徐曉暉+吳立華+張春海
摘 要: 水下無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)UWSNs被認(rèn)為是監(jiān)測(cè)海洋最有前景的技術(shù)。然而,聲信道特性給UWSNs的數(shù)據(jù)采集提出了挑戰(zhàn)。提高UWSNs數(shù)據(jù)采集效率的有效方式就是融合水下聲通信和高動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)涞奶匦裕O(shè)計(jì)高性能的路由協(xié)議。為此,提出基于地理?機(jī)會(huì)的水下無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng)的混合路由,記為GOHR。在GOHR協(xié)議中,源節(jié)點(diǎn)先計(jì)算候選轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)節(jié)點(diǎn)集,并計(jì)算集內(nèi)每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的歸一化權(quán)重值,再依據(jù)歸一化權(quán)重值對(duì)集內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行排序,并形成轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)節(jié)點(diǎn)簇。然后,計(jì)算每個(gè)簇的期望權(quán)重值,最后,選擇期望權(quán)重值最大的簇內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)作為數(shù)據(jù)包轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)節(jié)點(diǎn)。為了避免簇內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)包時(shí)發(fā)生碰撞,設(shè)置定時(shí)延時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)機(jī)制。仿真結(jié)果表明,提出的GOHR協(xié)議提高了數(shù)據(jù)包傳遞率,降低了數(shù)據(jù)包的傳輸時(shí)延。
關(guān)鍵詞: 水下無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng); 地理路由; 機(jī)會(huì)路由; 聲通信; 候選轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)集
中圖分類號(hào): TN911?34; TP393 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A 文章編號(hào): 1004?373X(2017)13?0017?05
Abstract: The underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are known as the most perspective technology to monitor and explore the oceans. The challenge of acoustic channel characteristics for UWSNs data collection is put forward. The effective way to improve the UWSNs data acquisition efficiency is the fusion of the characteristics of the underwater acoustic communication with highly?dynamic network topology, and design of the high?performance routing protocol. Therefore a geographic and opportunistic hybrid routing (GOHR) for UWSNs is proposed. In which, the source node is used to calculate the candidate forwarding node set, and the normalized weighted value of each node in the set. The node in the set is sorted according to the normalized weighted value to form the forwarding node cluster. The expected weighted value of each cluster is calculated. The cluster node with the highest expected weighted value is selected as the forwarding node of the data package. In order to void the collision when the data package is forwarded for the cluster node, the timing?delay forwarding mechanism is set. The simulation results show that the GOHR protocol can improve the transfer rate of data package, and reduce the transmission delay of data package.
Keywords: underwater wireless sensor network; geographic routing; opportunistic routing; acoustic communication; candidate forwarding set
0 引 言
由于海洋孕育了海量的生命以及隱含了大量的有助于人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的信息,用于探測(cè)水體環(huán)境的水下無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)UWSNs(Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks)受到廣泛關(guān)注[1]。目前,UWSNs在各類應(yīng)用中廣泛使用,如海洋生物的監(jiān)測(cè)、污染物含量的檢測(cè)、地震勘測(cè)等。
目前,聲通信被認(rèn)為是UWSNs水下通信的惟一有效的通信模式。高頻率的無(wú)線電波容易被水吸收,并且光波遭受嚴(yán)重的散射,無(wú)線射頻通信只限于短距離的可視化應(yīng)用。然而,與無(wú)線射頻通信相比,水下聲通信信道易引起大、可變的時(shí)延,原因在于水下聲速約為m/s,而光速為m/s。此外,水下聲通信還存在數(shù)據(jù)包丟失、高噪聲等問題[2]。據(jù)此,路由協(xié)議已成為UWSNs的研究重點(diǎn)。
具有簡(jiǎn)單、易可擴(kuò)展的地理位置路由協(xié)議被認(rèn)為是UWSNs最有效的路由協(xié)議之一[3?6]。地理位置路由無(wú)需建立、維護(hù)源節(jié)點(diǎn)至目的節(jié)點(diǎn)的路徑,只依據(jù)局部信息建立路由。在每一跳,將離目的節(jié)點(diǎn)最近的鄰居節(jié)點(diǎn)作為局部最優(yōu)的下一跳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)節(jié)點(diǎn)。此外,由于地理位置路由具有好的可擴(kuò)展性,易與機(jī)會(huì)路由相結(jié)合,形成地理?機(jī)會(huì)路由OR(Geo?Opportunistic Routing)混合協(xié)議,進(jìn)而提高數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率。
文獻(xiàn)[3]提出的基于深度路由DBR(Depth?based Routing)是水下傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)的經(jīng)典路由協(xié)議。DBR利用節(jié)點(diǎn)的深度信息并結(jié)合貪婪算法傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包,使得數(shù)據(jù)包能夠傳輸至位于水面上的多個(gè)信宿節(jié)點(diǎn)。一旦接收了數(shù)據(jù)包,如果離水面更近,節(jié)點(diǎn)就成了轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)包的候選節(jié)點(diǎn),否則就丟棄數(shù)據(jù)包。文獻(xiàn)[4]提出VBF路由協(xié)議。在VBF中,數(shù)據(jù)包沿著預(yù)設(shè)的虛“路由管”傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包。當(dāng)接收了一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)包,節(jié)點(diǎn)就計(jì)算離轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)矢量的距離,如果小于預(yù)設(shè)的門限值,就轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)包,否則丟棄。從VBF路由策略不難發(fā)現(xiàn),如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)密度較高,將有較多節(jié)點(diǎn)參與轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)階段,盡管這提供了多冗余路徑,提高了數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸率,但是,增加了能量消耗。為此,文獻(xiàn)[6]對(duì)VBF協(xié)議進(jìn)行修改,并增加了應(yīng)對(duì)路由空洞的策略。上述的這些路由協(xié)議只改善路由協(xié)議的某一方面的性能,但并沒有充分考慮水下傳感網(wǎng)絡(luò)信道的特性。同時(shí),地理位置路由協(xié)議的關(guān)鍵在于選擇下一跳轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)節(jié)點(diǎn),若能夠選擇最佳的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)節(jié)點(diǎn),就能夠有效地避免路由空洞,提高路由性能。