韓智勇,費(fèi)勇強(qiáng),劉 丹,旦 增,張 崳,施國(guó)中,王加雷,謝燕華
·綜合研究·關(guān)鍵技術(shù)·
中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生量與物理特性分析及處理建議
韓智勇1,2,3,費(fèi)勇強(qiáng)1,2,劉 丹4,旦 增5,張 崳1,2,施國(guó)中3※,王加雷6,謝燕華1,2
(1. 地質(zhì)災(zāi)害防治與地質(zhì)環(huán)境保護(hù)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(成都理工大學(xué)),成都 610059; 2. 國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)水土污染協(xié)同控制與聯(lián)合修復(fù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(成都理工大學(xué)),成都 610059; 3. 農(nóng)業(yè)部沼氣科學(xué)研究所,成都 610041; 4. 西南交通大學(xué)地球科學(xué)與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,成都 610031; 5. 西藏大學(xué)理學(xué)院,拉薩 850002; 6. 中國(guó)城市建設(shè)研究院有限公司,北京 100120)
中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的污染日益嚴(yán)重,為給農(nóng)村生活垃圾的管理提供相應(yīng)的理論支撐和技術(shù)支持,促進(jìn)“新農(nóng)村”的建設(shè),該文基于對(duì)西部6省18縣59村580戶農(nóng)戶的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研和全國(guó)25個(gè)?。ㄊ校?28篇文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研的數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì),對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的來(lái)源、產(chǎn)生率、產(chǎn)生量、組分、容重、可壓縮性等特征進(jìn)行了全面、系統(tǒng)的歸納總結(jié)與分析。結(jié)果表明:中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之間,中位值為0.521 kg/(人·d),2014年產(chǎn)生量達(dá)到1.48億t,具有來(lái)源廣泛且分散、產(chǎn)率低、產(chǎn)量高、增長(zhǎng)迅速、區(qū)域差異顯著等特點(diǎn)。生活垃圾主要組分包括廚余類(lèi)、灰土類(lèi)、橡塑類(lèi)和紙類(lèi),其濕基質(zhì)量累計(jì)百分比達(dá)到了83.61%,區(qū)域差異顯著;與城市生活垃圾組分相比,具有低廚余和金屬、高灰土含量的特點(diǎn),并逐漸趨于城市化。生活垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m3之間,平均值為263 kg/m3,可壓縮性較好。根據(jù)生活垃圾特性,在實(shí)施“村收集-鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)輸-縣處理”管理模式的農(nóng)村,建議采用壓縮式中轉(zhuǎn)站和垃圾車(chē)進(jìn)行收運(yùn);在有條件的農(nóng)村地區(qū),可逐步開(kāi)展垃圾分類(lèi)收集,將廚余和灰土從生活垃圾中分離后就地消納。
垃圾;農(nóng)村;物理特性;產(chǎn)生量;垃圾組分;容重;可壓縮性
韓智勇,費(fèi)勇強(qiáng),劉 丹,旦 增,張 崳,施國(guó)中,王加雷,謝燕華. 中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生量與物理特性分析及處理建議[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(15):1-14. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.001 http://www.tcsae.org
Han Zhiyong, Fei Yongqiang, Liu Dan, Dan Zeng, Zhang Yu, Shi Guozhong, Wang Jialei, Xie Yanhua. Yield and physical characteristics analysis of domestic waste in rural areas of China and its disposal proposal[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(15): 1-14. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.001 http://www.tcsae.org
截止2014年,中國(guó)村鎮(zhèn)戶籍人口9.52億人[1],絕大多數(shù)自然資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用仍在農(nóng)村。隨著中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化快速推進(jìn)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)工業(yè)化迅速發(fā)展、新型城鎮(zhèn)化不斷擴(kuò)展,給農(nóng)村的發(fā)展、農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)民的生活帶來(lái)了翻天覆地的變化。盡管中國(guó)對(duì)農(nóng)村環(huán)境保護(hù)的力度正在不斷加強(qiáng),農(nóng)村環(huán)境治理工作也取得了顯著進(jìn)展,但是,農(nóng)村環(huán)境問(wèn)題仍然突出。據(jù)調(diào)查,2011年中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量約2億t,已超過(guò)660個(gè)城市生活垃圾處理的總和[2],而且目前全國(guó)絕大多數(shù)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)中沒(méi)有環(huán)?;A(chǔ)設(shè)施,絕大部分行政村中的環(huán)境污染治理處于空白狀態(tài)[3],這導(dǎo)致了越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的農(nóng)村生活面源污染。對(duì)全國(guó)141個(gè)村的調(diào)查顯示,有75.9%的村落都受到了不同程度的污染,在眾多污染源中,生活污染源對(duì)農(nóng)村環(huán)境的影響最大[4],為此,農(nóng)村生活垃圾的污染與治理,正逐漸引起越來(lái)越廣泛的關(guān)注。
