陳超,潘志龍,修迪,魏文通,張金龍,張歡,王碩,常致凱,王仁霞
1.河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所 河北廊坊 0650002.中國煤炭地質(zhì)總局水文地質(zhì)局,河北邯鄲 0560043.河北省地礦局第一地質(zhì)大隊(duì),河北邯鄲 056800
北山地區(qū)紅柳園組沉積時(shí)代、沉積環(huán)境及源區(qū)構(gòu)造背景分析
陳超1,潘志龍1,修迪1,魏文通1,張金龍1,張歡1,王碩1,常致凱2,王仁霞3
1.河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所 河北廊坊 0650002.中國煤炭地質(zhì)總局水文地質(zhì)局,河北邯鄲 0560043.河北省地礦局第一地質(zhì)大隊(duì),河北邯鄲 056800
北山地區(qū)位于華北板塊、塔里木板塊和哈薩克斯坦板塊交匯帶,晚古生代構(gòu)造演化倍受關(guān)注且久有爭議,該地區(qū)晚古生代地層的研究對(duì)探討大地構(gòu)造演化具有重要意義。利用同位素定年、沉積相分析、粒度分析和碎屑成分統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法對(duì)北山地區(qū)早石炭世紅柳園組進(jìn)行研究。在下部火山巖中獲得LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb年齡為359.9±1.4 Ma,參考區(qū)域古生物資料,其形成時(shí)代應(yīng)為早石炭世早期。紅柳園組上部碎屑巖中發(fā)育大量濁流沉積構(gòu)造和典型鮑馬序列,其中砂巖成熟度較低,并且粒度分析結(jié)果顯示具有濁流沉積的粒度特征,這些證據(jù)共同指示紅柳園組為近物源濁流沉積。此外通過碎屑組分統(tǒng)計(jì)和Qt-F-L、Qm-F-Lt以及Qp-Lv-Ls圖解對(duì)沉積構(gòu)造背景進(jìn)行了探討,發(fā)現(xiàn)研究區(qū)紅柳園組物源主要來自火山弧,表明其形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境應(yīng)為與島弧鄰近的沉積盆地。
北山地區(qū);晚古生代;紅柳園組;鋯石U-Pb年齡;濁流沉積;構(gòu)造背景
北山地區(qū)位于中亞造山帶南緣,地處華北板塊、塔里木板塊和哈薩克斯坦板塊交匯帶,銜接了南天山縫合帶和索倫縫合帶,在其漫長的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造演化歷程中,經(jīng)歷了多期次、多階段的板塊裂解—俯沖—碰撞—拼合的復(fù)雜地質(zhì)演化過程,具多旋回復(fù)合造山的特點(diǎn)[1-3]。該地區(qū)的構(gòu)造單元?jiǎng)澐?、地殼演化、古亞洲洋開啟閉合時(shí)限等問題一直備受國內(nèi)外地質(zhì)界關(guān)注。近年來,許多學(xué)者對(duì)北山地區(qū)進(jìn)行了大量研究工作,取得了一系列重要認(rèn)識(shí)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為古亞洲洋閉合時(shí)間在中晚泥盆世之前,石炭紀(jì)—二疊紀(jì)進(jìn)入陸內(nèi)裂谷演化階段[4-7];另一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為古亞洲洋閉合時(shí)間為早石炭世末期,石炭紀(jì)—二疊紀(jì)之間存在造山事件[8];還有一種觀點(diǎn)則認(rèn)為古亞洲洋的消亡時(shí)間為二疊紀(jì),石炭紀(jì)—二疊紀(jì)為洋陸演化階段[9-10]。由此可見,國內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)北山地區(qū)的大地構(gòu)造演化尚存在不同認(rèn)識(shí),尤其是古亞洲洋的閉合時(shí)限仍是其中分歧較大的問題之一。目前北山地區(qū)的大地構(gòu)造演化探討主要來自侵入巖、蛇綠巖等方面的證據(jù),然而地層學(xué)、沉積學(xué)方面的依據(jù)較少。