田原
中圖分類號:G648 文獻標識碼:B 文章編號:1672-1578(2017)06-0012-01
雙語翻譯涉及的兩種語言詞匯或詞語的轉換, 它構成雙語轉換的基本層面, 即詞的層面, 其次還有句子、語篇等語言和非語言(如原語意圖、文化等)要素的轉換。[1]翻譯的心理過程高級模式,把理解過程分為語言感知和語義掌握兩個層面,表達過程分為語義析出和語言表現(xiàn)兩個層面。
首先,從語言層面了解源文本,作者汪曾祺被譽為“抒情的人道主義者,中國最后一個純粹的文人,中國最后一個士大夫?!盵2]汪曾祺將精練的古代語言詞匯自然地消融在文本中,又從日??谡Z,方言,民間文學中吸取甘美的乳汁,兼收并蓄,克鋼化柔,掃除詩歌、散文、小說的界限,獨創(chuàng)了一種新文體。[3]
正是這樣的一個承載著長久歷史的古河,才能有如此的典雅文字把它描述。伊犁河在英語時已是固有詞語,為Ili River.
“人間無水不朝東,伊犁河水向西流?!痹次谋咀髡咭砸痪湓娮鳛槊鑼懸晾绾拥拈_頭,一筆寫出了伊犁河的與眾不同之處,字里行間還帶有一種為之自豪之情。在翻譯的過程中,既要有詩詞語言的特點,簡短又押韻,這點并不難,僅方向詞east和west就已經可以做到,還要有一種獨樹一幟的任我行之霸氣。在這里,譯為“All rivers flow east, while Ili River west.”整體意思譯出來了,即語義析出方面基本達到了標準,但在語言表達方面,卻很難譯出源文本的味道。
“河水顏色灰白,流勢不甚急,不緊不慢,湯湯洄洄,似若有所依戀。河下游,流入蘇聯(lián)境?!边@里所寫的地理位置在上文中對伊犁河的簡介中已經提到。對河水的描寫,簡單幾筆,既實用了疊詞,又用了擬人手法,內容豐富,十分形象。對此的翻譯為"Ili River is grayish white, and flows neither fast nor slow, it lingers as if unwilling to leave. The later part of the river reaches the Soviet Union."此處使用了省略法,把"流勢不甚急"一句省略,從語義上,與不緊不慢意思重合,漢語中的使用某種程度上是一種反復手法,亦可以說是作者的思緒流的文字化,而譯成英語,則以達意為準。
"在河邊小作盤桓,使我驚喜的是河邊長滿我所熟悉的水鄉(xiāng)的植物蘆葦,蒲草。蒲草甚高,高過人頭。洪亮吉《天山客話》記云:"惠遠城關帝廟后,頗有池臺之勝,池中積蒲盈頃,游魚百尾,蛙聲間之。"伊犁河岸之生長蒲草,是古已有之的事了。蒲葦旁邊,搖動著一串一串殷紅的水蓼花,儼然江南秋色。"此段譯為"I lingered near the riverside, and the familiar plants that grow in the river regions caught my attention: reed and rushes. The rushes are even taller than me. Hong Liangji wrote in his book Conversation in the Sky Mountain," After the close of Guan Emperor Temple in Huiyuan City, it became more like a tower. The rushes flourish, the fish swing, and the fogs shout." So it seemed to be old story that there are rushes on the bank of Ili River. Near the rushes, waving was the red water flower, just like the autumn in south China!"