當(dāng)前,大量國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者已基于農(nóng)村生活垃圾特性與處理處置現(xiàn)狀,提出了一些切實(shí)可行的建議和管理措施[5-11]、處理技術(shù)與模式[12-22],對(duì)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生與特性的研究,已經(jīng)逐步從針對(duì)某個(gè)村的點(diǎn)源性調(diào)查[23-27],擴(kuò)展到省、流域、區(qū)域的局部性研究中[28-33],還有少量學(xué)者已經(jīng)開(kāi)始在全國(guó)范圍,探討農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生與特性。例如姚偉等[34]基于2006-2007年開(kāi)展的全國(guó)農(nóng)村飲用水與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生調(diào)查,得出中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率為0.86 kg/(人·d),這成為后續(xù)估算中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量的主要依據(jù);此外,何品晶等[21]、李玉敏等[10]、岳波等[35]、Zeng等[36],也分別通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)與文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生與特性進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié),但是仍然存在如下問(wèn)題:1)姚偉等[34]的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為10 a前的數(shù)據(jù),農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人口結(jié)構(gòu)在這10 a中已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化,是否還適用于當(dāng)前的實(shí)際情況?2)其他學(xué)者調(diào)研的樣本量不足,大部分文獻(xiàn)均基于中國(guó)主要區(qū)域(華北、華東、華南和華中)的局部地區(qū)的調(diào)查和文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù),最大的樣本量也只有71個(gè),而且缺乏西部地區(qū)的實(shí)際調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù);3)由于中國(guó)各地區(qū)農(nóng)村實(shí)際情況差異巨大,因此,對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生與特性的總體和局部分析還不夠全面和深入。
因此,本文基于對(duì)中國(guó)西部6省的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研,以及全國(guó)25個(gè)省的文獻(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì),對(duì)中國(guó)以及各地區(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的來(lái)源、產(chǎn)生率、產(chǎn)生量、組分、容重等特征進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié),并分析中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生與物理特性,以期為中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的管理、資源化利用以及處理處置的設(shè)計(jì)提供參考依據(jù)。
于2012年、2015年和2016年,在云南、貴州、四川、西藏、新疆、甘肅隨機(jī)選擇18縣59村580戶農(nóng)戶,對(duì)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生、組分和容重開(kāi)展入戶現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)研。
在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查中,向每個(gè)受訪家庭發(fā)放垃圾袋收集1~2 d產(chǎn)生的生活垃圾,稱量后,用產(chǎn)生量除以調(diào)查戶的人數(shù)和收集時(shí)間得到生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率。
生活垃圾容重與組分,以村為單位,按照《生活垃圾采樣和分析方法》(CJ/T 313-2009),首先測(cè)定收集的生活垃圾的總體積;然后通過(guò)人工分揀,將混合垃圾進(jìn)行分類(lèi),稱量各組分的質(zhì)量,從而計(jì)算生活垃圾的組分比例和容重。
通過(guò)中國(guó)知識(shí)資源總庫(kù)和Elsevier Science Direct全文期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索2015年之前關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活垃圾的相關(guān)報(bào)道,共篩選出128篇文獻(xiàn)。
最終,生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量的文獻(xiàn)樣本量為17 332個(gè),統(tǒng)計(jì)樣本量為359個(gè)。其中文獻(xiàn)樣本量為文獻(xiàn)中闡述的實(shí)際調(diào)研樣本量的總和,且取文獻(xiàn)中最低一級(jí)樣本量(如同時(shí)存在鎮(zhèn)、村和戶樣本量時(shí),取最低一級(jí)戶的樣本量),缺省時(shí)取1。統(tǒng)計(jì)樣本量為實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)處理的樣本量。
數(shù)據(jù)分析和統(tǒng)計(jì)采用Excel 2016和SPSS 19.0軟件。各?。ㄊ校┖妥灾螀^(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量以國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局公布的2014年各地的鄉(xiāng)村人口為基準(zhǔn),分別乘以各省生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率統(tǒng)計(jì)值計(jì)算,港澳臺(tái)除外。