在北山蒜井子地區(qū)1∶5萬區(qū)域礦產(chǎn)地質(zhì)調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,以早石炭世紅柳園組為研究對(duì)象,擬通過年代學(xué)、沉積學(xué)、巖石學(xué)和碎屑成分統(tǒng)計(jì)分析等方法,研究其形成時(shí)代、沉積環(huán)境、物質(zhì)來源及構(gòu)造背景,豐富北山地區(qū)地層方的研究,并為進(jìn)一步探討北山地區(qū)晚古生代大地構(gòu)造背景及古亞洲洋閉合時(shí)限提供依據(jù)。
研究區(qū)位于紅柳河—牛圈子—洗腸井蛇綠巖帶以南,大地構(gòu)造位置處于塔里木板塊北緣,地層區(qū)劃隸屬于塔里木—南疆地層大區(qū)—中、南天山—北天山地層區(qū)—紅柳園地層小區(qū)[11]。區(qū)內(nèi)出露地層有元古代、晚古生代、中生代和新生代地層(圖1)。元古代地層為一套濱淺海相碎屑巖、碳酸鹽巖沉積建造,含古藻類化石。晚古生代地層自下而上依次劃分為:早石炭世紅柳園組和早二疊雙堡塘組。紅柳園組出露不完整,未見底,頂部被雙堡塘組和早白堊世赤金堡組不整合覆蓋,下部為火山巖夾少量沉積巖組合,巖性有灰綠色杏仁狀玄武巖、細(xì)碧巖、玄武安山巖、安山巖、流紋巖夾灰色薄層長石砂巖、粉砂巖等;上部為灰色含礫粗砂巖、砂巖、粉砂巖等組成的韻律性沉積,含腕足類、珊瑚和海百合莖等化石。雙堡塘組角度不整合于下伏紅柳園組之上,巖性以富含生物化石碎屑的灰?guī)r為主,夾砂巖、粉砂巖等碎屑巖,產(chǎn)腕足類、瓣鰓類、苔蘚蟲等化石,時(shí)代為早二疊世。中生代地層僅見早白堊世赤金堡組,角度不整合于早白堊世之前的地層和侵入巖之上,巖性主要為灰綠色、紫紅色泥巖、粉砂巖和灰白色細(xì)砂巖等,產(chǎn)淡水動(dòng)物化石和植物化石。新生代出露地層為上新世苦泉組,巖性為半膠結(jié)或松散的紅色、褐紅色粉砂巖、砂礫巖。研究區(qū)出露大面積侵入巖,主要為華力西中期花崗閃長巖和華力西晚期花崗閃長巖、二長花崗巖,巖基狀產(chǎn)出,侵入早石炭世紅柳園組。區(qū)內(nèi)斷裂構(gòu)造較發(fā)育,以北東東向和北西向斷層為主,其中北西向斷裂規(guī)模較大,形成于華力西期之后,燕山期以前(圖1)。
圖1 北山地區(qū)蒜井子一帶地質(zhì)簡圖(據(jù)陳超*陳超,劉增校,潘志龍,等. 1∶5萬石板井等四幅區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查圖. 2016.、潘志龍*潘志龍,陳超,劉增校,等. 1∶5萬基東等四幅區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查圖. 2015.等改編,大地構(gòu)造位置據(jù)楊合群等)1.第四系;2.苦泉組;3.赤金堡組;4.雙堡塘組;5.紅柳園組;6.元古代地層;7.華力西中期花崗巖;8.華力西晚期花崗巖;9.地質(zhì)界線;10.不整合界線;11.巖相界線;12.逆斷層;13.性質(zhì)不明斷層;14.采樣位置Fig.1 Geological sketch map of the Suanjingzi area, Beishan
鋯石U-Pb測年樣品采于下部細(xì)碧巖(JDTW2),巖石呈斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2a),斑晶為斜長石(5%)、單斜輝石(5%),大小一般0.1~1.0 mm,零散狀分布,斜長石為鈉長石,半自形—近半自形板狀,輕微高嶺土化,
單斜輝石主呈半自形柱狀、粒狀?;|(zhì)由斜長石(45%~50%)、單斜輝石(35%~40%)、不透明礦物(5%)等構(gòu)成,直徑一般<0.2 mm,斜長石為鈉長石,主呈板條狀、針柱狀等,單斜輝石主呈針柱狀、纖狀等填隙于斜長石粒間,不透明礦物部分呈板狀、粒狀,星散分布,與纖柱狀斜長石、輝石混雜在一起構(gòu)成球顆結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2b)。
