文王雨檬 Wang Yumeng 譯曹宇光Cao Yuguang

一日看盡“盧浮”八百年

Appreciate Eight Centuries of Louvre Museum within a Day

文王雨檬 Wang Yumeng 譯曹宇光Cao Yuguang

中國國家博物館和法國盧浮宮博物館共同舉辦“盧浮宮的創(chuàng)想——盧浮宮與館藏珍品見證法國歷史八百年”展覽，讓觀眾——

The exhibition titled“Invention of Louvre—Eight Centuries of French History Witnessed by Louvre and its Treasure Collection”is jointly sponsored by National Museum of China and the Louvre Museum of France, which enables Chinese audience to——

步入魔法森林的雷諾讓-奧諾雷·弗拉格納爾（盧浮宮博物館繪畫部藏）Renaud Enters Enchanted Forest by Jean-Honoré Fragonard (Collected by Painting Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

1月13日，法國盧浮宮博物館在中國國家博物館的展覽開幕了，這是兩個世界級重要博物館的又一次合作，盡管在參展的126件展品中，并沒有深入人心的“盧浮三寶”——蒙娜麗莎、勝利女神和斷臂維納斯，但卻涵蓋了盧浮宮從始建之初至今、來自八大藏品部的架上繪畫、雕塑、瓷器、陶器、泥塑等豐富多樣的藏品，可謂是盧浮宮八百年歷史發(fā)展的一個縮影。不僅如此，觀眾還可以從展覽中感受到弗朗索瓦一世、路易十四、拿破侖一世等王室的藝術(shù)收藏品位。在3月31日展覽結(jié)束前，公眾都可以到國家博物館的“小盧浮”去轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)。

從瓦盧瓦王朝時期，弗朗索瓦一世喜愛的意大利文藝復(fù)興藝術(shù)和北歐精致的寫實主義流派油畫到法國大革命時期，拿破侖一世從歐洲各國掠奪的繪畫、古董、素描和工藝品，再到盧浮宮近年來面向東方和不同文明收藏的伊斯蘭藝術(shù)品和當(dāng)代藝術(shù)品，展覽以盧浮宮的重要歷史發(fā)展階段為節(jié)點，共分為“序幕——重修盧浮宮”“宮殿與王室收藏”“盧浮宮與啟蒙運動”“拿破侖博物館”“從權(quán)力王宮到萬國博物館”“今日盧浮宮”六個部分，其中包括6件首次亮相中國的重磅展品，弗拉格納爾的《步入魔法森林的雷諾》、古羅馬皇帝裝束的路易十四騎馬青銅像、拿破侖紋章圖案的羊毛地毯、公元1世紀(jì)大理石獅子雕塑、埃及赫努塔奈布的陪葬木侍俑和安東尼·凡戴克的油畫《籌備圣-塞巴斯蒂安的殉難》。

在參展藏品的選擇上，盧浮宮館長讓－呂克·馬丁內(nèi)茲表示，他們秉承著兩個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，第一個是要展現(xiàn)盧浮宮的發(fā)展和歷史，希望找到歷史印記比較明顯的作品。比如路易十四時期的藏品比較多，因為路易十四是很重要的一個國王，豐富了盧浮宮的館藏；在18世紀(jì)啟蒙藝術(shù)運動時，盧浮宮已經(jīng)有了博物館的雛形，而在拿破侖第一帝國時，盧浮宮真正成為一座博物館。第二個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是要展現(xiàn)盧浮宮館藏的豐富性，直到今天盧浮宮的藏品仍在不斷豐富。比如，2004年盧浮宮新收藏的《馬頭》以及展廳中循環(huán)播放的視頻中，向觀眾介紹了今天的盧浮宮對當(dāng)代藝術(shù)收藏的關(guān)注。盧浮宮藏品從形式、藝術(shù)流派、藝術(shù)時期都展現(xiàn)出多樣性，以前很多人對盧浮宮存在一種偏見，認(rèn)為幾件舉世聞名的珍品就代表了盧浮宮的重要性，其實不然，盧浮宮不僅有文藝復(fù)興畫派、也有北方畫派，弗蘭德斯畫派等。

