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亞臨床心房顫動的認識與進展

2017-11-01 07:41:41董佳佳程康安
中國心血管雜志 2017年5期
關鍵詞:抗凝藥抗凝栓塞

董佳佳 程康安

100730 中國醫(yī)學科學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 心內科

·綜述·

亞臨床心房顫動的認識與進展

董佳佳 程康安

100730 中國醫(yī)學科學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 心內科

心房顫動是最常見的心律失常之一。亞臨床房顫是沒有或幾乎沒有癥狀的心房顫動。近年來的研究發(fā)現,亞臨床房顫的發(fā)生率較高,有顯著的臨床意義,常見的臨床結局包括血栓栓塞,心力衰竭及早期死亡。本文就亞臨床AF定義、檢測方法、腦卒中、系統(tǒng)栓塞風險及抗凝治療展開討論。

心房顫動; 高心房率事件; 心內植入裝置; 抗凝治療

【Keywords】 Atrial fibrillation; Atrial high-rate episodes; Cardiac implantable electronic devices; Anticoagulants therapy

心房顫動(atrial fibrillation,AF)是臨床最常見的心律失常之一,隨著人口老齡化時代到來,AF發(fā)病率穩(wěn)步上升,2010年全球疾病負擔研究數據顯示全球AF患病人數約為3 350萬人,約占全球總人群的0.5%[1]。我國30~80歲居民AF的患病率為0.77%[2]。隨著心內植入裝置(cardiac implantable electronic devices,CIED)的發(fā)展,亞臨床心房顫動(subclinical AF、asympomatic AF、silent AF)逐漸得到臨床醫(yī)師及學者認識,其無明顯臨床癥狀,常常在常規(guī)體檢、術前檢查或人口調查期間偶然診斷,可導致缺血性腦卒中、心衰及突發(fā)死亡等嚴重并發(fā)癥。

1 亞臨床房顫定義

目前國際無亞臨床AF明確定義,在臨床研究中認為亞臨床AF為無或幾乎無典型臨床表現的AF,主要因體檢、發(fā)生卒中并發(fā)癥等情況發(fā)現[3]。近年因心內導管技術發(fā)展,CIED記錄到亞臨床AF比例逐年增加。Savelieva等[3]研究發(fā)現約有多達1/3的AF為亞臨床AF。Quinn等[4]報道人群中亞臨床AF比例為1%,且隨年齡增加而增加,存在心臟基礎疾病如心衰的患者,亞臨床AF的比例則更高。

高心房率事件(atrial high-rate episodes,AHREs)是由CIED記錄到的室上性心動過速事件,為亞臨床AF的一種形式[5-6]。大多數事件持續(xù)時間很短,往往僅持續(xù)數秒至數分鐘,用于區(qū)別持續(xù)時間較長的臨床型AF。ASSERT研究將AHREs限定為心房率大于190次/min,持續(xù)6 min[7]。MOST研究認為心房率大于220次/min,連續(xù)超過10次為1次AHRE[8]。TRENDS研究將心房率大于175次/min,持續(xù)時間大于20 s定義為1次AHRE[9]。

房顫負荷(atrial fibrillation burden,AFB)用于衡量CIED記錄到的AHREs或亞臨床AF發(fā)作時間,用于預測心律失常及相關不良事件(如缺血性腦卒中及系統(tǒng)栓塞)的發(fā)生率,Clotzer等[10]認為AFB的結果更能表達AFB定義。Kennedy等[11]將AFB視為每監(jiān)測時間段中亞臨床AF或AHREs發(fā)生的時間總和,不同的短AHREs可合并為單一的長發(fā)作,但其所產生的生物學效應及臨床效應可能并不完全相同。