粒度分析樣品和碎屑組分統(tǒng)計(jì)分析樣品采于紅柳園組上部砂巖(圖2c),巖石由陸源砂和填隙物組成,陸源砂包括巖屑(20%~50%)、長石(25%~40%)、石英(20%~50%),呈棱角—次棱角狀,巖屑以流紋巖為主,其次為花崗巖、安山巖、粉砂巖、絹云板巖、硅質(zhì)巖、綠泥石、云母等;長石主為斜長石,具絹云母化;石英粒內(nèi)多具波狀、帶狀消光,局部見次生加大邊。砂粒大小以0.25~0.5 mm的中砂為主,0.1~0.25 mm的細(xì)砂及0.5~1.0 mm的粗砂比較少。填隙物包括黏土雜基、硅質(zhì)膠結(jié)物。黏土雜基已重結(jié)晶為微細(xì)鱗片狀絹云母,填隙于砂粒之間。硅質(zhì)膠結(jié)物重結(jié)晶為石英砂粒的次生加大邊(圖2d)。根據(jù)碎屑成分的含量,紅柳園組上部砂巖主要為長石巖屑砂巖和巖屑長石砂巖。
3.1 測試方法
鋯石的挑選在河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。樣品破碎到40~60目,然后在雙目鏡下人工挑選干凈和自形程度較高,包裹體、裂隙少的鋯石顆粒與數(shù)粒Temora(標(biāo)樣)黏貼在一起制成環(huán)氧樹脂樣品靶。經(jīng)打磨、拋光后對(duì)鋯石進(jìn)行反射光、透射光和陰極發(fā)光顯微照相,并對(duì)鋯石外觀特征進(jìn)行研究,選取具有明顯震蕩環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)且無裂隙和包裹體的巖漿鋯石進(jìn)行測試。LA-ICP-MS鋯石微區(qū)U-Pb同位素測定在中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局天津地質(zhì)調(diào)查中心同位素實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行,激光束斑直徑為35 μm,頻率8~10 Hz,激光器能量密度13~14 J/cm2。實(shí)驗(yàn)中采用GJ-1作為外部鋯石年齡標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)行U-Pb同位素分餾校正。數(shù)據(jù)處理采用中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)劉勇勝博士研發(fā)的ICP-MSDataCal程序[12]和Ludwig的Isoplot 程序[13]。采用208Pb校正法對(duì)普通Pb進(jìn)行校正[14],利用NIST612 玻璃標(biāo)樣作為外標(biāo),計(jì)算鋯石樣品的Pb、U、Th含量。
圖2 紅柳園組細(xì)碧巖和砂巖樣品野外及鏡下特征a,b.細(xì)碧巖野外特征和薄片顯微特征;c,d.砂巖野外特征和薄片顯微特征Ab.鈉長石;Cpx.單斜輝石;Fs.長石;Qz.石英;L.巖屑Fig.2 Field and microscopic (crossed nicols) characteristics of spilite and sandstone in Hongliuyuan Formation
3.2 測試結(jié)果
JDTW2樣品鋯石為透明柱狀,晶形較好,鋯石震蕩環(huán)帶較寬,共選取30顆鋯石分析了30個(gè)測點(diǎn),其中6個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)異常已刪除(圖3)。除17號(hào)點(diǎn)和20號(hào)點(diǎn),其余鋯石Th/U比值勻大于0.4,在0.53~4.99之間(表1),具有巖漿鋯石的特點(diǎn)。在年齡諧和圖上,206Pb/238U年齡在355~445 Ma之間,其中9個(gè)偏老的年齡沿和諧線分散分布,可能為繼承或捕獲鋯石年齡;2個(gè)年齡和諧性差,可能與其放射性鉛的丟失有關(guān);比較集中的13個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的加權(quán)平均年齡為359.9±1.4 Ma(N = 13,MSWD = 0.90)(圖4)。時(shí)代為晚泥盆世晚期—早石炭世初期。
