張鵬飛,周曉榕,龐保平*,譚 瑤,田 帥
(1.內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)草原昆蟲(chóng)研究中心,呼和浩特 010019;2.克什克騰旗農(nóng)牧業(yè)局,內(nèi)蒙古赤峰 025350)
基于線粒體COI基因序列的內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲種群遺傳多樣性及遺傳分化
張鵬飛1,周曉榕1,龐保平1*,譚 瑤1,田 帥2
(1.內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)草原昆蟲(chóng)研究中心,呼和浩特 010019;2.克什克騰旗農(nóng)牧業(yè)局,內(nèi)蒙古赤峰 025350)
沙蔥螢葉甲Galerucadaurica(Joannis)是一種近年來(lái)在內(nèi)蒙古草原上猖獗發(fā)生為害的新害蟲(chóng),為明確內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群間的遺傳多樣性及遺傳分化,本研究測(cè)定了內(nèi)蒙古8個(gè)地理種群的197頭沙蔥螢葉甲的線粒體COI基因417 bp序列,利用DnaSP 5.0、Arlequin 3.11和Network 4.6.1.0等軟件對(duì)沙蔥螢葉甲種群間的遺傳多樣性、遺傳分化、分子變異等進(jìn)行分析。在所分析的197個(gè)COI序列中,共有43個(gè)變異位點(diǎn)和62個(gè)單倍型,其中2個(gè)單倍型為各種群共享,每個(gè)種群具有3個(gè)及以上的獨(dú)享單倍型??偡N群的單倍型多態(tài)度指數(shù)Hd為0.9466,不同地理種群?jiǎn)伪缎投鄳B(tài)度Hd在0.8889-0.9600。總?cè)后w固定系數(shù)Fst為0.0315,基因流Nm為15.37。中性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果不顯著(Tajima’s D=-1.6300,0.10>P>0.05),說(shuō)明內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲在較近的歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)種群擴(kuò)張現(xiàn)象。分子變異分析(AMOVA)結(jié)果表明,沙蔥螢葉甲的遺傳分化主要來(lái)自種群內(nèi)部(96.34%),而種群間未發(fā)生明顯的遺傳分化。各種群間遺傳分化程度與地理距離無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。不同地理種群的單倍型在中介網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖上散布在不同的分布群中,未形成明顯的地理分布格局。結(jié)果表明沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群遺傳多樣性高,基因交流程度高,遺傳分化不明顯且與地理距離無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。
沙蔥螢葉甲;線粒體COI;遺傳多樣性;遺傳分化;基因流;單倍型
沙蔥螢葉甲Galerucadaurica(Joannis)是近年來(lái)在內(nèi)蒙古草原上猖獗發(fā)生為害的一種新害蟲(chóng),該蟲(chóng)從2009年開(kāi)始在內(nèi)蒙古草原上大面積暴發(fā)成災(zāi)(楊星科等,2010),呈現(xiàn)逐年加重的趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重影響了草原生態(tài)環(huán)境及農(nóng)牧業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。沙蔥螢葉甲種群的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)研究,有利于探討其種群間遺傳進(jìn)化關(guān)系,揭示其起源、擴(kuò)散路線及發(fā)生趨勢(shì)(Roderick and Navajas, 2003)。因此,本文選用線粒體DNA中的COI基因作為分子標(biāo)記,對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲8個(gè)地理種群的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行研究,分析其不同地理種群的遺傳多樣性及遺傳分化,以期揭示其成災(zāi)的遺傳機(jī)制,為指導(dǎo)蟲(chóng)情監(jiān)測(cè)以及綜合治理提供理論依據(jù)。