2 亞臨床AF檢測

亞臨床AF因無明顯的臨床表現,傳統(tǒng)12導聯心電圖及體表動態(tài)心電圖對其監(jiān)測存在局限性。Kirchhof等[12]研究發(fā)現,既往無AF病史患者,出現缺血性腦卒中或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA),予12導聯心電圖監(jiān)測,AF檢出率僅為2%~4%,予動態(tài)心電圖監(jiān)測(24~72 h),新發(fā)AF檢出率提高至2.4%~18.0%。而Healey及Ziegler等研究納入既往無AF病史或口服抗凝藥病史行心臟起搏器或除顫器植入的患者,亞臨床AF檢出率為30%~35%[13-17]。雖然CIED對于亞臨床AF檢出率很高,但因其為介入性操作,存在一定局限性,目前僅較多用于心臟起搏器植入術、除顫器植入術及心臟再同步化治療的患者。

為提高亞臨床AF的檢出率,研究者將可插入循環(huán)裝置(insertable loop recorder,ILR)至于左胸壁區(qū)域從而實現連續(xù)監(jiān)測,此種監(jiān)測方法有接近95%的敏感性,但特異性較低[18],受外界噪音、頻發(fā)室上性及室性早搏以及竇性心律失常的影響。Ritter等[19]納入32例關于亞臨床AF檢測的研究,通過meta分析發(fā)現采用多種監(jiān)測手段及周期性隨訪可增加高危人群(如高齡或隱源性卒中患者)的亞臨床AF檢出率。Stahrenberg等[20]研究發(fā)現對于亞臨床AF患者,通過體表心電圖每月間斷監(jiān)測或持續(xù)監(jiān)測30 d,其敏感性及陰性預測值與臨床型AF基本相同。

3 亞臨床AF腦卒中及栓塞風險

陣發(fā)性、持續(xù)性及永久性AF均可顯著增加卒中風險,非瓣膜AF相較于竇性心律發(fā)生卒中的風險增加5倍,瓣膜性AF(二尖瓣狹窄型)可增加20倍[9,17,21-22]。亞臨床AF同樣可顯著增加卒中風險。ASSERT研究納入2 580例植入CIED、年齡﹥65歲的老年高血壓患者,既往無心房撲動或AF且未服用口服抗凝藥,隨訪2.5年,結果發(fā)現亞臨床AF患者發(fā)生卒中或血栓栓塞事件的比例(4.2%)是無亞臨床AF患者(1.69%)的2.49倍[16]。MOST研究中納入312例因竇房結功能不全植入起搏器的患者,隨訪27個月發(fā)現伴AHREs患者總死亡、卒中事件和AF發(fā)生風險分別為無AHREs患者的2.48、2.79和5.93倍[8]。TRENDS研究納入2 486例植入CIED的患者進行前瞻性觀察研究,發(fā)現AHREs組卒中風險較高(HR:2.20;95%CI:0.96~5.05;P=0.06)[9],同時該研究根據AHREs負荷分為低負荷組(30 d內1 d中AFB最長時間≤5.5 h)及高負荷組(>5.5 h),年栓塞發(fā)生率分別為1.1%和2.4%,與零負荷相比,調整后的風險比例分別為0.98和2.20,但低負荷組及高負荷組年栓塞風險差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[23]。

Hindricks及Lau等[16,24]研究發(fā)現,在相同CHADS2評分下,亞臨床AF年卒中及栓塞風險低于臨床型AF(表1)??赡艿脑驗椋篊IED監(jiān)測到的亞臨床AF包括各種房型心律失常,與臨床型AF不同;亞臨床AF處于AF早期階段,其發(fā)生嚴重并發(fā)癥仍需一定時間;研究中部分患者處于抗凝治療,相應減少了卒中與栓塞發(fā)生率。TRENDS研究同樣發(fā)現CIED監(jiān)測到的亞臨床AF年栓塞風險較臨床型AF低[9]。但目前尚缺乏亞臨床AF與臨床AF卒中及栓塞風險之比的前瞻性隨機對照研究。