3.3 地層時(shí)代討論
北山地區(qū)紅柳園組由甘肅省第二區(qū)測隊(duì)1965年創(chuàng)名于甘肅省肅北縣柳園車站西的紅柳園,系指一套正常沉積的碎屑巖,含化石,頂、底關(guān)系不清。1969、1970年,甘肅省第二區(qū)測隊(duì)先后在后紅泉、紅柳大泉等地開展1∶20萬區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查工作時(shí),將紅柳園組改稱柳園組,包含了碎屑巖、火山巖、變質(zhì)巖等巖性段。1990年《甘肅省地質(zhì)志》恢復(fù)使用紅柳園組,并將其限定為碎屑巖夾灰?guī)r。《甘肅省巖石地層》、《內(nèi)蒙古巖石地層》予以引用?,F(xiàn)在紅柳園組定義為不整合于早古生代石英閃長巖和其他老地層之上的礫巖、砂巖、頁巖夾灰?guī)r的淺海相復(fù)理石建造,含豐富的珊瑚、腕足類化石,次層型為額濟(jì)納旗北山煤礦剖面,含珊瑚:Palaeosmiliacf.cocava,Amplexusmirabilis等,腕足類Spirifersp.,Brachythyrinasp. 等,時(shí)代為石炭紀(jì)[15]。北山地區(qū)紅柳園組多斷續(xù)出露,在紅柳園一帶以碎屑巖為主,向東、西兩側(cè)火山巖增多。研究區(qū)內(nèi)紅柳園組巖性組合與其定義和次層型基本一致,且1∶20萬區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查在該組上部發(fā)現(xiàn)Spirifersp.(石燕)、Camarotoechiasp.(穹房貝)、Meekospirasp.(密氏螺)、Straparollussp(圓臍螺)、Euomphalussp.(全臍螺)、Yunaniasp.?(云南螺?)、Amplexussp.及珊瑚、海百合莖化石等,這些化石多見于石炭—二疊紀(jì)地層中。此次研究在紅柳園組下部細(xì)碧巖中成功獲得的鋯石U-Pb年齡為359.9±1.4 Ma,時(shí)代為晚泥盆世晚期—早石炭世初期。綜合上述古生物化石資料和鋯石U-Pb同位素年齡,北山地區(qū)蒜井子一帶紅柳園組地層時(shí)代應(yīng)歸屬為早石炭世早期。
圖3 紅柳園組細(xì)碧巖鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像及LA-ICP-MS測點(diǎn)位置Fig.3 CL images and dating spots of some zircons of spilite in Hongliuyuan Formation
測點(diǎn)含量/10-6PbU同位素比值年齡/Ma232Th/238U206Pb/238U1σ207Pb/235U1σ207Pb/206Pb1σ206Pb/238U1σ207Pb/235U1σ207Pb/206Pb1σ16831.10830.05760.00040.42960.03760.05410.004836133633237719933500.92260.05770.00060.42960.05070.05400.00633624363433722654101530.73460.05720.00040.42660.02480.05410.003135833612137512953441.16530.06620.00100.50790.07630.05560.00824136417634383277101470.81220.06630.00040.50590.01590.05530.0017414241613425708415760.61070.06970.00040.62330.00690.06490.0007434249257712210639430.58550.06590.00040.50160.00460.05520.000541224134420211191470.80270.05940.00040.44300.04540.05410.00563723372383742331371091.47200.05730.00040.42800.02290.05410.00293592362193771211491290.86110.06630.00040.50900.02050.05570.00