趙 雄,崔海洋,代 麗※,徐亞丹,2,王 川,沈 錦
混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)
趙 雄1,崔海洋1,代 麗1※,徐亞丹1,2,王 川1,沈 錦1
(1. 浙江理工大學(xué)機(jī)械與自動(dòng)控制學(xué)院,杭州 310018; 2. 杭州職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院青年汽車學(xué)院,杭州 310018)
為實(shí)現(xiàn)盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的輕簡(jiǎn)化和運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的靈活性,該文以一種混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿機(jī)構(gòu)來實(shí)現(xiàn)花卉穴盤苗盤栽運(yùn)動(dòng)。根據(jù)工作要求擬定機(jī)構(gòu)軌跡,以變速電機(jī)最小角速度波動(dòng)為目標(biāo),基于遺傳算法優(yōu)化得到機(jī)構(gòu)中機(jī)架位置為(0,?150)和(?267.20,61.87),五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿長(zhǎng)分別為152.80、324.55、336.56、100.40、302.60、341.00 mm。建立花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)三維模型,利用ADAMS進(jìn)行了機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,驗(yàn)證了機(jī)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果的正確性。對(duì)混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì),試制樣機(jī)并開展了花卉盤栽試驗(yàn)。通過進(jìn)行花卉移栽試驗(yàn),測(cè)試得到花卉移栽軌跡高度為265 mm,取苗傾角為140°,取苗時(shí)入缽擺角為6.92°、出缽擺角為6.27°,取苗環(huán)扣寬度小于3 mm,植苗傾角為90°,植苗時(shí)入盤擺角為13.19°、出盤擺角為4.19°,植苗段垂直軌跡大于40 mm?;ɑ芤圃缘钠骄晒β蕿?7.16%,表明混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)花卉盤栽工作。研究拓展了混合驅(qū)動(dòng)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域,可為全自動(dòng)花卉盤栽裝備的研發(fā)提供參考。
農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械;設(shè)計(jì);優(yōu)化;混合驅(qū)動(dòng);并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu);逆向求解;花卉移栽
趙 雄,崔海洋,代 麗,徐亞丹,王 川,沈 錦. 混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與試驗(yàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(15):34-40. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.004 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhao Xiong, Cui Haiyang, Dai Li, Xu Yadan, Wang Chuan, Shen Jin. Optimal design and experiment of hybrid-driven five-bar flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(15): 34-40. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.004 http://www.tcsae.org
花卉盤栽是勞動(dòng)密集型工作,美國(guó)和澳大利亞開發(fā)了全自動(dòng)花卉移栽生產(chǎn)線,其花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)由機(jī)、電、氣共同構(gòu)成,具有獨(dú)立的機(jī)械部分與控制部分,采用四針氣缸驅(qū)動(dòng)式[1-2],完成盤栽動(dòng)作需要多套機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)配合,整套裝置造價(jià)高,中小花卉生產(chǎn)企業(yè)難以承受[3-5]。國(guó)內(nèi)目前的花卉移栽主要由人工完成,尚未開發(fā)出合適的機(jī)型適宜花卉移栽作業(yè)。旱地穴盤苗移栽通常由兩套機(jī)構(gòu)——取苗機(jī)構(gòu)和植苗機(jī)構(gòu)配合完成缽苗從穴盤取出到栽植入田塊功能[6-9]?;ɑ芤圃匝b備作為小型室內(nèi)裝備,取栽一體化作業(yè)是更適宜的方式,一套機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)移栽工作設(shè)計(jì)難度大,對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)靈活性要求高?;旌向?qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)可以像傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)那樣具有較強(qiáng)的剛性與較高的生產(chǎn)效率,也可以像全伺服機(jī)構(gòu)那樣實(shí)現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜的輸出,具備一定的輸出柔性,很好地結(jié)合了傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)和全伺服機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但目前其試驗(yàn)及應(yīng)用研究大多局限于壓力機(jī)這類直線輸出機(jī)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域[10-14],尚未推廣應(yīng)用至農(nóng)業(yè)移栽領(lǐng)域。