4 亞臨床AF抗凝治療

迄今為止多項研究證實亞臨床AF卒中及栓塞風險高于正常人群。2013年歐洲心律協(xié)會(共33中心,16個國家)就亞臨床AF的華法林抗凝治療達成共識[25]。但亞臨床AF抗凝治療率仍然低下。Healey等[26]研究發(fā)現有卒中危險因素的亞臨床AF人群中僅有不足25%的患者進行抗凝治療,該項研究納入445例起搏器植入患者進行回顧對照研究,亞臨床AF發(fā)生率高達50%,但亞臨床AF患者抗凝治療遠低于AF患者(23.7% 比 58.9%;P<0.001)。

2016年ESC指南推薦使用CHA2DS2-VASc評分系統(tǒng)來預防AF患者的卒中風險。評分≥2分的男性及≥3分的女性患者需口服抗凝藥治療;評分=1分的男性及=2分的女性患者需考慮口服抗凝藥治療;評分等于0分的男性及=1分的女性無需抗血小板或抗凝治療[27]。對于亞臨床房顫,部分學者致力于將亞臨床AF卒中風險及抗凝治療與亞臨床AF持續(xù)時間/負荷關聯起來[11,13-14],Boriani及Botto等[28-29]研究證實將亞臨床AF持續(xù)時間或負荷作為臨床參數,與CHADS2/CHA2DS2-VASc評分聯合進行卒中危險分層,可提高亞臨床AF卒中風險預測(CHADS2:0.653 比 0.713;CHA2DS2-VASc:0.898 比 0.910)。加拿大心血管協(xié)會關于AF指南指出,亞臨床AF持續(xù)時間>24 h,年齡≥65歲或CHADS2≥1分的患者以及亞臨床AF持續(xù)時間較短,但有高危因素的患者(比如近期有隱源性腦卒中)建議抗凝治療(低質量等級)[30]。

目前一些關于亞臨床AF抗凝治療及藥物選擇的前瞻性隨機研究正在進行中。IMPACT研究[31]納入227例患者,比較CIED記錄的AHREs組(試驗組)與臨床型AF/心房撲動組的抗凝治療效果,該研究因試驗組與對照組相比無明顯臨床獲益而提前終止。2013年一項前瞻性隨機對照研究進入試驗設計階段,其納入起搏器監(jiān)測到的亞臨床AF且伴有卒中風險的患者,比較新型口服抗凝藥(阿哌沙班)與阿司匹林發(fā)生卒中和系統(tǒng)性栓塞風險[32]。

表1 亞臨床AF與臨床型AF年卒中及栓塞風險(%)

5 小結與展望

亞臨床AF已逐步得到學者及臨床醫(yī)師認識及重視。持續(xù)心內監(jiān)測為檢測亞臨床AF金標準,但適用人群有限。亞臨床AF最佳監(jiān)測方法,監(jiān)測時間及監(jiān)測周期仍需進一步研究。多項研究表明亞臨床AF與卒中發(fā)生密切相關,但因其間斷發(fā)作,無臨床癥狀,缺乏前瞻性隨機研究,抗凝治療率低下。華法林用于亞臨床AF抗凝效果與AF是否相同,新型口服抗凝藥是否適用于亞臨床AF以及不同新型口服抗凝藥在亞臨床AF治療中上是否有所不同等問題均亟須解決。

利益沖突:無

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Cognitionandadvancementofsubclinicalatrialfibrillation

DongJiajia,ChengKangan

DepartmentofCardiology,PekingUnionMedicalCollegeHospital,PekingUnionMedicalCollege,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,Beijing100730,China(DongJJ,ChengKA)

ChengKangan,Email:chengkangan@hotmail.com

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias,and subclinical atrial fibrillation is almost asymptomatic.Recent studies have found that the subclinical atrial fibrillation is common and has significant clinical implications.The clinical consequences of subclinical atrial fibrillation,which include thromboembolism,heart failure,and early death,are of paramount importance.In this article we reviewed the definition,detection methods,outcomes and anticoagulant therapy of subclinical atrial fibrillation.

程康安,電子信箱:chengkangan@hotmail.com

10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2017.05.014

2017-05-22)

(本文編輯:周白瑜)

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