224142418174398915283661.79010.07140.00040.54850.01050.05570.001144524449440431671020.81030.06660.00040.50670.02630.05520.00294163416224191161751010.31690.05670.00040.42450.02760.05430.003535523592338414618101491.59840.05750.00040.42830.02530.05410.0032360236221374134206870.06280.06530.00061.95050.06740.21670.007740841099382956582171130.91990.05750.00040.42720.02260.05390.0029360236119366120226931.58280.05680.00040.42130.02990.05380.0038356235725362160235781.07630.05790.00050.43200.02460.05410.0030363336521376125244700.92080.05810.00050.43510.03380.05430.0042364336728384174256901.35560.06280.00050.47170.02590.05450.003039333922239112426111741.08060.05760.00030.42710.01490.05380.001936123611336279276831.27970.05750.00050.42980.04240.05420.0054360336336381223295721.33320.05780.00040.43060.03470.05400.004436233642937118530131901.58540.06070.00040.45820.01050.05480.00123802383940251
圖4 紅柳園組細(xì)碧巖LA-ICP-MS 鋯石 U-Pb 諧和圖和206Pb/238U 年齡Fig.4 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and 206Pb/238U weight average ages of spilite in Hongliuyuan Formation
紅柳園組上部為灰色含礫粗砂巖→長石巖屑砂巖→粉砂巖等組成下粗上細(xì)的韻律性沉積,每個(gè)沉積韻律厚度一般在0.5~2 m之間(圖5a),平面展布規(guī)模較大。砂巖中發(fā)育大量的準(zhǔn)同生變形構(gòu)造,在含礫粗砂巖底面可見明顯的負(fù)載構(gòu)造(圖5b)、火焰狀構(gòu)造(圖5c),巖層內(nèi)具正粒序?qū)永?圖5d),長石巖屑砂巖發(fā)育塊狀層理、平行層理(圖5e,f)。垂向上具不同沉積構(gòu)造的巖性疊置構(gòu)成Tabd、Tab和Tcd三種不完整的鮑馬序列類型(圖6)。在a和b段取5件砂巖樣品進(jìn)行粒度分析。結(jié)果表明(表2),平均粒度(Mz)為0.13~1.55 φ,屬中砂至粗砂級(jí);標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差(σ1)為0.32~0.83,分選中等。樣品PM21Ld2和PM21Ld3偏度(Sk1)為-0.19和-0.43<-0.1,為負(fù)偏態(tài),說明在粗粒一側(cè)有低的尾部,PM21Ld1、PM21Ld4和PM21Ld5偏度(Sk1)為0.03~0.35>0,為正偏態(tài),指示粒度集中在中端至粗端部分,在細(xì)粒一側(cè)表現(xiàn)為低的尾部[16]。峰態(tài)(Kg)為0.92~1.2,屬中等至窄峰態(tài),且中部的分選性略高于尾部,表明沉積物被帶入新環(huán)境后曾經(jīng)過改造。薩胡判別公式Y(jié)濁流∶河流=(4.460 5~8.091 8)<9.843 3,且平均值為6.123 5,接近濁流沉積平均值7.979 1[17]。以上粒度參數(shù)整體與濁流沉積物粒度特征相似[18]。