論文研究以混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)花卉穴盤苗盤栽運(yùn)動(dòng)所需的工作軌跡與姿態(tài)。從花卉盤栽運(yùn)動(dòng)需求出發(fā),設(shè)定機(jī)構(gòu)預(yù)期軌跡,通過遺傳算法優(yōu)化五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿長(zhǎng)、機(jī)架位置以及變速電機(jī)角位移規(guī)律,設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的控制系統(tǒng),開展機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)并試制混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)樣機(jī),通過高速攝影測(cè)試移栽爪運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡并進(jìn)行花卉移栽試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,證明該機(jī)構(gòu)在花卉盤栽工作中的適用性。
混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖如圖1所示,機(jī)構(gòu)采用一個(gè)常速電機(jī)和一個(gè)變速電機(jī)同步驅(qū)動(dòng),其結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理為:常速電機(jī)M1固定安裝在機(jī)座AE的E點(diǎn)上,曲柄DE的一端固定安裝在常速電機(jī)M1的輸出軸上,另一端鉸接在連桿CD的D點(diǎn)上,變速電機(jī)M2固定安裝在機(jī)座AE的A點(diǎn)上,搖桿AB的一端固定安裝在變速電機(jī)M2的輸出軸上,另一端鉸接在連桿BC的B點(diǎn)上,五桿機(jī)構(gòu)所有桿件之間都通過鉸鏈連接。連桿DF的末端F點(diǎn)表示移栽臂的秧針尖點(diǎn)位置。常速電機(jī)M1驅(qū)動(dòng)曲柄DE,曲柄DE的角速度大小和方向不變,變速電機(jī)M2為伺服電機(jī),變速電機(jī)M2通過控制單片機(jī)發(fā)出的脈沖可以調(diào)節(jié)搖桿AB的角速度大小和方向。常速電機(jī)M1在中心軸E的帶動(dòng)下做逆時(shí)針勻速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),變速電機(jī)M2在中心軸A的帶動(dòng)下驅(qū)動(dòng)搖桿AB做變速運(yùn)動(dòng)。混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)通過常速電機(jī)M1和變速電機(jī)M2的混合驅(qū)動(dòng),驅(qū)動(dòng)曲柄DE和搖桿AB帶動(dòng)連桿DF運(yùn)動(dòng),使得連桿DF的末端F點(diǎn)形成特定的移栽軌跡,從而完成花卉苗的盤栽動(dòng)作。
圖1 機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)分析圖Fig.1 Analysis chart of mechanism structure
第一步:設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的預(yù)期軌跡。逆向設(shè)計(jì)的步驟是預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)軌跡,然后采用三次非均勻B樣條擬合方法來擬合得到機(jī)構(gòu)軌跡。由于擬合過程中需要給定預(yù)期目標(biāo)軌跡上的若干個(gè)點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)作為控制頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo),再利用控制頂點(diǎn)及德布爾遞推公式可計(jì)算得到移栽軌跡曲線上的任意點(diǎn),故需要給定坐標(biāo)系原點(diǎn)來建立直角坐標(biāo)系,并將控制頂點(diǎn)在坐標(biāo)系中用直角坐標(biāo)表示[4,9,15]。以O(shè)點(diǎn)為原點(diǎn),以水平方向?yàn)閤軸、垂直方向?yàn)閥軸建立直角坐標(biāo)系,如圖1所示。在所建立的直角坐標(biāo)系中確定控制頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo),并擬合得到機(jī)構(gòu)目標(biāo)軌跡。
第二步:反求混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的角位移規(guī)律[16-18]。根據(jù)第一步得到的整個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中軌跡點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為桿長(zhǎng)計(jì)算提供參數(shù)。五桿機(jī)構(gòu)由2個(gè)二桿開鏈機(jī)構(gòu)組成,求解步驟分為2個(gè)部分。根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)末端的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡點(diǎn)F與機(jī)架點(diǎn)E間的最大距離和最小距離求得。
式中L4為曲柄DE的長(zhǎng)度,L5為連桿DF的長(zhǎng)度,mm;Ex為常速電機(jī)M1安裝點(diǎn)E點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo),Ey為E點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo),F(xiàn)x為連桿DF的端點(diǎn)F的橫坐標(biāo),F(xiàn)y為端點(diǎn)F的縱坐標(biāo)。