當(dāng)前,在中國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū),生活垃圾的來(lái)源主要有以下幾個(gè)方面:
1)餐飲來(lái)源:主要包括日常餐飲產(chǎn)生的過(guò)剩食材,包括變質(zhì)丟棄食材,如剩飯菜等;加工丟棄食材,如菜葉、菜皮、菜梗、雞蛋殼等;消費(fèi)副食品產(chǎn)生的殘余物,如果皮、果核等。
2)日常用品消費(fèi)產(chǎn)生的包裝和殘余物來(lái)源:家庭生活所需物品的包裝物,包括包裝塑料袋、紙盒、玻璃瓶、易拉罐等;日常生活消費(fèi)中產(chǎn)生的剩余物品,如煙頭、過(guò)期藥品、燃煤(柴)灰渣;日常生活因個(gè)人衛(wèi)生所需,使用后丟棄的物品,包括尿不濕、衛(wèi)生巾、濕巾、衛(wèi)生紙等。
3)生活用品淘汰來(lái)源:日常生活用品廢舊、損壞、更新過(guò)程中淘汰下來(lái)的物品,包括舊衣物、廢電池、廢棄的小型電子產(chǎn)品、兒童玩具等,但不包括大型家具、家電以及其他大型電子產(chǎn)品等物品。
4)清掃來(lái)源:家庭室內(nèi)、室外,村鎮(zhèn)公共區(qū)域清掃產(chǎn)生的垃圾。
5)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)來(lái)源:農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中混入的少部分生產(chǎn)資料包裝物(農(nóng)膜、農(nóng)藥包裝袋/瓶等)、作物秸稈、畜禽糞便、產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)附屬產(chǎn)品等。
2.2.1 產(chǎn)生率與產(chǎn)生量
根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研,中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率變化幅度很大,介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之間,平均值為0.649 kg/(人·d),中位值為0.521 kg/(人·d),描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析見(jiàn)表1所示。
由此可見(jiàn),此次中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率的統(tǒng)計(jì)值與何品晶等[21]統(tǒng)計(jì)的全國(guó)集鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率(0.52 kg/(人·d))相當(dāng),但要比姚偉等[34]調(diào)研的0.86 kg/(人·d)、李玉敏等[10]調(diào)研的1.07 kg/(人·d)、岳波等[35]統(tǒng)計(jì)的0.76 kg/(人·d)明顯偏低,這主要是由于這些調(diào)研和統(tǒng)計(jì)缺乏西部地區(qū)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),而這些地區(qū)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá),農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率相對(duì)更低,拉低了全國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率的統(tǒng)計(jì)值所致。
采用全國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率中位值計(jì)算,2014年中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生量為1.16億t,與同年《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》中報(bào)道的1.10億t/a相當(dāng)[36];采用各省產(chǎn)量加和計(jì)算,中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生量為1.48億t。雖然采用不同方法計(jì)算的全國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量均低于《國(guó)家農(nóng)村環(huán)境污染保護(hù)規(guī)劃》(2007-2020)中報(bào)道的2.80億t/a[36],但從樣本量及分布的合理性來(lái)說(shuō),此次統(tǒng)計(jì)計(jì)算的產(chǎn)生量可信度更高。
根據(jù)Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn),除全國(guó)、遼寧和浙江的農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率不符合正態(tài)分布外,其余各省(市)和自治區(qū)的農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率均符合正態(tài)分布,而且地區(qū)間存在顯著的差異。因此,在地區(qū)生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量估算時(shí),建議產(chǎn)生率取所在地區(qū)平均值,不符合正態(tài)分布的?。ㄊ校┤≈形恢?。
Huang等預(yù)測(cè),在中國(guó),當(dāng)農(nóng)民純收入達(dá)到17 446元/a時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量的Kuznets曲線拐點(diǎn)[42],因此,當(dāng)前中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量還處于上升階段。以浙江省為例,慈溪市2000年全市農(nóng)村生活垃圾年產(chǎn)生量約為29萬(wàn)t,2005年底已超過(guò)36萬(wàn)t,5 a間遞增25%[18];諸暨市草塔鎮(zhèn)2005年農(nóng)村生活垃圾年產(chǎn)量大約為11 909 t,到2011年底產(chǎn)量已達(dá)16 329 t,6 a間增長(zhǎng)了將近37%[62]。
表1 中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析Table 1 Generation rate of domestic waste in rural areas of China
2.2.2 地區(qū)差異