砂巖樣品粒度概率累積曲線呈三段式或兩段式,牽引總體(C)和跳躍總體(A) 之間粗截點(diǎn)(T截點(diǎn))為0~1 φ,說明水動(dòng)力條件中等至強(qiáng);跳躍總體(A)和懸浮總體(B)之間細(xì)截點(diǎn)(S截點(diǎn))為0.7~2 φ;跳躍總體(A)范圍為0~2 φ,從中砂到粗砂級(jí)別均有,其斜率多數(shù)為60°~70°,表明分選中等(圖7a)。這些特征與牽引流存在明顯區(qū)別,而與哈德遜濁積扇和現(xiàn)代深海阿里斯托亞扇的粒度曲線相似[19-20]。在C-M圖中(圖7b),樣品分布平行于C = M線,說明C值與M值呈線性相關(guān),指示沉積物呈遞變懸浮搬運(yùn)[21]。此外,碎屑顆粒呈棱角狀、次棱角狀,多為顆粒支撐,分選中等或較差(圖2d),說明分選不充分,距物源較近;碎屑成分長石和巖屑含量較高(56.67%~75.70%),表明成分成熟度較低,不具備再搬運(yùn)產(chǎn)物的特征。綜合以上碎屑巖巖石學(xué)特征、沉積構(gòu)造和粒度分析等,研究區(qū)紅柳園組為近物源濁流沉積。
碎屑巖中的碎屑組分受到沉積物源區(qū)特征(包括地形和氣候)、搬運(yùn)機(jī)制、沉積環(huán)境和成巖作用等多種因素制約,但無疑源區(qū)構(gòu)造背景是其中最重要的控制因素[22]。Dickinsonetal.[23-24]根據(jù)已知構(gòu)造背景的現(xiàn)代和古代砂巖樣品碎屑組分統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,建立了碎屑—物源區(qū)—板塊構(gòu)造三位一體的分類方案。目前,該方案被廣泛應(yīng)用于碎屑巖的構(gòu)造背景分析[25-29]。研究區(qū)地處北山造山帶,沉積盆地與碎屑物源區(qū)之間的傳輸途徑較短,碎屑顆粒本身經(jīng)受風(fēng)化和搬運(yùn)作用的影響很小,因而更能準(zhǔn)確、可靠地反映它們形成的構(gòu)造背景。在紅柳園組上部不同層位選取10件砂巖樣品進(jìn)行了碎屑成分分析統(tǒng)計(jì)。統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明(表3),紅柳園組砂巖類型主要為長石巖屑砂巖、巖屑長石砂巖。除樣品PM14-b2石英含量(80.59%)較高以外,其他砂巖中石英(24.30%~43.33%)、長石(28.48%~45.95%)和巖屑(13.82%~44.23%)含量基本相當(dāng)。石英碎屑以單晶石英(15.95%~33.94%)為主,個(gè)別樣品(PM14-b2)含較多燧石等多晶石英,單晶石英類型較單調(diào),主為火山巖型,次為沉積巖型。長石碎屑中斜長石(17.11%~41.23%)含量高于鉀長石(0.66%~22.42%)含量。巖屑以火山巖(0~40.67%)為主,其中火山巖巖屑主為流紋巖,其次為花崗巖、安山巖,說明接受了火山巖蝕源區(qū)物質(zhì)的供應(yīng)。變質(zhì)巖巖屑和沉積巖巖屑(0~14.43%)含量較少,主為粉砂板巖、絹云板巖、細(xì)砂巖、粉砂巖、硅質(zhì)巖等。將上述砂巖的碎屑組合和及其特征參數(shù)與Valloni(1985)所總結(jié)的現(xiàn)代不同物源區(qū)砂的相應(yīng)資料進(jìn)行對(duì)比,可以看出,本區(qū)砂巖物源區(qū)總體與大洋島弧非常相近(表4)。
圖5 北山地區(qū)蒜井子一帶紅柳園組巖性組合及典型沉積構(gòu)造特征a.長石巖屑砂巖和粉砂巖沉積韻律;b.負(fù)載構(gòu)造;c.火焰狀構(gòu)造;d.正粒序?qū)永?;e.塊狀層理;f.平行層理Fig.5 The lithology and typical sedimentary structure characteristics of the Hongliuyuan Formation in Suanjingzi, Beishan area