在求得L4和L5的基礎(chǔ)上,利用反正切、反余弦函數(shù)求得曲柄DE與x軸的夾角θ4。
根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律分析得出,連桿DF的端點(diǎn)F由軌跡最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)向最近點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中,上式中第2項(xiàng)前取正號(hào);連桿DF的端點(diǎn)F由軌跡最近點(diǎn)向最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中,上式中第2項(xiàng)前取負(fù)號(hào)。
在求得θ4的基礎(chǔ)上,利用三角函數(shù)求得曲柄DE中的D點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)。
在求得xD及yD的基礎(chǔ)上,利用反正切函數(shù)直接求得連桿DF與x軸的夾角θ5。
在求得θ5的基礎(chǔ)上,利用桿長(zhǎng)關(guān)系可求得連桿CD中的C點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)。
式中β為叉形連桿CDF之間的夾角。
在求得二桿開鏈機(jī)構(gòu)DEF的基礎(chǔ)上,同理也可求解得到二桿開鏈機(jī)構(gòu)ABC中搖桿AB與x軸的夾角θ1。
式中L1為搖桿AB的長(zhǎng)度,L2為連桿BC的長(zhǎng)度,mm;xA為變速電機(jī)M2安裝點(diǎn)A點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo),yA為A點(diǎn)的縱坐標(biāo)。其中根據(jù)機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律分析得出,連桿BC的端點(diǎn)C由軌跡最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)向最近點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中, 上式中第2項(xiàng)前取正號(hào);連桿BC的端點(diǎn)C由軌跡最近點(diǎn)向最遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中,上式中第2項(xiàng)前取負(fù)號(hào)。
在求得θ1的基礎(chǔ)上,利用三角函數(shù)求得搖桿AB中的B點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)。
在求得θ4的基礎(chǔ)上,利用反正切函數(shù)直接求得連桿BC與x軸的夾角θ2。
由式(1)-(8)可求得每個(gè)軌跡點(diǎn)所對(duì)應(yīng)連桿的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律。
第三步:求得對(duì)應(yīng)于軌跡每一點(diǎn)的θ1值與θ4值,進(jìn)而確定θ1與θ4的函數(shù)關(guān)系,得到混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿機(jī)構(gòu)中搖桿和曲柄的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律,即得到驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的控制參數(shù)。
由于二桿開鏈機(jī)構(gòu)為輸入兩自由度機(jī)構(gòu),逆向設(shè)計(jì)求解方法有多種,但此種求解方法易于得到滿足單調(diào)性轉(zhuǎn)角的角位移曲線,故選用此種算法。
采用混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)花卉盤栽動(dòng)作,機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)難度主要體現(xiàn)在:一是由于傳統(tǒng)取苗機(jī)構(gòu)作業(yè)是將苗從植苗機(jī)構(gòu)上方投入植苗嘴,對(duì)苗移送距離要求低,若要通過一套裝置直接將苗由送苗機(jī)構(gòu)移送至花盤,結(jié)合送苗機(jī)構(gòu)尺寸、輸送機(jī)構(gòu)尺寸及花卉苗的高度,需要將盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)軌跡的取苗點(diǎn)至植苗點(diǎn)間距離設(shè)為260 mm;二是需要滿足取苗和植苗2個(gè)工作段姿態(tài)要求;三是需要滿足曲柄轉(zhuǎn)角的單調(diào)性要求;四是需要滿足五桿機(jī)構(gòu)形成雙曲柄的條件,避免出現(xiàn)奇異位置;五是需要盡量使得變速電機(jī)的角速度波動(dòng)小。在優(yōu)化中將第5點(diǎn)作為優(yōu)化目標(biāo),把軌跡、姿態(tài)目標(biāo)等其他條件轉(zhuǎn)化為約束。
通過以上轉(zhuǎn)化,在設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的預(yù)期軌跡時(shí),混合驅(qū)動(dòng)當(dāng)中必須要有一個(gè)常速電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),即需要滿足角位移單調(diào)性;同時(shí)變速電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速在不停地波動(dòng),需要將角速度波動(dòng)量盡可能降低。這兩點(diǎn)要求可通過規(guī)劃五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿長(zhǎng)、機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)架點(diǎn)的位置和調(diào)整叉形連桿CDF的夾角β來實(shí)現(xiàn),使得變速電機(jī)易于實(shí)現(xiàn)盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)的控制要求,從而避免過大的角速度波動(dòng)。擬合軌跡點(diǎn)原本有5 000多個(gè),為了減少遺傳算法優(yōu)化時(shí)間,采取等間隔的方法,設(shè)置間隔為10,使算法循環(huán)的次數(shù)減少,以減少遺傳算法優(yōu)化時(shí)間[19-22]。采用遺傳算法的種類為輪轉(zhuǎn)算法,設(shè)置遺傳算法控制參數(shù)如下:種群個(gè)體數(shù)目為80個(gè),最大遺傳代數(shù)為100代,變異概率為0.01,交叉概率為0.8。針對(duì)花卉移栽工作要求,具體優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)為:
目標(biāo):min[θ1(i+1)?θ1(i )];
變量:X=[xE,yE,xA,yA,L1,L2,β];
約束:1)L4+L5≤max(s1);
花卉盤栽運(yùn)動(dòng)除軌跡目標(biāo)外還涉及移栽爪姿態(tài),為實(shí)現(xiàn)移栽爪合理姿態(tài),論文將姿態(tài)要求轉(zhuǎn)化為約束條件(4)和(5),其設(shè)置依據(jù)為:由取苗點(diǎn)確定移栽爪在取苗時(shí)的角位移,根據(jù)秧盤的傾角為α和取苗角為γ推算出移栽爪所需的角位移為α+(π/2)+γ;同樣由植苗點(diǎn)確定移栽爪在植苗時(shí)的角位移,根據(jù)取苗角為γ也可推算出此時(shí)移栽爪所需的角位移為(π/2)+γ,只要約束(4)、(5)兩個(gè)條件,使其與移栽爪在移栽過程中所需的角位移保持一致,就可確?;ɑ芤圃詴r(shí)移栽爪的姿態(tài)。
遺傳算法優(yōu)化結(jié)果為
其他幾根桿長(zhǎng)為
由優(yōu)化結(jié)果得知,優(yōu)化后的五桿機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)架位置為(0,?150)和(?267.20, 61.87),五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿長(zhǎng)分別為152.80、324.55、336.56、100.40、302.60、341.00 mm。
算法迭代80次,優(yōu)化終止。具體的目標(biāo)參數(shù)迭代優(yōu)化過程如圖2所示,由圖可知迭代次數(shù)從第10代開始緩慢下降,直到第65代開始趨于穩(wěn)定。遺傳算法本身就是一種智能尋優(yōu)的隨機(jī)算法,搜索過程中存在隨機(jī)性,遺傳算法初始給的群體是隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生的,它的結(jié)果不是絕對(duì)的,只能是更優(yōu)或者次優(yōu)[23]。
圖2 遺傳算法結(jié)果Fig.2 Genetic algorithm result
圖3 中紅色的軌跡為鷹嘴形移栽軌跡[5],綠色的軌跡為水稻毯狀苗移栽軌跡[24-26],藍(lán)色的軌跡為混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽軌跡。
圖3 軌跡對(duì)比分析圖Fig.3 Comparison analysis chart of trajectories
為了便于比較,3種軌跡的取苗點(diǎn)被設(shè)置在同一位置,各軌跡的最低點(diǎn)為植苗點(diǎn),對(duì)取苗點(diǎn)至植苗點(diǎn)間的軌跡高度進(jìn)行比較,混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽軌跡的高度較鷹嘴形移栽軌跡增加了50至100 mm,較水稻毯狀苗移栽軌跡增加了150~200 mm。同時(shí),取苗段軌跡的形狀也有了較大改善,混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿花卉盤栽軌跡的取苗段軌跡尖端環(huán)扣相對(duì)較小,植苗段軌跡的垂直距離約40 mm,有利于提高取苗成功率和植苗直立度,也可以減少移栽時(shí)對(duì)花卉苗木的損傷。如圖3所示,取苗段為取苗點(diǎn)上下兩側(cè)的軌跡段,尖端環(huán)扣為取苗段所形成的環(huán)形軌跡,植苗段為植苗點(diǎn)左側(cè)的近似直線段的軌跡段。
系統(tǒng)選用的伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器在最高轉(zhuǎn)速為3 000 r/min時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的頻率值為500 kHz,電機(jī)所需轉(zhuǎn)速值范圍為0~600 r/min,因而伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)器對(duì)應(yīng)所需的頻率值范圍為0~100 kHz。樣機(jī)選用STC15F2K60S2高晶振類型的單片機(jī),利用其高速脈沖輸出模塊方便實(shí)現(xiàn)可變頻率輸出。特定轉(zhuǎn)速下,伺服電機(jī)所對(duì)應(yīng)單片機(jī)所需頻率的計(jì)算式為
式中n為電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,r/min,變速電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速由機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)求解得到;f為脈沖頻率,Hz。
控制系統(tǒng)包含2個(gè)按鈕,按鈕1實(shí)現(xiàn)盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)開機(jī)后回到機(jī)構(gòu)初始設(shè)定位置的功能,按鈕2啟動(dòng)花卉盤栽功能。常速電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速被設(shè)置為60 r/min,由于單片機(jī)采用離散的時(shí)間間隔產(chǎn)生脈沖波形,變速電機(jī)整周運(yùn)行的時(shí)間與常速電機(jī)整周運(yùn)行的時(shí)間存在微小差異,導(dǎo)致兩電機(jī)軸周期中角度不能完全匹配,從而使移栽軌跡與理論軌跡產(chǎn)生誤差。若該誤差累積,則會(huì)造成無法實(shí)現(xiàn)花卉移栽動(dòng)作,因而控制系統(tǒng)選用定時(shí)器T0來輔助兩臺(tái)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速匹配,確保每一個(gè)周期內(nèi)電機(jī)軸角度誤差控制在微小范圍內(nèi),其控制流程框圖如圖4所示。