由表1可知,高于全國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率75%百分位值(GR>0.820 kg/(人·d))的地區(qū)包括上海、天津、吉林、湖南、遼寧、山東、山西、河南、北京、河北、青海等;產(chǎn)生率介于25%~75%百分位值(0.360<GR≤0.820 kg/(人·d))的地區(qū)包括福建、湖北、海南、浙江、重慶、廣東、安徽、江蘇、江西、廣西、云南、黑龍江、四川等;產(chǎn)生率低于25%百分位值(GR≤0.360 kg/(人·d))的地區(qū)包括陜西、甘肅、新疆、西藏、貴州等。
綜上所述,各?。ㄊ校┖妥灾螀^(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率總體上呈現(xiàn)北方高于南方,東部高于西部的特點(diǎn),北方和東部經(jīng)濟(jì)較發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)產(chǎn)生率最高,西南和西北經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)產(chǎn)生率最低,這主要是受各地社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、燃料結(jié)構(gòu)、生活習(xí)慣等因素的影響。
各?。ㄊ校┖妥灾螀^(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量如圖1所示,在同時(shí)受到人口數(shù)量和產(chǎn)生率的影響下,呈現(xiàn)中東部人口大省的產(chǎn)生量最高,西部最低的分布,其中河南、山東、湖南、河北的產(chǎn)生量均超過(guò)了1 200萬(wàn)t/a,而西部青海、新疆、貴州、寧夏和西藏的產(chǎn)生量均低于100萬(wàn)t/a。
圖1 2014年中國(guó)各?。ㄊ校┖妥灾螀^(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量Fig.1 Generation of domestic waste in rural areas of each province in China in 2014
2.2.3 城鄉(xiāng)差異
根據(jù)近年來(lái)相同或相似城市的城市生活垃圾和農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率的比較可知(圖2),農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率平均值為0.472 kg/(人·d),只有相應(yīng)城市生活垃圾(0.817 kg/(人·d))的一半左右,獨(dú)立樣本均值方程的T檢驗(yàn)顯示(Sig.(雙側(cè))=0.001<0.05),農(nóng)村和城市生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生率具有顯著差異,這主要是由于中國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)致農(nóng)村的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平普遍低于城市,而且農(nóng)村居民更崇尚節(jié)儉、日常生活中有更多的垃圾利用途經(jīng)。
圖2 中國(guó)部分農(nóng)村與相應(yīng)城市生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生率Fig.2 Domestic waste generation rate in some rural areas and their corresponding cities in China
綜上所述,中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率雖然明顯低于城市,但是產(chǎn)生量巨大,而且處于快速增長(zhǎng)階段,城鄉(xiāng)差異顯著??紤]到中國(guó)大部分農(nóng)村分布較為分散,生活垃圾不易收集,已造成較為嚴(yán)重的生活垃圾污染,因此,農(nóng)村生活垃圾的管理應(yīng)引起足夠的重視。
2.3.1 組分特征
1)總體特征
中國(guó)當(dāng)前農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分特征描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)見(jiàn)表2。中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾主要組分包括廚余類(lèi)、灰土類(lèi)、橡塑類(lèi)和紙類(lèi),其濕基質(zhì)量百分比均值累計(jì)比例達(dá)到了83.61%;剩余組分比例在0.25%~4.40%之間。在其他類(lèi)中包含了有毒有害垃圾,主要為廢電池、過(guò)期藥品、農(nóng)藥和殺蟲(chóng)劑包裝等,其濕基質(zhì)量百分比介于0~7%之間,均值為0.96%,中位值為0.5%,所占比例很小。由于垃圾組分受諸多因素影響,全國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾各組分變化很大,根據(jù)Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn),均不符合正態(tài)分布,因此,建議各地區(qū)在設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算中,選取各地區(qū)相應(yīng)的地區(qū)數(shù)值,以減少誤差。
表2 中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分特征描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)量Table 2 Statistic of domestic waste composition in rural areas of China
由上述可見(jiàn),由于在中國(guó)廣大農(nóng)村地區(qū),工業(yè)和塑料制成品消費(fèi)的增加[103],使農(nóng)村生活垃圾組成復(fù)雜,而且組分特征日趨城市化;同時(shí)由于農(nóng)村居民生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)模式的變化,使農(nóng)村生活垃圾傳統(tǒng)的循環(huán)途徑日漸萎縮[103],如農(nóng)戶傳統(tǒng)的庭院養(yǎng)殖萎縮,有機(jī)垃圾就地消納的方式逐漸消失,也使農(nóng)村生活垃圾中廚余含量增大;以及秸稈回田的減少和煤塊燃料的普遍使用,也成為灰土等無(wú)機(jī)垃圾產(chǎn)生的主要來(lái)源;此外,電子產(chǎn)品的使用和淘汰,農(nóng)村醫(yī)保的興起,農(nóng)藥的普遍使用也造成了電子廢物、過(guò)期藥品和農(nóng)藥瓶(袋)等有害垃圾在生活垃圾中頻頻出現(xiàn)[104]。
2)區(qū)域特征