線粒體DNA是生物體基因組的一部分,作為生物多樣性、種群遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)及分子系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化研究中的一種分子標(biāo)記被廣泛應(yīng)用(Avise, 1987, 1991; Sunnucks, 2000; Behura, 2006)。線粒體DNA作為分子標(biāo)記的優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下:第一,線粒體DNA在細(xì)胞內(nèi)大量存在,為母系遺傳,且以單拷貝形式存在,擴(kuò)增較為容易;第二,線粒體DNA在各種生物體內(nèi)高度保守(Gissietal., 2008);第三,線粒體DNA受環(huán)境選擇壓力較小而具有中性進(jìn)化性,進(jìn)化速率較核基因快(Harrison, 1989);第四,由于線粒體具有保守序列區(qū)和可變序列區(qū),所以線粒體的擴(kuò)增引物比較容易設(shè)計(jì)。特別是線粒體DNA中的COI基因,因較快的進(jìn)化速率和清晰的進(jìn)化模式,被廣泛應(yīng)用于多種農(nóng)林害蟲(chóng)中,如煙粉虱Bemisiatabaci(褚棟等, 2005; Chuetal., 2011)、桔小實(shí)蠅Bactroceradorsalis(Liuetal., 2007; Shietal., 2010; Shietal., 2012; 王蒙等, 2014)、銀杏大蠶蛾Caligulajaponica(楊寶山等, 2009)、二點(diǎn)委夜蛾Athetislepigone(朱彥彬等, 2012)、亞洲小車(chē)蝗Oedaleusasiaticus(高書(shū)晶等, 2011; 李云龍等, 2013)、黃脛小車(chē)蝗Oedaleusinfernalis(孫嵬等, 2013)、蘋(píng)果蠹蛾Cydiapomonella(李玉婷等, 2013)、螺旋粉虱Aleurodicusdisperses(于衛(wèi)衛(wèi)等, 2013)、西花薊馬Frankliniellaoccidentalis(Brunneretal., 2010; Duanetal., 2013)、小菜蛾P(guān)lutellaxylostella(Weietal., 2013)、大豆食心蟲(chóng)Leguminivoraglycinvorella(王紅等, 2014)、甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua(王興亞等, 2014)、假眼小綠葉蟬Empoascavitis(周寧寧等, 2014)、扶桑棉粉蚧Phenacoccussolenopsis(趙靜等, 2014)。
沙蔥螢葉甲自2009年在內(nèi)蒙古中部的錫林郭勒草原暴發(fā)以來(lái),發(fā)生范圍不斷擴(kuò)大,2014年已擴(kuò)大到6個(gè)盟市16個(gè)旗縣,最西端達(dá)阿拉善盟的阿拉善右旗,最東端達(dá)呼倫貝爾市的新巴爾虎右旗(高靖淳等, 2015)。然而,目前對(duì)該蟲(chóng)的發(fā)生規(guī)律及成災(zāi)機(jī)制了解得很少,研究主要集中于發(fā)生為害(馬崇勇等, 2012)、寄主植物選擇性(昊翔等, 2014)、抗寒性(高靖淳等, 2015; 李浩等, 2014, 2015)以及藥劑篩選(常靜等, 2015)等方面。該蟲(chóng)在短短幾年之內(nèi)發(fā)生范圍如此之廣,具有哪些種群遺傳學(xué)特性?各地蟲(chóng)源究竟是本地蟲(chóng)源還是外地蟲(chóng)源?回答這些問(wèn)題對(duì)揭示該蟲(chóng)的成災(zāi)機(jī)制以及監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警和防控具有重要的意義。作者曾應(yīng)用微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記分析了內(nèi)蒙古不同地區(qū)沙蔥螢葉甲種群的遺傳多樣性(張鵬飛等, 2015)。微衛(wèi)星是核基因的共顯性位點(diǎn),具有高度的多態(tài)性,特別適合于研究近期的種群過(guò)程(Nardietal., 2005)。相反,母系遺傳的線粒體標(biāo)記能更深入地了解種群的侵入史和進(jìn)化過(guò)程(Rollinsetal., 2011)。因此,基于本實(shí)驗(yàn)室構(gòu)建的沙蔥螢葉甲線粒體全基因組序列中的COI基因序列(Zhouetal., 2015),應(yīng)用線粒體COI基因作為分子標(biāo)記,測(cè)定了沙蔥螢葉甲不同地區(qū)種群的線粒體COI基因序列,以期更全面地了解沙蔥螢葉甲種群的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)及分化。
