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microRNA—21在食管癌中的研究進展

2017-08-04 22:00楊鯨蓉吳波
中國醫(yī)藥導報 2017年16期
關鍵詞:唾液靶點食管癌

楊鯨蓉++++++吳波

[摘要] 食管癌是我國常見的消化系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤之一。食管癌具體發(fā)病機制尚不清楚。 microRNA是一類內(nèi)源性非編碼蛋白短鏈RNA,參與調(diào)控細胞增殖、分化、凋亡、耐藥和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移等多種生物學行為。其中miR-21最受關注。miR-21在食管癌細胞或組織中高表達,發(fā)揮著類似于癌基因的作用。miR-21通過對靶基因的調(diào)控,參與食管癌細胞增殖、凋亡、侵襲、耐藥和轉(zhuǎn)移等過程。通過抑制miR-21的表達或阻礙miR-21與靶基因的相互作用在食管癌治療中具有良好的應用前景。本文就miR-21在食管癌中的研究進展進行綜述。

[關鍵詞] microRNA-21;食管癌;生物學行為;預后

[中圖分類號] R735.1 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)06(a)-0040-04

Advances research of microRNA-21 in esophageal cancer

YANG Jingrong1 WU Bo2▲

1.Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350025, China; 2.Department of Emergency, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350025, China

[Abstract] Esophageal cancer is one of the most common digestive system neoplasms in China. The mechanism of esophageal cancer is still unclear. microRNA is a kind of endogenous non-coding short RNA, which regulates many tumor biological behaviors,such as cell multiplication, differentiation, apoptosis, drug resistance and invasion. miR-21 is valued highly in miRNA. It express highly in esophageal cancer cell and tissue. miR-21 participates in esophageal cancer cell multiplication, differentiation, apoptosis, drug resistance and metastasis via regulating gene expression. This review summarizes the advances in research on miR-21 in esophageal cancer .

[Key words] MicroRNA-21; Esophageal cancer; Biological behaviors; Prognosis

食管癌是常見的消化道惡性腫瘤之一,在我國,食管癌的發(fā)病率居各類惡性腫瘤的第五位,死亡率居第四位。我國食管癌的發(fā)病人數(shù)和死亡人數(shù)占世界食管癌患者的50%以上。食管癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展是一個多基因、多因素及多步驟的過程。microRNA(miRNA,miR)是一類內(nèi)生的非蛋白編碼的小RNA,長約21~23個核苷酸序列。其作為致癌因子或抑制因子參與腫瘤發(fā)生和發(fā)展的各個過程。miR-21是一種原癌miRNA,在多種惡性腫瘤中高表達,參與調(diào)控腫瘤細胞的多種生物學行為,如:細胞增殖、凋亡、分化、耐藥和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移等[1-2]。本文就近年來miR-21在結(jié)直腸癌腫的研究進展進行綜述。

1 miR-21的概述

miR-21含22個核苷酸,在種屬間高度保守,定位于17q23.1染色體FRA17B 脆性區(qū)域,其可通過自身的啟動區(qū)域完成轉(zhuǎn)錄。miR-21最早作為“oncomir”被發(fā)現(xiàn),很多癌癥對其具有“致癌基因成癮性”。miR-21作為一種癌基因,參與了腫瘤細胞的增殖、轉(zhuǎn)化和轉(zhuǎn)移等多種生物學行為。無論在實體腫瘤,還是在非實體瘤中均發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21高表達。miR-21目前可被用來作為一種腫瘤標志物判斷腫瘤分期、療效和預后的指標。