值得注意的是，展覽每個板塊中都可以看到盧浮宮各個時期的建筑模型，法方策展人之一的凡尚·波馬萊德說：“盧浮宮一直在擴(kuò)建，在建筑方面不斷發(fā)生變化，盧浮宮本身就是一件藝術(shù)珍品，這件藝術(shù)品直到今天仍在不停吸納、變化，就像一部活著的藝術(shù)史。與此同時，盧浮宮的收藏品位也在改變，以前的盧浮宮的藝術(shù)收藏更偏向于古典，這代表了部分王室的品位，也有符合當(dāng)時政治需要的原因。今天的盧浮宮面向古希臘、古羅馬、古埃及、古東方等不同的文明，并建造了專門展示伊斯蘭文明的建筑，我們希望中國觀眾注意到盧浮宮在建筑上的變化。”

至于中國觀眾一直心心念念的“盧浮三寶”，法方策展人之一帕斯卡·托雷斯遺憾地表示，這三件作品今后走出盧浮宮的可能性不大，盡管它們在世界范圍內(nèi)都有相當(dāng)高的受歡迎程度?！啊端_莫特拉斯的勝利女神》是法國考古學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)，從未成為希臘的國家遺產(chǎn)?！睹赡塞惿奈⑿Α肥且獯罄嫾疫_(dá)·芬奇的作品，但它不屬于意大利。當(dāng)時法國國王弗朗索瓦一世邀請達(dá)·芬奇到法國，并成為其最大的資助者，達(dá)·芬奇將這幅作品帶到了法國。達(dá)·芬奇去世后，弗朗索瓦一世從達(dá)·芬奇的學(xué)徒手里將其買了下來，一直保留到今天。同樣的，《斷臂維納斯》是古希臘的雕塑作品，卻是盧浮宮在法國大革命之后進(jìn)入改革和擴(kuò)建時期時，由路易十八出資買下來的。法國大革命之后，盧浮宮從國外購買了很多藝術(shù)品，因此它們在盧浮宮展出是最為合適的，也具有其合法性。頻繁地將一個博物館最重要的藝術(shù)品搬來搬去，我認(rèn)為并不妥當(dāng)。”

盧浮宮作為世界上歷史悠久的大型博物館之一，聲名遠(yuǎn)播，吸引的游客有七成是外國游客，近十年來，到訪的中國觀眾越來越多，中國游客已經(jīng)成為訪問盧浮宮的第二大觀眾群體。讓－呂克·馬丁內(nèi)茲認(rèn)為，盧浮宮來到中國，與中國國家博物館合作舉辦“盧浮宮的創(chuàng)想”一展，讓中國觀眾零距離接觸盧浮宮，更好地了解盧浮宮，這是此展最主要的使命。

古羅馬皇帝裝束的路易十四騎馬像弗朗索瓦·吉拉爾東（盧浮宮博物館工藝品部藏）Bronze Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV in Roman Emperor's Attire by Francois Girardon (Collected by Craft Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

讓·德·拉封丹（1621-1695）雕像皮埃爾·朱利安（盧浮宮博物館雕塑部藏）Statue of Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695) by Pierre Julien(Collected by Sculpture Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

玉石浮雕奧古斯都皇帝像（盧浮宮博物館希臘、伊特魯里亞及羅馬文物部藏）Relief of Emperor Augustus in Jade (Collected by Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antique Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

On January 13, an exhibition sponsored by Louvre Museum of France was open to the public at National Museum of China, which symbolized another cooperation between the two museums of global importance. Despite the absence of “Three Treasures of Louvre”in everyone’s dream, namely Mona Lisa, the Winged Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo, the 126 exhibits provide an extensive coverage of various collections from eight departments such as on-shelf painting, sculpture, porcelain, pottery and clay sculpture and constitute a miniature of Louvre during its development in the history of eight centuries. Besides, Chinese audience will learn to know the artistic appreciation in royal collections of Fran?ois I, Louis XIV and Napoleon I. Before the deadline of March 31, it will be a perfect idea to have a day’s tour in this exhibition.