中國(guó)各地區(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的組分見(jiàn)表3所示。根據(jù)對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾中主要組分——廚余類(lèi)、紙類(lèi)、橡塑類(lèi)和灰土類(lèi)的K個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本的非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn),無(wú)論是Kruskal-Wallis還是Jonckheere-Terpstr檢驗(yàn),各主要組分的漸進(jìn)顯著性都遠(yuǎn)小于0.01,由此可知,中國(guó)各地區(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的主要組分均不是全部來(lái)自具有相同分布的總體,具有極其顯著的地區(qū)差異。
由表3可知,中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾中紙類(lèi)含量呈現(xiàn)由南向北逐漸遞減的趨勢(shì);橡膠類(lèi)含量有著明顯的由南向北逐漸遞減的趨勢(shì),有著一定的由東向西逐漸遞減的趨勢(shì);灰土類(lèi)含量呈現(xiàn)明顯的由北向南逐漸遞減的趨勢(shì)。生活垃圾中主要組分的上述變化趨勢(shì)主要是由于中國(guó)不同地區(qū)不同經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、燃料結(jié)構(gòu)、以及生活習(xí)慣等因素造成的。
表3 中國(guó)不同地區(qū)農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分特征Table 3 Composition of domestic waste in rural areas of different regions in China %
3)城鄉(xiāng)差異
中國(guó)典型城市與相應(yīng)農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分見(jiàn)表4。一方面,根據(jù)獨(dú)立樣本T檢驗(yàn),中國(guó)農(nóng)村與城市生活垃圾組分中,廚余類(lèi)(Sig.(雙側(cè))=0.025)、灰土類(lèi)(Sig.(雙側(cè))=0.016)和金屬類(lèi)(Sig.(雙側(cè))=0.045)具有顯著性差異,農(nóng)村生活垃圾中廚余和金屬含量顯著低于城市,相反,農(nóng)村生活垃圾中灰土顯著高于城市。
表4 中國(guó)典型城市與農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分比較Table 4 Comparison of domestic waste composition between typical cities and their corresponding rural areas in China %
另一方面,在中國(guó)不同地區(qū),農(nóng)村與城市生活垃圾組分差異程度也不盡相同。在城鄉(xiāng)差距不大或城鄉(xiāng)一體化進(jìn)程進(jìn)展較快的地方,農(nóng)村與城市生活垃圾組分差別不明顯,農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分正逐漸趨于城市化;而在城鄉(xiāng)差距較大的地方,農(nóng)村生活垃圾中的可降解有機(jī)物(廚余+木竹)和可回收物(紙+橡塑+織物+金屬+玻璃)明顯低于城市,農(nóng)村生活垃圾中的惰性物質(zhì)(灰土+磚瓦陶瓷)明顯高于城市;在一些回收途徑不暢或群眾回收觀念不強(qiáng)的地方,農(nóng)村生活垃圾中的可降解有機(jī)物低于城市,可回收物和惰性物質(zhì)高于城市。
綜上所述,可見(jiàn)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾與城市生活垃圾的組分差異顯著,原因除在產(chǎn)生率城鄉(xiāng)差異中所述原因外,還由于城市具有更完善的可再生資源回收系統(tǒng)以及更多的拾荒人員對(duì)可回收垃圾進(jìn)行回收利用。
4)隨時(shí)間變化趨勢(shì)
隨著農(nóng)村社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的不斷提高,農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分也在不斷發(fā)生改變。以陜西省西安市華西鎮(zhèn)和藍(lán)關(guān)鎮(zhèn)的生活垃圾為例[128](如圖3所示),廚余類(lèi)組分呈顯著的直線上升趨勢(shì),紙類(lèi)也呈顯著的曲線上升趨勢(shì);相反,灰土類(lèi)和木竹類(lèi)呈顯著的直線下降趨勢(shì)。此外,橡塑類(lèi)也有上升趨勢(shì),而磚瓦陶瓷類(lèi)和玻璃類(lèi)則呈下降趨勢(shì);剩余其他組分沒(méi)有明顯的變化趨勢(shì),這與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)展初期的情況類(lèi)似[129]。
圖3 西安某小城鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾組分變化趨勢(shì)Fig.3 Trend of domestic waste composition in town of Xi′an
2.3.2 容重與可壓縮性
中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活化垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m3之間,平均值為263 kg/m3,根據(jù)74個(gè)樣本的Kolmogorov-Smirnov 檢驗(yàn),漸近顯著性(雙側(cè))Sig.=0.15,符合正態(tài)分布。
結(jié)合農(nóng)村生活垃圾各組分的容積和組分比例可知,中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾中,廚余、橡塑類(lèi)和紙類(lèi)占據(jù)了很大部分的收運(yùn)體積,因此,其可壓縮性好,采取壓縮措施后,能夠顯著降低生活垃圾的收運(yùn)體積,壓縮比與壓力之間的關(guān)系可表示為[12]:
式中y為壓縮比;x為壓力,kPa。
鑒于中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量大,特性區(qū)域差異顯著等特點(diǎn),對(duì)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的污染與管理應(yīng)引起足夠的重視。在生活垃圾的管理中,建議采取如下措施:
1)在各地區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算中,選取各地區(qū)相應(yīng)的地區(qū)數(shù)值;產(chǎn)生率取所在地區(qū)平均值,不符合正態(tài)分布的?。ㄊ校┤≈形恢怠?/p>