2 miR-21調(diào)節(jié)食管癌的生物學特性

食管癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展是一個多基因、多因素和多階段參與發(fā)生的過程。miRNA參與了食管癌發(fā)生發(fā)展等病理過程。其中以miR-21的研究較為深入。在食管癌組織標本中,miR-21過度表達。miR-21過表達與腫瘤情況、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及臨床分期等相關[1]。研究表明以食管癌細胞為研究對象,當miR-21過表達時,不僅抑制了食管癌細胞的凋亡,而且促進食管癌細胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。敲除miR-21,降低食管癌細胞增殖、侵襲和遷移能力[1]。

miR-21通過多種途徑促進食管癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。miR-21的作用靶點主要有第10號染色體同源丟失性磷酸酶張力蛋白基因(PTEN)、程序性細胞死亡因子4(PDCD4)等。Wu等[3]研究顯示miR-21、PI3K、Akt在食管癌組織中高表達,PTEN在食管癌中低表達。食管癌中分化差伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,PETN陽性率明顯降低。通過抑制miR-21表達,PTEN表達明顯上升,但PI3K和Akt明顯下調(diào),降低了食管癌細胞增殖、遷移和侵襲能力。表明在食管癌中,miR-21通過PTEN/PI3K/Akt信號通路促進細胞增殖、遷移和抗凋亡。Liu等[4]通過Shrna-erk1/2可以顯著減低miR-21的表達水平,而ERK1、2過表達可以上調(diào)miR-21的表達。表明miR-21還可通過激活EPK1/2/MAPK通路促進食管癌細胞增殖、遷移和抑制細胞凋亡。研究[5]還表明,F(xiàn)ASL、TIMP3和RECK是miR-21直接的靶向基因。

miR-21負性調(diào)控PDCD4的表達[6]。外泌體穿梭miR-21可使受體細胞miR-21過表達,通過作用于PDCD4和激活其下游的c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)信號通路,促進細胞的遷移和浸潤[7]。miR-21還可通過作用于K-ras基因,參與了食管癌的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移[8]。另外,miR-21參與了miR-203抑制食管癌生長、侵襲過程[9]。

此外,miR-21可能有助于腫瘤微環(huán)境中的細胞串話(cross-talk)。Nouraee 等[10]將食管癌細胞與正常成纖維細胞共培養(yǎng)時,食管鱗癌細胞的miR-21表達提高,增加了細胞遷移和侵潤能力。表明miR-21可能是一個重要的因素“激活”成纖維細胞轉(zhuǎn)化為癌癥相關成纖維細胞(CAF)。這些研究結(jié)果為CAFs和腫瘤微環(huán)境中腫瘤細胞形成與維持的胞外基質(zhì)的作用提供了新的見解。

miR-21還參與了一些致癌因素如吸煙、缺鋅和飲酒等誘發(fā)食管癌發(fā)生的過程。miR-21表達失調(diào)和食管癌發(fā)展與缺鋅的程度相關[11]。缺鋅時,miR-21過表達,而PDCD4下調(diào),促進食管癌的發(fā)生[12]。大量飲酒可引起miR-21表達顯著上升[13]。在食管鱗狀細胞癌細胞株EC9706中,尼古丁可誘導miR-21表達上調(diào),促進TGF-β依賴的上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)[14]。

3 miR-21在食管癌診斷中的作用

與癌旁組織相比,miR-21在食管鱗癌中過表達。miR-21主要分布在食管癌細胞相鄰的基質(zhì)細胞的細胞質(zhì)中[9]。研究表明,miR-21在食管癌中表達上調(diào),與食管癌的分化程度相關[15]。因此,miR-21可作為食管癌診斷的生物標志物[16]。

miR-21用于食管癌診斷的檢測物有唾液、血漿、血清和癌組織。由于唾液、血漿和血清miRNA具有取材方便和損傷小,可通過相對無創(chuàng)的方式獲取檢;檢測快速便捷等優(yōu)點。這些特性使血清、血漿和唾液miRNA更適合成為腫瘤的診斷、療效和預后評估的生物標志物。miR-21在食管癌患者血清中高表達。食管癌合并轉(zhuǎn)移患者的血清miR-21濃度是正常組織的8.4倍。因此,血清miR-21可作為一種新的診斷和預后評估的腫瘤標志物[17]。Xie等[18]研究表明 唾液miR-21在食管癌患者診斷中的敏感度是89.7%,特異度為47.4%。葉敏華等[19]研究顯示唾液和血漿miR-21在食管癌患者中顯著高于對照組。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ+Ⅱ期食管癌血漿miR-21的診斷靈敏度分別為96%、64%和97%,特異度分別為44%,84%和56%;而唾液miR-21的敏感度分別為為90%,88%和89%,具有相同的特異度64%。無論食管癌分期,血漿miR-21表達均與唾液中顯著正相關,診斷價值相當。因此,唾液miR-21的檢測有望代替血漿檢測。