Those exhibits in this event involve Italian Renaissance arts and exquisite Nordic Realism paintings favored by King Fran?ois I in the Valois Dynasty, paintings, antiques, sketches and craft snatched from European countries by Napoleon I during the French Revolution, and Louvre’s recent collection of Islamic arts and contemporary artworks from Orient and other civilizations. In the light of those significant development period in Louvre’s history, this exhibition falls into 6 parts, namely “Prelude—Renovating Louvre”, “Imperial and Royal Collection”, “Louvre and Enlightenment”, “Napoleon Museum”, “From Sovereign Palace to Universal Museum” and “Louvre Today”. In particular, 6 key exhibits are presented in China for the very first time, i.e. painting Renaud Enters Enchanted Forest by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Bronze Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV in Roman Emperor’s Attire, wool carpet with seal pattern of Napoleon, marble lion statue in the 1st century A.D., Ouchebti (Funeral Servant in Wood) of Henouttaneb in Egypt and the oil painting Preparation for St. Sebastian’s Martyrdom by Anthony van Dyck.

As to choice of exhibits in collection, Jean-Luc Marinez, president of Louvre Museum, held two standards in principle. First of all, they expect to find those exhibits of distinct historical impressions to reflect the history and development of Louvre Museum. For example, there are a lot of collections in the reign of King Louis XIV because he was a crucial figure in history who enriched collection of the later Louvre Museum. During the Enlightenment in the 18th century, Louvre was still in embryo while in the reign of Napoleon of the First French Empire, Louvre evolved into a genuine museum. Secondly, the abundance and variety of Louvre’s collection must be highlighted as its update of collection is still in progress so far. For example, the latest collection Horse Head made by Louvre in 2004 as well as the loop play of video clips in the exhibition hall remind the Chinese audience that Louvre Museum still focuses on the contemporary art collection. A tendency of diversity can be witnessed in various aspects of formality, art schools and art periods. There used to be a bias on Louvre Museum that only a few rare treasures in world art history contribute to its importance. As a matter of fact, in Louvre Museum, there are Renaissance School, Nordic School and Flanders School as well.

圓形高足蓋杯（盧浮宮博物館工藝品部藏）Round-ridge Goblet (Collected by Craft Department of Louvre Museum in Paris)

It is well-noted that miniature in architecture of Louvre Museum of every period in history is invariably available in each part of this exhibition. “In Louvre Museum constant expansion and change always take place in architecture. As a piece of art treasure itself, Louvre Museum still keeps absorbing nutrition and changing for better, just like a living art history. In the meanwhile, the collection taste of Louvre Museum is changing as well. In the past, its collection showed a preference in classicalism, which symbolized part of the royal appreciation in arts and involved then necessity in political concern. Currently, Louvre Museum involves different civilizations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Orient, and builds up a special part to showcase Islamic civilization. We would like to remind Chinese audience of Louvre’s significant change in architecture.” Vincent Pomarède, one of the French curators, said.

When talking about the “Three Treasures of Louvre”, Pascal Torrès, another French curator, uttered his frank regret that it is hardly possible for them to move out of Louvre Museum though they are overwhelmingly popular all over the world. The Winged Victory of Samothrace, as outcome of French archaeologist’s discovery, has never become a national heritage of Greece. Mona Lisa, despite a works by Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci, never belongs to Italy. The then King Fran?ois I invited the painter to France and became his main patron. Da Vinci brought this works to France and after he passed away, Fran?ois I bought this painting from his apprentice, and this painting remains in France till this day. Similarly, Venus de Milo is a sculpture in Ancient Greece, but King Louis XVIII purchased it for Louvre Museum when it underwent reform and expansion in the wake of French Revolution. Afterwards, plenty of artworks have been purchased from abroad by Louvre Museum and therefore it is legitimate and appropriate to keep them in display at Louvre Museum. Personally, I don’t think it proper to remove the most significant artworks in a museum frequently”.

As one of the most time-honored large-scale museum in the world, Louvre has enjoyed a worldwide reputation and attracted foreign tourists as 70% of its total visitors. In the recent decade, the increasing Chinese visitors have become the second largest group that have visited Louvre Museum. In this joint collaboration with National Museum of China titled“Invention of Louvre”, as Jean-Luc Martinez held, it is the main mission for Louvre Museum to provide a close-range contact and better understanding for Chinese audiences.