圖4 控制流程圖Fig.4 Chart of control flow
根據(jù)優(yōu)化得到的機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù),完成五桿機(jī)構(gòu)和移栽臂的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。其中,五桿機(jī)構(gòu)包含曲柄、連桿、搖桿等零件,移栽臂包含殼體、連接軸、凸輪、撥叉、撥叉軸、彈簧、彈簧座、推苗桿、定位板、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)片、秧針等零件。在SOLIDWORKS中完成五桿花卉盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的三維建模,導(dǎo)入三維模型到ADAMS完成虛擬裝配并仿真驗(yàn)證[27-29],驗(yàn)證了計(jì)算方法的正確性。
盤栽試驗(yàn)在浙江理工大學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械裝備實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行,搭建了花卉移栽試驗(yàn)臺(tái)。試驗(yàn)臺(tái)由送苗機(jī)構(gòu)、盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)、輸送機(jī)構(gòu)3部分組成,具體結(jié)構(gòu)如圖5所示。試驗(yàn)時(shí)間為2016年11月下旬,試驗(yàn)條件為選用金魚草作為盤栽花卉苗[30-31],生理苗齡40 d,穴盤苗出苗率為85%~95%,苗缽含水率約55%,育苗基質(zhì)即泥炭與珍珠巖成分體積比為2:1?;ɑ鼙P栽的規(guī)格見表1,送苗機(jī)構(gòu)上花卉苗的傾角為50°。試驗(yàn)時(shí)考察移栽臂動(dòng)作能否滿足移栽設(shè)計(jì)的要求,以及盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)、送苗機(jī)構(gòu)和傳送帶運(yùn)動(dòng)是否匹配。同時(shí)通過在試驗(yàn)過程中對(duì)機(jī)器安全性和轉(zhuǎn)速提高情況下帶傳動(dòng)穩(wěn)定性的考察,驗(yàn)證盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的安全性及可靠性要求,送苗機(jī)構(gòu)、盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)與輸送機(jī)構(gòu)共同作業(yè),考察自動(dòng)取苗、植苗過程中各機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)同作業(yè)效果。利用高速攝影技術(shù),對(duì)盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)的高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況進(jìn)行拍攝,對(duì)盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中的各位置進(jìn)行分析,包括花卉盤栽軌跡,機(jī)構(gòu)整體運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況,機(jī)構(gòu)取苗植苗時(shí)的關(guān)鍵姿態(tài)等,如圖5所示。
圖5 花卉移栽試驗(yàn)臺(tái)結(jié)構(gòu)及移栽關(guān)鍵姿態(tài)圖Fig.5 Structure of transplanting test bench and key attitudes of flower transplanting experiment
表1 花卉盤栽規(guī)格Table 1 Size of flower pot tray
試驗(yàn)臺(tái)輸送機(jī)構(gòu)中傳送帶的速度為0.48 m/s,傳送帶為間歇性運(yùn)動(dòng),其周期與盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)保持一致,在常速電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速為60 r/min的條件下對(duì)花卉苗進(jìn)行盤栽試驗(yàn)。通過進(jìn)行花卉移栽試驗(yàn),測(cè)試得到花卉移栽軌跡高度為265 mm,取苗傾角為140°,取苗時(shí)入缽擺角為6.92°、出缽擺角為6.27°,取苗環(huán)扣寬度小于3 mm,植苗傾角為90°,植苗時(shí)入盤擺角為13.19°、出盤擺角為4.19°,植苗段垂直軌跡大于40 mm。移栽試驗(yàn)過程中,定義移栽臂的秧針將花卉苗從缽盤中取出并放入花盤即為試驗(yàn)成功。試驗(yàn)時(shí)秧針難免會(huì)對(duì)花卉苗有一定損傷,欲分析移栽時(shí)對(duì)花卉苗的損傷影響情況需觀察花卉苗移栽后的生長(zhǎng)狀況,該過程需持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,故移栽試驗(yàn)中定義移栽成功時(shí)未考慮對(duì)花卉苗的損傷影響。盤栽試驗(yàn)總共進(jìn)行5次,每盤花卉苗的移栽成功率分別為85.2%、88.4%、87.6%、84.2%、90.4%,5次移栽的平均成功率為87.16%;取苗平均深度為30 mm、植苗平均深度為36 mm,盤栽機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律與送苗機(jī)構(gòu)及輸送機(jī)構(gòu)布局相適應(yīng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了花卉自動(dòng)盤栽作業(yè)。采用高速攝影設(shè)備得出了移栽臂的真實(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,如圖6所示。移栽臂的實(shí)際運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡與仿真軌跡基本一致,考慮到移栽試驗(yàn)臺(tái)在加工及裝配過程中存在的尺寸偏差對(duì)實(shí)際試驗(yàn)過程的影響,移栽臂的實(shí)際運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡與仿真軌跡間存在適量微小偏差是正常的,從而驗(yàn)證了機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與仿真分析結(jié)果的一致性。