1.1 供試蟲(chóng)源
2014年4-5月赴內(nèi)蒙古草原沙蔥螢葉甲主要發(fā)生區(qū)采集幼蟲(chóng),為盡可能避免采集到同一個(gè)體的后代,在每個(gè)采集地點(diǎn)選取間隔約1 km的5個(gè)點(diǎn),每個(gè)點(diǎn)再選取相距約40-50 m取樣點(diǎn)4個(gè),從每個(gè)取樣點(diǎn)的蔥屬植物上采集沙蔥螢葉甲幼蟲(chóng)3-4頭,放于不同的塑料罐中。帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室后,沖洗晾干,用無(wú)水乙醇浸泡,-80℃保存。樣本采集信息見(jiàn)表1。
表1 內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群樣品的采集信息
1.2 基因組DNA的提取
取單頭沙蔥螢葉甲幼蟲(chóng)用液氮研磨后,移入1.5 mL離心管中,使用天根dp304動(dòng)物基因組DNA提取試劑盒,對(duì)單頭沙蔥螢葉甲樣本提取基因組DNA,提取的DNA經(jīng)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè),-20℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.3 PCR擴(kuò)增及序列測(cè)定
本研究PCR擴(kuò)增所用的引物運(yùn)用軟件Primer 5.0(http://www.premierbiosoft.com)依據(jù)沙蔥螢葉甲線粒體COI基因序列(GeneBank登錄號(hào):KR025478)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),引物COI-F:5′-AAAGGCATAACATTAGACCG-3′和COI-R:5′-AGTTAATTCTT GATCCGTGA-3′。
PCR反應(yīng)體系為50 μL:DNA模板3.0 μL,10×PCR Buffer(Mg2+Free) 5.0 μL,MgCl2(25 mmol/L) 3.0 μL,dNTPs Mixture (各2.5 mmol/L) 4.0 μL,上下游引物(10 μmol/L)各2.0 μL,TaKaRa Taq聚合酶(5 U/μL) 0.5 μL(大連寶生物工程有限公司),超純水補(bǔ)足至50 μL。反應(yīng)程序(BIO-RAD PCR儀):94℃預(yù)變性5 min; 94℃變性45 s,50℃退火50 s,72℃延伸45 s,共35個(gè)循環(huán);72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存。
PCR產(chǎn)物采用1%瓊脂糖凝膠檢測(cè),然后在凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)中觀察并照相,記錄結(jié)果。檢測(cè)結(jié)果為陽(yáng)性后,委托北京六合華大基因科技有限公司進(jìn)行測(cè)序。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析
采用Codoncode Aligner 3.6.1軟件來(lái)查看序列的峰圖并且進(jìn)行堿基比對(duì),檢測(cè)測(cè)序的正確性。通過(guò)DnaSP 5.0軟件(Librado and Rozas, 2009),統(tǒng)計(jì)線粒體COI基因序列不同地理種群的單倍型數(shù)和出現(xiàn)的頻率、單倍型多態(tài)度(Hd)、核苷酸多態(tài)度(Pi)、核苷酸平均差異數(shù)(K)及種群間遺傳分化程度(Fst),并計(jì)算中性檢驗(yàn)(Tajima, 1989)。采用MEGA 5.0軟件(Tamuraetal., 2011)對(duì)COI基因序列進(jìn)行序列比對(duì)及同源性分析,計(jì)算所得序列的保守位點(diǎn)、變異位點(diǎn)、簡(jiǎn)約信息位點(diǎn)、單一變異位點(diǎn)以及堿基組成,與此同時(shí),以Kimura 2-Paramter模型計(jì)算種群間遺傳距離并構(gòu)建UPGMA系統(tǒng)樹(shù)。應(yīng)用Arlequin 3.11軟件(Excoffieretal., 2005)進(jìn)行分子變異分析(analysis of molecular variance, AMOVA)。使用GenAlEx 6.41軟件(Peakall and Smouse, 2006)檢驗(yàn)各種群遺傳距離與地理距離的相關(guān)性。利用Network 4.6.1.0(Bandeltetal., 1999)基于中點(diǎn)連接法(Median-joining)對(duì)所有個(gè)體構(gòu)建單倍型的中介網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系圖。
