the process of storage, which was the main cultivated varieties of Xinjiang spring wheat.MethodUnder the condition of 100% relative humidity and 45℃, the seeds,which were harvested for 15 d, 25 d and 35 d respectively, treated with artificial accelerated aging and the temperature of germination test,the processing time was respectively 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 d. The physical indexes were measured with the three maturity seed before germination, such as length, width, thickness and weight, the seed vigor index were measured in the process of germinating, including the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, seedling length, root length, seedling fresh weight and dry weight, and then the influence of different maturity and aging time on seed vigor of spring wheat was analyzed.ResultThe results showed that there was significant difference in grain length with different maturity and the difference of 1000 grain weight and grain moisture content was extremely significant; At the same maturity, when the aging time prolonged, the relative vigor indexes of seeds showed the trend of decreasing at first and then decreasing sharply. The inflection point appeared in the aging 4 d, and the difference reached a significant level between the treatments. The difference of the above vigor indexes in maturity reached a very significant level and the performance was 35 d after flowering > 25 d >15 d. The stepwise regression analysis method was used to establish the equation between growth index and seed vigor, the equation of which had high goodness of fit. The value ofR2was more than 0.989.ConclusionArtificial aging can be used to simulate the variation of seed storage in the natural state, and the maturity and aging time affect the seed vigor, the results indicate that the fresh weight and dry weight of seedling can be used as the index to test the seed vigor.

spring wheat; maturity; artificial aging; physical index; seed vigor

SHI Shu-bing(1966- ), male, native place: Shandong. Professor, doctoral supervisor, research field: High-yielding cultivation of Wheat, (E-mail) shbshi@sina.com

S512.1

A

1001-4330(2017)10-1813-09

10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.006

2017-08-04

農(nóng)業(yè)部公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)“主要農(nóng)作物高活力種子生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與示范”(201303002)

馮魁(1989- ),男,河南人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樽魑锔弋a(chǎn)生理,(E-mail)1223373674@qq.com

石書(shū)兵(1966- ),男,山東人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)樾←湼弋a(chǎn)高效栽培,(E-mail)shbshi@sina.com

Supported by: Special Fund of Public Welfare Industry Agricultural Research of Ministry of Agriculture, China"Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies of High-activity Seeds for Main Crops" (201303002)

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