4 miR-21在食管癌預后中的作用

miR-21可用于預測食管癌患者預后[20-22]。miR-21高水平表達組,食管癌總體生存率(OS)越差[23]。miR-21單獨或與炎癥基因CRY61、CTGF和IL-18聯(lián)用,可預測食管預后,這有助于臨床治療決策的選擇[24]。術后患者血漿miR-21高濃度組比低濃度組的術后病因特異生存率更低(3年生存率為53.4%、81.5%)。多因素分析顯示,高濃度血漿miR-21是一個獨立的預后因素[25]。

在食管鱗癌患者中,通過Kaplan-Meier生存分析示血漿miR-21高表達的食管癌患者,無進展生存(PFS)和OS較對照組縮短。表明miR-21高表達,患者預后差[26]。包含25項研究2258例食管癌患者的meta分析中,miR-21高表達組比miR-21低表達組的預后更差,OS差[27]。而Winther等[28]研究表明miR-21是否可作為預后生物標志物與食管癌病理類型相關。在食管腺癌中,miR-21高表達,患者疾病特異生存越短。但在食管鱗癌中,miR-21并不能作為患者疾病特異存活的獨立預后標志物。

miR-21可用于預測食管癌手術、化療和放療的治療效果。與術前相比,食管癌患者術后血清miR-21水平明顯降低。食管癌患者化療有效時,miR-21水平明顯降低,而化療無效時,血清miR-21變化無統(tǒng)計學差異[29]。王光等[30]研究表明食管癌患者放療后,完全緩解組、部分緩解組和無效組之間miR-21表達水平差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,miR-21的表達水平與放療敏感性呈負相關。Kaplan-Meier分析顯示miR-21高表達組的生存時間明顯低于地表達組。因此,miR-21可用于預測食管癌放療敏感性及預后。但Tanaka等[31]研究顯示miR-21與食管癌輔助化療敏感性及預后之間并無明顯相關性。

5 miR-21可能成為食管癌治療的新靶點

目前,食管癌仍以手術、放療及化療等綜合治療為主。即使經(jīng)過綜合治療,食管癌患者5年生存率低,僅10%~30%。由于食管癌預后差,亟需尋找新的有效的治療方案。miR-21 參與食管癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,因此,miR-21可成為食管癌治療的潛在靶點[32]。食管癌患者的血漿外泌體可誘導食管癌細胞增殖。當外泌體提取后,食管癌患者血漿中并不能檢測到miR-21。研究還表明外泌體miR-21表達與腫瘤分化程度,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和血行轉(zhuǎn)移等相關。表明外泌體miR-21與腫瘤進展和侵潤相關,可作為一個有效地癌癥治療靶點[33]。Huang等[34]研究顯示抑制miR-21表達可顯著增加食管癌細胞的放射敏感性和PTEN蛋白表達。此外,磷酸化Akt蛋白和PTEN下游分子表達也顯著減少。因此,認為抑制miR-21,通過激活PTEN,提高放療敏感性。在食管癌細胞,新的化療藥物Rawq01通過抑制miR-21上調(diào)PTEN的表達,從而抑制PI3K-AKT信號通路[35]。在食管鱗狀細胞癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,miR-21可作為一種有效地治療靶點。Liu 等[36]研究表明抑制miR-21可通過影響Ki-67、Caspase-3和Snail的表達可抑制移植瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移。因此,提示miR-21可作為食管癌臨床治療候選靶基因。

6 小結(jié)

食管癌是一種常見的消化系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤,在我國發(fā)病率和死亡率高,嚴重威脅著人類健康[37]。隨著對microRNA在食管癌中研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21參與食管癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展,能調(diào)節(jié)食管癌的增殖、凋亡、侵襲和遷移等生物學特性。miR-21可用于食管癌的診斷和預后評估,并有可能成為食管癌治療的新靶點。

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(收稿日期:2017-03-02 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

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