2.1 沙蔥螢葉甲COI基因的堿基組成及序列分析
以沙蔥螢葉甲的基因組DNA為模板進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,得到8個(gè)地理種群197頭沙蔥螢葉甲的測(cè)序結(jié)果,經(jīng)拼接校對(duì),最后獲得417 bp基因序列,與GeneBank上已發(fā)表的沙蔥螢葉甲COI序列(GeneBank登錄號(hào):KR025478)一致性高達(dá)99%,確認(rèn)為目的片段。均沒(méi)有堿基的缺失和插入,其中保守位點(diǎn)(conserved sites)374個(gè),變異位點(diǎn)(variable)43個(gè),變異百分率為10.3%,其中簡(jiǎn)約信息位點(diǎn)(parsimony informative sites)25個(gè),單一變異位點(diǎn)(singleton variable sites)18個(gè)。所測(cè)序列中COI基因堿基組成為31.9%A,37.3%T,15.9%G和15.0%C,A+T含量為69.1%,G+C含量為30.9%,具有明顯的A/T偏向性。
2.2 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的遺傳多樣性
沙蔥螢葉甲各種群的遺傳多樣性指標(biāo)分析結(jié)果表明(表2),總種群?jiǎn)伪缎投鄻有?haplotype diversity,Hd)為0.9466,核苷酸多樣性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)為0.0078,核苷酸平均差異數(shù)(average number of nucleotide differences,K)為3.2707。各種群的單倍型數(shù)在10-19,最少為阿巴嘎旗種群(AQ),最多為四子王旗(SQ)和鑲黃旗種群(HQ);變異位點(diǎn)數(shù)在10-20,最少為鄂托克旗種群(EQ),最多為四子王旗種群(SQ);單倍型多樣性Hd在0.8889-0.9600,最低為阿巴嘎旗種群(AQ),最高為四子王旗種群(SQ);核苷酸多樣性Pi在0.0068-0.0086,最低為鄂托克旗種群(EQ),最高為阿巴嘎旗種群(AQ);核苷酸平均差異數(shù)在2.8167-3.5906,最小為鄂托克旗種群(EQ),最大為阿巴嘎旗種群(AQ)。Tajima’s D檢測(cè)結(jié)果可知(表2),總種群的Tajima’s D值為-1.6300,結(jié)果不顯著(0.10>P>0.05),表明沙蔥螢葉甲種群的COI序列符合中性理論。
2.3 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的遺傳分化分析
Fst表示群體間的分化程度,在-1~1之間,F(xiàn)st值越大表示兩個(gè)群體的分化程度越高(Hudsonetal., 1992)。根據(jù)DnaSP 5.0計(jì)算的結(jié)果表明(表3),總?cè)后w固定系數(shù)(Fst)為0.0315,基因流Nm為15.37,種群間Fst在-0.0169~0.1061之間,平均值為0.0305。只有蘇尼特右旗(SY)與阿巴嘎旗(AQ)和錫林浩特市(XS)種群間有顯著的遺傳分化,而其他種群間沒(méi)有顯著的遺傳分化。上述結(jié)果說(shuō)明,沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群間遺傳分化程度低,基因交流明顯。
沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群線粒體COI基因的AMOVA分析結(jié)果顯示(表4),沙蔥螢葉甲變異主要來(lái)自個(gè)體間,種群間的變異所占的比例非常小(3.66%),而種群內(nèi)的遺傳變異占96.34%,差異顯著(0.001
表2 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的遺傳多樣性指數(shù)及中性檢測(cè)
表3 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群間遺傳分化系數(shù)(Fst)(下三角)和基因流(Nm)(上三角)
注:**0.001
