沈英+楊靜+董德瓊
[摘要] 目的 分析女性O(shè)SAHS的危險(xiǎn)因素,以及性激素與OSAHS的相關(guān)關(guān)系。 方法 選擇2013年1月~2015年12月遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院診治的OSAHS女性患者173例,同期收集346例健康女性作為對(duì)照。收集兩組的一般人口學(xué)特征、性激素六項(xiàng)水平、多導(dǎo)睡眠圖(PSG)監(jiān)測(cè)等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。 結(jié)果 Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:絕經(jīng)(OR = 1.89,95%CI = 1.28~2.80)、患有高血壓(OR = 3.39,95%CI = 2.11~5.45)、頸圍(OR = 1.72,95%CI = 1.54~1.92)、BMI(OR = 1.25,95%CI = 1.06~1.48)和促泌乳素(PRL)(OR = 1.39,95%CI = 1.19~1.61)是患OSAHS的危險(xiǎn)因素(P < 0.05);而促卵泡刺激素(FSH)(OR = 0.90,95%CI = 0.88~0.91)、黃體生成素(LH)(OR = 0.79,95%CI = 0.75~0.82)、雌二醇(E2)(OR = 0.92,95%CI = 0.87~0.97)、總睪酮(TT)(OR = 0.13,95%CI = 0.05~0.33)和孕酮(P)(OR = 0.95,95%CI = 0.89~0.99)是患OSAHS的保護(hù)因素(P < 0.05)。Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示:FSH、LH、E2、TT與呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)、血氧飽和度<90%的累積時(shí)間占總睡眠時(shí)間的百分比(TS90%)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r < 0,P < 0.01),PRL、P與其呈正相關(guān)(r > 0,P < 0.01)。FSH、LH、E2、TT與最低血氧飽和度(LSaO2)呈正相關(guān)(r > 0,P < 0.01),而PRL、P與其呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r < 0,P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 性激素FSH、LH、PRL、E2、P和TT與OSAHS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有相關(guān)性,并且絕經(jīng)、高血壓、頸圍、BMI是OSAHS的危險(xiǎn)因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征;性激素;女性
[中圖分類號(hào)] R766 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)09(a)-0061-04
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) in females, and the relationship between sex hormones and OSAHS. Methods From January 2013 to December 2015, in Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, 173 females OSAHS were selected, and 346 health femal were selected as control at the same time. The demographic, sex hormones, and PSG related variables were selected and analyzed. Results The Logistic analysis results showed that menopause (OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.28-2.80), hypertension (OR = 3.39, 95%CI = 2.11-5.45), high neck circumfrence (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.54-1.92), high BMI (OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.06-1.48) and PRL (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.19-1.61) were risk factors of OSAHS (P < 0.05); the FSH (OR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.88-0.91), LH (OR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.75-0.82), E2 (OR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.87-0.97), TT (OR = 0.13, 95%CI = 0.05-0.33) and P(OR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.89-0.99) were protective factor of OSAHS (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the FSH, LH, E2 and TT values showed negative association with AHI and TS90% (r < 0, P < 0.01), but the PRL and P values displayed positive association (r > 0, P < 0.01). FSH, LH, E2 and TT values expressed a positive correlation with LSaO2 (r > 0, P < 0.01), PRL and P values showed negative correlation (r < 0, P < 0.01). Conclusion FSH, LH, PRL, E2, P and TT have correlation with risk of OSAHS, and the menopause, hypertension, neck circumference and BMI were risk factors of OSAHS.