2)在有條件的農(nóng)村地區(qū),可逐步開(kāi)展垃圾分類(lèi)收集,首先將廚余和灰土進(jìn)行分流,以實(shí)現(xiàn)生活垃圾的減量化和資源化。
3)在已開(kāi)展“村收集-鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)輸-縣處理”模式的農(nóng)村,可考慮采用壓縮式中轉(zhuǎn)站和垃圾車(chē)對(duì)農(nóng)村生活垃圾進(jìn)行收集和運(yùn)輸。
4)在中國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū),應(yīng)因地制宜地設(shè)計(jì)生活垃圾的處理模式。在人口密集、交通便利和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū),可考慮采用“村收集-鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)輸-縣處理”模式;在人口分散、交通不便、經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū),可考慮分散處理、組團(tuán)處理或分散與集中相結(jié)合的管理模式。
通過(guò)對(duì)中國(guó)當(dāng)前農(nóng)村生活垃圾的產(chǎn)生與物理特性的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查和文獻(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì),可得出如下結(jié)論:
1)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾2014年產(chǎn)生量達(dá)到1.48億t;產(chǎn)生率介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之間,其平均值和中位值分別為0.649和0.521 kg/(人·d),低于城市生活垃圾產(chǎn)生率;而且具有來(lái)源廣泛且分散、增長(zhǎng)迅速、分布分散、區(qū)域差異顯著、產(chǎn)生量大等特點(diǎn),對(duì)農(nóng)村生活垃圾的污染與管理需引起足夠的重視。
2)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活垃圾主要組分包括廚余類(lèi)、灰土類(lèi)、橡塑類(lèi)和紙類(lèi),其濕基質(zhì)量百分比均值累計(jì)比例達(dá)到了83.61%;廚余、紙類(lèi)、橡塑類(lèi)含量呈升高趨勢(shì),灰土和磚瓦陶瓷等呈降低趨勢(shì)發(fā)展;組分區(qū)域差異顯著,其中橡膠類(lèi)含量有著明顯的由南向北逐漸遞減的趨勢(shì),相反,灰土類(lèi)含量由北向南逐漸增加;雖然農(nóng)村生活垃圾組分正逐漸趨于城市化,但與城市生活垃圾組分相比,具有低廚余和金屬含量、高灰土含量的特點(diǎn)。在有條件的農(nóng)村地區(qū),可逐步開(kāi)展垃圾分類(lèi)收集,首先將廚余和灰土進(jìn)行分流,以實(shí)現(xiàn)生活垃圾的減量化和資源化。
3)中國(guó)農(nóng)村生活化垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m3之間,平均值為263 kg/m3,可壓縮性較好。在已開(kāi)展“村收集-鎮(zhèn)運(yùn)輸-縣處理”模式的農(nóng)村,可考慮采用壓縮式中轉(zhuǎn)站和垃圾車(chē)對(duì)農(nóng)村生活垃圾進(jìn)行收集和運(yùn)輸。
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(1. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; 2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China; 3. Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, China; 4. Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; 5. Science School of Tibet University, Lhasa 850002, China; 6. China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100120, China)
Yield and physical characteristics analysis of domestic waste in rural areas of China and its disposal proposal
Han Zhiyong1,2,3, Fei Yongqiang1,2, Liu Dan4, Dan Zeng5, Zhang Yu1,2, Shi Guozhong3※, Wang Jialei6, Xie Yanhua1,2
In recent decades, a huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination, including negative impacts on human health in rural areas of China. Generally, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste are usually considered as the most important stages of waste management, which are directly linked to waste generation and characteristics. So, it is difficult to optimize the design of the required infrastructures and facilities without an accurate estimation of the amounts and characteristics of domestic waste. Nevertheless, to date few studies have investigated the characteristics of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. The main purpose of our work is to provide reliable background information as a reference and guidance for the source classification, for recycling, and for the treatment and disposal of domestic waste in rural areas of China. A total of 580 households in 59 villages of 6 provinces in West China