表4 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群線粒體COI基因的分子變異分析(AMOVA)
2.4 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的單倍型分析
在197條沙蔥螢葉甲COI序列中,共檢測(cè)出62個(gè)單倍型,分別命名為H1-H62 (GenBank登錄號(hào):KU057704-KU057765)(表5)。其中共享單倍型21個(gè),獨(dú)享單倍型41個(gè),單倍型H7和H8是各種群共享的主體單倍型,可認(rèn)為這兩個(gè)單倍型是較為原始的、能夠適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化并在種群中穩(wěn)定存在的優(yōu)勢(shì)單倍型。單倍型H4、H6和H10獨(dú)享于阿巴嘎旗種群(AQ),單倍型H15、H17和H19獨(dú)享于蘇尼特右旗種群(SY),單倍型H21和H23-H25獨(dú)享于鄂托克旗種群(EQ),單倍型H26、H27、H29和H31獨(dú)享于杭錦旗種群(HJ),單倍型H34-H36和H39-H44獨(dú)享于四子王旗種群(SQ),單倍型H45-H52獨(dú)享于鑲黃旗種群(HQ),單倍型H53-H57獨(dú)享于錫林浩特市種群(XS),單倍型H58-H62獨(dú)享于新巴爾虎右旗種群(XQ)。這些獨(dú)立存在于各地理種群的獨(dú)享單倍型則說(shuō)明各地理種群存在著一定基因交流的同時(shí),也具有一定程度上的遺傳分化。
表5 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群COI基因單倍型分布
注:加粗單倍型為獨(dú)享單倍型。Note: Haplotype names in boldface are unique haplotypes.
單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)(圖1)總體呈現(xiàn)星狀分布圖,通過(guò)單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖可清晰地看出各單倍型在各地理種群的分布情況及單倍型之間的演化關(guān)系。共享單倍型相互散布在不同的地理種群中,未形成明顯的系統(tǒng)地理結(jié)構(gòu),62個(gè)單倍型沒(méi)有按照地理分布形成明顯的族群。
2.5 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù)
Kimura 2-Paramter模型分析沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的COI序列計(jì)算種群間遺傳距離(表6),不同地理種群間的遺傳距離在0.007-0.008,遺傳距離相差較小。應(yīng)用Mantel相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)表明(圖2),種群間遺傳距離和地理距離之間未呈現(xiàn)出顯著的相關(guān)性(r=0.1079,P=0.3560>0.05),說(shuō)明沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群間的遺傳分化不是由地理距離遠(yuǎn)近決定的。采用遺傳距離基于UPGMA法構(gòu)建沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的系統(tǒng)樹(shù)(圖3),系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù)并未反映出與地理位置相關(guān)的信息,未形成明顯的系統(tǒng)地理結(jié)構(gòu)。
表6 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群間的遺傳距離
圖1 沙蔥螢葉甲線粒體COI基因各單倍型的中介網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖Fig.1 Median-joining haplotype network of Galeruca daurica based on COI gene of mtDNA注:圓面積代表單倍型出現(xiàn)的頻率,彩色扇形面積代表各樣品種群在同一單倍型中所占的比例。Note: Circle areas are proportional to haplotype frequencies, while colored portions represent the proportions of the same haplotype that occurs in each sampling region.