圖6 花卉移栽高速攝影軌跡圖Fig.6 High-speed photography trajectory of flower transplanting experiment
1)本文提出了一種輕簡(jiǎn)化盤栽機(jī)構(gòu),利用混合驅(qū)動(dòng)五桿機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)花卉苗盤栽取栽一體化工作,機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔、設(shè)計(jì)靈活、柔度高。
2)針對(duì)花卉盤栽運(yùn)動(dòng)要求,進(jìn)行了機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)優(yōu)化,優(yōu)化后的五桿機(jī)構(gòu)機(jī)架位置為(0,?150)和(?267.20, 61.87),五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的桿長(zhǎng)分別為152.80、324.55、336.56、100.40、302.60、341.00 mm。通過進(jìn)行花卉移栽試驗(yàn),測(cè)試得到花卉移栽軌跡高度為265 mm,取苗傾角為140°,取苗時(shí)入缽擺角為6.92°、出缽擺角為6.27°,取苗環(huán)扣寬度小于3 mm,植苗傾角為90°,植苗時(shí)入盤擺角為13.19°、出盤擺角為4.19°,植苗段垂直軌跡大于40 mm,實(shí)現(xiàn)了花卉自動(dòng)盤栽作業(yè),驗(yàn)證了該機(jī)構(gòu)的實(shí)用性。
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Optimal design and experiment of hybrid-driven five-bar flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism
Zhao Xiong1, Cui Haiyang1, Dai Li1※, Xu Yadan1,2, Wang Chuan1, Shen Jin1
(1. College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; 2. College of Qingnian Automotive, Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou 310018, China)
Flower potted-seedling transplanter is usually a complex system of cylinder, hydraulic rod and electromagnetic valve, and its high price brings impediment for its promotion. Utilizing a single mechanism to achieve the kinematics requirement of seedling transplanting can be very difficult. Hybrid-driven mechanism can not only have the high transmission efficiency and carrying capacity as the single degree-of-freedom mechanism, but can also have the high flexible degree as the multi degree-of-freedom mechanism. Aiming at simplifying the potted-seedling transplanting mechanism and adding the flexibility of kinematic design, a hybrid-driven five-bar mechanism was proposed to realize the flower potted-seedling transplanting. The trajectory of the mechanism was proposed according to the work requirements and a mathematical model of hybrid-driven five-bar flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism was built. Aiming at the minimum angular velocity fluctuation of the variable speed motor, the parameters of the mechanism were optimized through genetic algorithm toolbox of MATLAB. The rack location of mechanism was set as (0, -150) and (-267.20, 61.87) based on the optimization results of genetic algorithm. The bar lengths of five-bar mechanism were 152.80, 324.55, 336.56, 100.40, 302.60 and 341.00 mm. A three-dimensional model of flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism was built, the kinematic simulation of mechanism was carried out by ADAMS software, and the correctness of the mechanism’s optimization results was verified through kinematic simulation. A control system of the hybrid-driven five-bar flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism was designed and the position mode of servo motor was adopted in order to achieve the precise position control required by the mechanism. Meanwhile, the design of the control system realized the requirements of synchronous control and real-time match control in flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism. The structures of the five-bar mechanism and transplanting arm mechanism were designed and the parts of these mechanisms were machined, and then a prototype was assembled to carry out the experiment research of flower potted-seedling transplanting. Through the experiment, the height of flower transplanting trajectory was measured as 265 mm. When the transplanting claw was picking up the potted-seedling, the azimuth angle was 140°, the swinging angle was 6.92° in the process of claw entering the potted-seedling, the swinging angle was 6.27° in the process of claw leaving the potted-seedling, and the width of buckle was less than 3 mm. When the transplanting claw was planting the potted-seedling, the azimuth angle was 90°, the swinging angle was 13.19° in the process of claw entering the potted-seedling, the swinging angle was 4.19° in the process of claw leaving the potted-seedling, and the vertical trajectory height was longer than 40 mm. The average successful rate of 5 transplanting experiments was 87.16% which indicated that hybrid-driven five-bar flower potted-seedling transplanting mechanism can realize the flower potted-seedling transplanting work. Meanwhile, the upright degree and success rate of picking up and planting the flower potted-seedling were ensured in the process of transplanting work. The application field of hybrid drive is extended in this article and a new choice for the design of automatic flower potted-seedling transplanting equipment is provided as well.
agricultural machinery; design; optimization; hybrid drive; parallel mechanism; reverse solution; flower potted-seedling transplanting
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.004
S223.92
A
1002-6819(2017)-15-0034-07
2017-04-14
2017-06-15
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(51575496);浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LY15E050025&LZ16E050003);浙江省重大科技專項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目(2015C02004);浙江省科技廳公益項(xiàng)目(2017C32100)。
趙 雄,男,湖北黃梅人,副教授,主要從事機(jī)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方面的研究。杭州 浙江理工大學(xué)機(jī)械與自動(dòng)控制學(xué)院,310018。
Email:zhaoxiong@zstu.edu.cn
※通信作者:代 麗,女,黑龍江哈爾濱人,副教授,主要從事機(jī)構(gòu)創(chuàng)新優(yōu)化、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械等方面的研究。杭州 浙江理工大學(xué)機(jī)械與自動(dòng)控制學(xué)院,310018。Email:daili@zstu.edu.cn