"蹲在伊犁河邊撿小石子,起身時發(fā)覺腿上腳上有幾個地方奇癢,伊犁有蚊子!烏魯木齊沒有蚊子,新疆很多地方沒有蚊子,伊犁有蚊子,因為伊犁水多。水多是好事,咬兩下也值得。自來新疆,我才更深切地體會到水對于人的生活的重要性。"一段譯為"I was picking up the small stone on the riverside, only to find my legs and feet extremely itchy. Aha, there were mosquitoes in Ili! In Urumqi there were no mosquitoes, neither in many places in Xinjiang Province, while Ili had, for its abundance of water. It was a good thing to have plenty of water, so it even was worth of being bitten by mosquitoes. I came from Xinjiang Province, which made me deeply aware of the importance of water to lives. "
第一句中漢語為無主句,英語補充主語。因為漢語是主題顯著的語言,而英語時主語顯著的語言。在譯文中,補充了"Aha"這一語氣詞,是譯者根據(jù)自己的理解對文章內容的改造。因為在讀源文本的過程中,感覺到了作者的吃驚又不覺為怪的恍然之感。
"幾乎每個人看到戈壁灘,都要發(fā)出這樣的感慨:這么大的地,要是有水,能長多少糧食啊!"此句是按照漢語的因果順序邏輯,先寫因"看到戈壁灘",再寫果"發(fā)出這樣的感慨",而英語通常先寫果,再道因,所以此句譯為"Almost everyone would make such a sigh in front of Gobi Desert that if there were water in such big a ground, there would grow so much grain!"
"伊犁河北岸為惠遠城。這是"總統(tǒng)伊犁一帶"的伊犁將軍的駐地,也是獲罪的"廢員"充軍的地方。充軍到伊犁,具體地說,就是到惠遠。伊犁是個大地名。此句中的"廢員"在英語中并沒有對等意義的詞,而且并不是一個使用范圍廣的詞,很難查到相應資料幫助理解。譯者根據(jù)伊犁河地區(qū)的歷史背景,了解其大意,將之譯為"guilty people".則此句譯為"The north bank of Ili River was Huiyuan City. The "Ili's leading region" was the station of the general of Ili, also was the place for sentenced "guilty people" to join the army. To join the army in Ili was actually in Huiyuan. Huiyuan belonged to Ili."此句中"伊犁是個大地名",意思即為惠遠屬于伊犁,所以直接翻譯為"Huiyuan belonged to Ili."
"惠遠有新老兩座城。老城建于乾隆二十七年,后為伊犁河水沖潰,廢。光緒八年,于舊城西北郊十五里處建新城。"此句古漢語的痕跡較濃。汪曾祺在做文章的時候,并沒有刻意地去使用任何手法,也沒有刻意地去使用現(xiàn)代漢語還是古漢語,這是他深厚的文化底蘊已經把兩者很融洽地混合在了一起。此句在翻譯的時候,采用了歸化法,同時也是為了使之符合譯文整體的風格。此句譯為"There were two cities in Huiyuan, an old one and a new one. The old city was founded in twenty seventh in Qianlong Kingdom, but was destroyed by the flood of Ili River. In the eighth year of Guangxu , a new city was built fifteen miles away from the northwest suburb of the old city."同樣,漢語中語序先寫了背景"與舊城西北郊十五里處",后寫事情"建新城",而英語中先寫主題"建新城"即"a new city was built".
"新城沒有多少看頭,使人感慨興亡,早生華發(fā)的是老城。"中的"感慨興亡"和"早生華發(fā)"是四字詞語,是漢語的獨有特色,短短四字結構多樣,內容豐富,含義深遠。此句屬于漢語中的強調句,先寫果"感慨興亡",后寫因"早生華發(fā)的是老城"。譯為英語時,同樣也強調,所以把果寫到后面,同時也保持了句子的平衡,避免了頭重腳輕。所以,此句譯為"There were not too many views in the new city, however, the old city aged too soon, which had recalled people a lot of feelings about the history vicissitudes."
綜上,在翻譯此段文章時,首先對語言整體進行感知,了解語義,然后用英語相應的詞句和手法,把語義表達出來,并使之盡可能達到善譯的標準,讓譯文讀者產生與源文本讀者相同的感受。
參考文獻:
[1] 王柳琪.劉紹龍.2009《詞語翻譯轉換過程的認知心理學研究——基于“注意論”的詞語翻譯心理模型探索》
[2] 汪曾祺逝世十五周年.中國最后一位士大夫早已遠去.搜狐.2014
[3] 淺析汪曾祺文學作品的語言風格.2013