圖2 沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的遺傳距離與地理距離的Mantel檢驗(yàn)Fig.2 Mantel test between genetic distance and geographic distance among different populations of Galeruca daurica
圖3 基于UPGMA法構(gòu)建的沙蔥螢葉甲不同地理種群的聚類(lèi)圖Fig.3 The UPGMA dendrogram of different geographic populations of Galeruca daurica
本研究比較了沙蔥螢葉甲8個(gè)地理種群線粒體COI基因的部分序列的差異。COI基因是蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因之一,由于蛋白質(zhì)功能上的需要和三聯(lián)體密碼子結(jié)構(gòu)的限制,缺失和插入很少發(fā)生,即使發(fā)生也很容易被淘汰,本研究的內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲8個(gè)地理種群的COI基因序列沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)堿基的插入和缺失。A+T含量(69.1%)高于G+C含量(30.9%),表現(xiàn)出明顯的堿基A/T偏倚性,與其他昆蟲(chóng)線粒體基因序列堿基組成特點(diǎn)相一致(Jermiinetal., 1994)。
Tajima’s D檢驗(yàn)是基于種內(nèi)多態(tài)性的一種中性檢驗(yàn)方法,可以反映出物種種群變化動(dòng)態(tài)的歷史,被廣泛使用。檢驗(yàn)值顯著大于0時(shí),可反映出種群的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡; 檢驗(yàn)值顯著小于0時(shí),則可反映出種群的擴(kuò)張及瓶頸效應(yīng)(Tajima, 1989; Harpendingetal., 1998)。沙蔥螢葉甲總種群和各種群的Tajima’s D檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果均不顯著,表明內(nèi)蒙古沙蔥螢葉甲在較近的歷史上未經(jīng)歷群體擴(kuò)張事件,近幾年不同地區(qū)沙蔥螢葉甲的猖獗發(fā)生很可能是當(dāng)?shù)胤N群積累的結(jié)果。
本研究表明沙蔥螢葉甲具有豐富的單倍型多樣性(Hd=0.9466),不同地理種群間遺傳分化程度低(Fst=0.0315)、基因交流明顯(Nm=15.37),遺傳分化與地理距離無(wú)關(guān)。而微衛(wèi)星分析表明,沙蔥螢葉甲種群遺傳多樣性較低(平均期望雜合度He=0.2680),不同地理種群之間基因流較小(Nm=0.9622),遺傳分化程度高(Fst=0.2521),遺傳分化與地理距離顯著相關(guān)(張鵬飛等, 2015)。前人在煙粉虱Bemisiatabaci、中國(guó)紅光熊蜂Bombusignitus和美洲散白蟻Reticulitermesflavipes等遺傳多樣性方面也得到了不一致的結(jié)果,這說(shuō)明線粒體DNA的多樣性與核基因的遺傳多樣性并不存在必然的相關(guān)性(Shaoetal., 2004; DeHeeretal., 2008; Chuetal., 2011; Duanetal., 2013)。目前,幾乎所有應(yīng)用線粒體DNA序列分析的結(jié)果均表明,遺傳距離與地理距離無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(Liuetal., 2007; Brunneretal., 2010; 高書(shū)晶等, 2011; Shietal., 2012; 李云龍等, 2013; 孫嵬等, 2013; 李玉婷等, 2013;王紅等, 2014; 王興亞等, 2014; 周寧寧等, 2014)。對(duì)于非遷飛性昆蟲(chóng)和非人為傳播的昆蟲(chóng),其遺傳距離應(yīng)與地理距離呈正相關(guān),即地理距離越遠(yuǎn),遺傳分化越大。本文基于線粒體COI基因序列的分析表明,雖然阿巴嘎旗種群與錫林浩特種群和蘇尼特右旗種群遺傳分化顯著,但種群間的Fst在0.0972-0.1061。根據(jù)基因分化系數(shù)的值介于0-0.05之間表示種群間遺傳分化程度很弱,0.05-0.15為分化中等,0.15-0.25為分化程度較大,大于0.25為分化程度很大(Rousset, 1997), 實(shí)際上這3個(gè)種群的分化程度并不高。而SSR分析表明上述3個(gè)地理種群間遺傳分化最小(張鵬飛等, 2015)。實(shí)際上,上述3個(gè)地區(qū)是沙蔥螢葉甲最早暴發(fā)成災(zāi)且距離最近的地區(qū)。田間觀察表明,沙蔥螢葉甲發(fā)生環(huán)境較為單一,均為分布有蔥屬植物的荒漠草原和退化草原;幼蟲(chóng)和成蟲(chóng)靠爬行遷移,未發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)距離遷飛的現(xiàn)象;以卵塊在牛糞、石塊及草叢根部越冬,人為傳播的可能性很小。與沙蔥螢葉甲同為螢葉甲亞科的雙斑長(zhǎng)跗螢葉甲Monoleptahieroglyphica和玉米根螢葉甲Diabroticavirgiferavirgifera也未發(fā)現(xiàn)具有遠(yuǎn)距離遷飛的現(xiàn)象(梁日霞等, 2011)。同時(shí),微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記是目前絕大多數(shù)情況下檢測(cè)種群結(jié)構(gòu)最有力的方法(Balloux and Lugon-Moulin, 2002)。因此,我們認(rèn)為微衛(wèi)星分析結(jié)果可能更好地反映了沙蔥螢葉甲種群的遺傳多樣性和遺傳分化。然而,不管是核基因(SSR)還是線粒體基因(COI),我們只是研究了整個(gè)基因組的一小部分,而使用更多的遺傳標(biāo)記的方法可以使遺傳研究的準(zhǔn)確率更高(Queiroz, 1993)。因此,今后需進(jìn)一步采用多種分子標(biāo)記方法才能更全面地了解沙蔥螢葉甲種群的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)及多樣性。