were surveyed and 128 questionnaires were reviewed, based on which, the generation and physical characteristics of domestic waste in rural areas of China were analyzed via statistic method and the comparisons between different regions, between urban and rural areas and between China and other countries. Results showed that the sources of domestic waste in rural areas of China mainly included catering, daily consumption (such as packages, residues and obsoleted daily goods), cleaning from public areas and agricultural production. The generation rate of rural domestic waste was 0.034-3.000 kg/d per capita in different regions with the median of 0.521 kg/d per capita. It is much lower than the generation rate in cities and other developed countries. The total generation reached up to 148 million tons in 2014 in rural areas of China. The rural domestic waste showed the characteristics of wide range of sources, low generation rate, high volume, good compressibility, rapid growth and significant regional differences. Rural domestic waste was mainly composed of kitchen waste, ash, plastics and rubbers and paper with a cumulative proportion of 83.61%. The composition of the rural domestic waste differed significantly from regions. The content of plastic/rubber gradually decreased from south to north in China; on the contrary, the ash waste increased. In recent decades, the contents of kitchen waste, paper, plastic/rubber increased with time but the contents of ash waste, brick/ceramic, wood and glass decreased. It is because the composition of domestic waste in the countryside was gradually becoming similar with that of municipal solid waste in the city. However, it still had lower contents of kitchen waste and metals while higher content of ash waste compared with those in cities. The bulk density of the domestic waste was 40-650 kg/m3with an average of 263 kg/m3. Moreover, the compressibility of the RDW was very good. Based on the outcome of this research, compressed garbage trucks and transfer stations are suggested in the countryside where the centralized treatment and disposal in the local county has been developed. Furthermore, sorting collection is recommended to separate kitchen waste and ash at the source and then treat them on site. These recommendations can greatly relieve the loads of waste collection, transportation and disposal and ensure financial viability.
wastes; rural areas; physical properties; waste yield; waste composition; bulk density; compressibility
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.15.001
X705
A
1002-6819(2017)-15-0001-14
2017-04-13
2017-07-28
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41602240);中國(guó)博士后科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2016M592646);四川省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2016JY0107 & 2017ZR0044);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程;西藏自治區(qū)科技計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)科技項(xiàng)目(Z2016C01G01106)。
韓智勇,男(仡佬族),貴州道真人,博士,副教授,主要從事固體廢物資源化與處理處置。成都 地質(zhì)災(zāi)害防治與地質(zhì)環(huán)境保護(hù)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(成都理工大學(xué)),610059。Email:hanzhiyong13@cdut.cn
※通信作者:施國(guó)中,男,江蘇宜興人,學(xué)士,研究員,主要從事農(nóng)村生活廢棄物處理處置。成都 農(nóng)業(yè)部沼氣科學(xué)研究所,610041。
Email:shiguozhong@caas.cn