[Key words] Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; Sex hormone; Femalesendprint
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)是臨床上常見的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,也是高血壓、心腦血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素[1-2]。近年來多個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)肥胖患者的頸部、咽部、舌和顎部堆積有更多的脂肪時(shí),使得喉腔部變窄,導(dǎo)致狹窄的咽腔塌陷閉塞,進(jìn)一步引起OSAHS的發(fā)生[3-4]。OSAHS在人群中的患病率約為3.6%,男女患病率之比為2~4∶1,而絕經(jīng)后女性的OSAHS的發(fā)病率與絕經(jīng)前相比,發(fā)病率顯著性的上升[5]。而絕經(jīng)后女性最主要的特征就是性激素分泌發(fā)生變化,但性激素水平與OSAHS發(fā)病是否有相關(guān)關(guān)系,相關(guān)研究甚少[6]。故本研究采用1∶2匹配的病例-對(duì)照研究方法,分析女性O(shè)SAHS的危險(xiǎn)因素及性激素與OSAHS的相關(guān)關(guān)系。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2013年1月~2015年12月遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院診治的OSAHS女性患者173例,其中包括絕經(jīng)前患者58例,絕經(jīng)后患者115例,年齡41~78歲,平均年齡(53.83±8.57)歲。所有患者均采用整夜多導(dǎo)睡眠圖(PSG)對(duì)納入的研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)診斷,PSG監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)間不低于7 h,依據(jù)2002年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)制訂的《阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征診治指南(草案)》診斷OSAHS(輕度:AHI 5~15次/h;中度:AHI 15~30次/h;重度:AHI>30次/h)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):夜間有睡眠時(shí)打鼾,伴有或不伴有呼吸不規(guī)則,同時(shí)伴有不同程度的白天嗜睡等癥狀的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有嚴(yán)重額面部畸形者、接受過持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣治療者、接受過雌激素替代治療者、長(zhǎng)期服用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物者或者接受過卵巢切除術(shù)的患者。選擇同期遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院就診346例健康女性作為對(duì)照組。納入的健康對(duì)照與病例組進(jìn)行年齡匹配,匹配范圍為±5歲。對(duì)照組年齡39~76歲,平均(53.08±9.23)歲。排除患有呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、心腦血管疾病和內(nèi)分泌等疾病的研究對(duì)象。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有研究對(duì)象和/或家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
從病歷資料中收集研究對(duì)象的人口學(xué)特征,包括年齡、身高、體重、頸圍、腹圍、計(jì)算體重指數(shù)(BMI);收縮壓(SBP)和舒張壓(DBP)。并在醫(yī)生的協(xié)助下完成Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)[7-8]的填寫。
采用美國(guó)偉康公司生產(chǎn)的Alice V型多導(dǎo)睡眠儀進(jìn)行PSG的監(jiān)測(cè),監(jiān)測(cè)項(xiàng)目包括患者呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(AHI)、最低血氧飽和度(LSaO2)、以及血氧飽和度<90%的累積時(shí)間占總睡眠時(shí)間的百分比(TS90%)。
所有研究對(duì)象在次日清晨采集空腹靜脈血3 mL,離心后取血清于-80℃冰箱保存,使用美國(guó)強(qiáng)生全自動(dòng)化學(xué)發(fā)光免疫分析BeckMAN Acess儀,以及BeckMan公司提供的配套試劑測(cè)定所有研究對(duì)象的血清性激素水平,包括:促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促泌乳素(PRL)、黃體生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)、總睪酮(TT)6項(xiàng)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 17.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用二分類Logistic回歸分析絕經(jīng)后女性O(shè)SAHS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的危險(xiǎn)因素,回歸分析以是否患有OSAHS為因變量,將是否絕經(jīng)、是否吸煙、是否飲酒、是否患有高血壓等分類變量,以及年齡、頸圍、腹圍、FSH、LH、PRL、E2、P和TT值等連續(xù)性變量作為自變量納入二分類Logistic回歸分析模型中,采用向后逐步法進(jìn)行條件Logistic回歸。采用Pearson相關(guān)分析AHI與血清性激素相關(guān)性。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料及激素水平比較
兩組高血壓發(fā)生率、頸圍、腹圍、BMI、FSH、LH、PRL、E2、P、TT水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組PSG監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)比較
PSG監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示:兩組AHI、LSaO2和TS90%比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果
Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:絕經(jīng)(OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.28~2.80)、患有高血壓(OR = 3.39,95%CI = 2.11~5.45)、頸圍(OR = 1.72,95%CI = 1.54~1.92)、BMI(OR = 1.25,95%CI = 1.06~1.48)和PRL(OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.19~1.61)是患OSAHS的危險(xiǎn)因素(P < 0.05);而FSH(OR = 0.90,95%CI = 0.88~0.91)、LH(OR = 0.79,95%CI = 0.75~0.82)、E2(OR = 0.92,95%CI = 0.87~0.97)、TT(OR = 0.13,95%CI = 0.05~0.33)和P(OR = 0.95,95%CI = 0.89~0.99)是患OSAHS的保護(hù)因素(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 AHI、LSaO2和TS90%值與激素6項(xiàng)的Pearson相關(guān)分析
Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示:FSH、LH、E2、TT與AHI、TS90%呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r < 0,P < 0.01),PRL、P與其呈正相關(guān)(r > 0,P < 0.01)。FSH、LH、E2、TT與LSaO2呈正相關(guān)(r > 0,P < 0.01),而PRL、P與其呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r < 0,P < 0.01)。見表4。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女性中激素水平與OSAHS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有相關(guān)關(guān)系。之前有研究探討了男性人群中OSAHS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與性激素的相關(guān)關(guān)系[9-12]。Zhang等[9]在中國(guó)的一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的OSAHS男性患者都表現(xiàn)出TT值低。Ghiciuc等[12]在最近的一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)OSAHS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺的及性腺軸的失調(diào)有相關(guān)關(guān)系。但目前僅有少量研究探討了女性絕經(jīng)與OSAHS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)關(guān)系,許華俊等[13]納入了153例OSAHS病例,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)前后女性O(shè)SAHS患者睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),并且絕經(jīng)后的OSAHS女性較絕經(jīng)更嚴(yán)重。王俊力等[14]的研究納入了193例OSAHS病例,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、BMI、絕經(jīng)都是女性患OSAHS的危險(xiǎn)因素。韓國(guó)的一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),絕經(jīng)后的女性患OSAHS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著性高于絕經(jīng)前的女性,而絕經(jīng)后女性接受了雌激素替代療法的OSAHS患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著性的低于未接受雌激素替代療法治療的個(gè)體,提示體內(nèi)激素水平下降對(duì)有可能會(huì)增加OSAHS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[15]。而本研究在中國(guó)西部人群中的結(jié)果也發(fā)現(xiàn)了OSAHS的3個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)與性激素六項(xiàng)的相關(guān)關(guān)系,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。endprint
然而OSAHS與激素相關(guān)關(guān)系的機(jī)制尚不明確。之前有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)性激素可能在睡眠期間影響呼吸[16]。下丘腦是調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)臟活動(dòng)和內(nèi)分泌活動(dòng)的神經(jīng)中樞,對(duì)人體睡眠和晝夜節(jié)律有調(diào)控作用[17-18]。在正常生理狀態(tài)下,調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)中樞的下丘腦弓狀核等部位中的肽能神經(jīng)元分泌的促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)能夠有效地通過垂體門脈系統(tǒng)直接影響腺垂體,并且促進(jìn)腺垂體促性腺細(xì)胞合成與分泌促卵泡刺激素、黃體生成素和促泌乳素[19]。促泌乳素不僅能夠刺激黃體生成素受體的形成,還能使黃體生成素發(fā)揮作用促進(jìn)雌二醇和孕酮的分泌。促卵泡刺激素以及黃體生成素能夠直接作用于卵巢的靶腺,起到調(diào)節(jié)相應(yīng)激素的產(chǎn)生的作用[20]。同時(shí),腦垂體功能除受到下丘腦等部位的調(diào)節(jié)外,還會(huì)受到性腺激素的負(fù)反饋性調(diào)節(jié)作用,與性腺激素之間進(jìn)行相互的調(diào)節(jié)[21]。
睡眠呼吸暫停和性激素之間的影響是相互的,性激素能夠影響個(gè)體的睡眠呼吸,同時(shí)睡眠呼吸紊亂也能作用于性激素的分泌。本研究結(jié)果表明,OSAHS組血清性激素水平與對(duì)照組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。結(jié)果提示性激素水平不能對(duì)下丘腦腺垂體采納產(chǎn)生負(fù)反饋性調(diào)節(jié)作用,并且OSAHS能夠作用于下丘腦-腺垂體-性腺軸,腺垂體功能減退,最終導(dǎo)致刺激相應(yīng)的靶器官生成雌激素和孕激素的減少[22-23]。而血清中雌激素水平的降低,使個(gè)體體重增加、皮下脂肪沉積加重、頸圍增大、最終加重了OSAHS癥狀[20]。Galvan等[24]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有較低雌激素水平的婦女患OSAHS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。因此,性激素在OSAHS的患病中起了一定的作用,但性激素在OSAHS患病中的作用機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步的研究闡明。
綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)性激素中的FSH、LH、PRL、E2、P和TT水平與OSAHS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有相關(guān)性,并且絕經(jīng)、高血壓、頸圍較大、較高的BMI能增加OSAHS的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-26 本文編輯:蘇 暢)endprint