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Population genetic diversity and differentiation ofGalerucadaurica(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Inner Mongolia based on mitochondrial DNACOIgene sequences
ZHANG Peng-Fei1, ZHOU Xiao-Rong1, PANG Bao-Ping1*, TAN Yao1, TIAN Shuai2
(1. Research Center for Grassland Entomology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China; 2. Bureau of Husbandry of Hexigten Banner, Chifeng 025350, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China)
Galerucadaurica(Joannis) is a new pest causing seriously damages in Inner Mongolia grasslands in recent years. In order to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation among different geographic populations ofG.dauricain Inner Mongolia, the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and molecular variance were analyzed using DnaSP 5.0, Arlequin 3.11 and Network 4.6.1.0 based on the 417 bp sequences of mtDNA COI gene of 197 individuals from 8 geographic populations. The 43 variable sites were detected and 62 haplotypes were defined based on the 197 COI sequences, including two haplotypes shared by all the 8 populations and three or more haplotypes unshared by different populations. The total haplotype diversity of all populations was 0.9466, and the range of haplotype diversity of different populations was 0.8889-0.9600. The totalFstandNmwere 0.0315 and 15.37, respectively. A neutral test was not significant (Tajima’s D=-1.6300, 0.10>P>0.05), indicating that there might be no population expansion in recent history. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed there was no obvious genetic differentiation among populations with a high proportion of the total genetic variance attributable to variation within populations (96.34%). There was no significant correlation between the genetic differentiation and geographic distance among different populations. The haplotype network showed that the haplotypes were distributed in different clades and no obvious geographic structure had been formed. In conclusion, theG.dauricapopulations are characterized by high genetic diversity, high gene flow, and low genetic differentiation with no significant correlation with geographic distance.
Galerucadaurica; mt DNA COI; genetic diversity; genetic differentiation; gene flow; haplotype
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31360441)
張鵬飛,男,1990年生,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)槔ハx(chóng)分子生態(tài)學(xué),E-mail: 296308147@qq.com
*通訊作者Author for correspondence, E-mail: pangbp@imau.edu.cn
Received:2016-03-01;接受日期Accepted:2016-05-08
Q963;S433.5
A
1674-0858(2017)02-0332-10
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