樣品編號(hào)PM21Ld1PM21Ld2PM21Ld3PM21Ld4PM21Ld5巖性粗粒長石巖屑砂巖中粒長石巖屑砂巖含礫粗粒長石巖屑砂巖粗粒長石巖屑砂巖中粒長石巖屑砂巖粒度/mm?值區(qū)間頻數(shù)頻率/%頻數(shù)頻率/%頻數(shù)頻率/%頻數(shù)頻率/%頻數(shù)頻率/%4~2.83-2~-1.50000103.000002.83~2-1.5~-10000257.500002~1.41-1~-0.582.500329.651.4001.41~1-0.5~04012.200319.3205.7001~0.710~0.511535.241.29829.515543.9000.71~0.50.5~112237.3103.09628.910228.992.80.5~0.351~1.5247.311734.9267.84211.914644.80.35~0.251.5~2123.718254.3103.0226.212036.80.25~0.182~2.551.5185.430.951.43811.70.18~0.1252.5~310.341.1910.320.57113.40.125~0.093~3.50000000020.610.09~0.0643.5~40000000000合計(jì)327100335100332100353100326100平均粒度Mz(?)0.431.550.170.571.53標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差σ1(?)0.530.320.770.530.40偏度Sk10.03-0.19-0.430.350.19峰態(tài)Kg1.200.921.181.021.04薩胡判別Y濁流∶河流6.71914.66493.28298.09187.8590
圖6 北山地區(qū)蒜井子一帶紅柳園組鮑馬序列Fig.6 The Bouma sequence of the Hongliuyuan Formation in Suanjingzi, Beishan area
圖7 紅柳園組砂巖粒度概率累積曲線和C-M圖Fig.7 Grain size of sandstone probability accmulative curves and C-M diagram of Hongliuyuan Formation
為了更明確地反映紅柳園組沉積構(gòu)造背景,進(jìn)行了碎屑組分Qt-F-L、Qm-F-Lt以及Qp-Lv-Ls圖解判別。在Qt-F-L和Qm-F-Lt圖中,絕大部分樣品集中落于弧源區(qū)(圖8)。再根據(jù)巖屑類型來判別,Dickinsonetal.[23]認(rèn)為在與弧造山帶背景相關(guān)的構(gòu)造環(huán)境中所形成的砂巖往往含有大量的火山巖巖屑和長石,并具有高的燧石含量。紅柳園組砂巖樣品顯然具此特征。在反映快速沉積的砂巖物源區(qū)Qp-Lv-Ls圖解(圖8)中,可以清楚地區(qū)分出巖漿弧、漂移大陸邊緣及消減帶三個(gè)不同的物源區(qū)。在該圖解中,大部分樣品的投影點(diǎn)分布于火山弧造山帶物源區(qū)及其周圍,這與以上的判別結(jié)果基本一致,說明其形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境應(yīng)為與島弧鄰近的沉積盆地。
近年來,許多學(xué)者對(duì)北山地區(qū)進(jìn)行了大量研究工作,取得了一系列重要成果和認(rèn)識(shí)。毛啟貴[30]、Maoetal.[31]認(rèn)為二疊紀(jì)發(fā)育的濁積巖、基性超基性巖體、輝長巖、枕狀玄武巖、硅質(zhì)巖和塊狀玄武巖是因洋殼雙向俯沖就位的俯沖增生雜巖。李錦軼等[32]指出晚石炭世至二疊紀(jì)中期為安第斯型俯沖造山階段,二疊紀(jì)雙堡塘組玄武巖形成于弧后盆地。王立社等[33]在北山營毛沱地區(qū)中上志留統(tǒng)公婆泉群中發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)晶年齡為早石炭世的玄武巖,據(jù)此認(rèn)為塔里木板塊與哈薩克斯坦板塊的俯沖效應(yīng)可能延續(xù)到早石炭世。郭謙謙等[34]通過研究柳園等地古生代濁積巖構(gòu)造環(huán)境,認(rèn)為柳園地區(qū)晚古生代洋殼存在雙向俯沖。本文研究區(qū)位于柳園地區(qū)東北部,墩墩山島弧東側(cè)(圖1),泥盆紀(jì)墩墩山島弧主要由流紋巖、英安巖等組成,與紅柳園組砂巖碎屑成分以流紋巖等火山巖巖屑為主相吻合,其碎屑組分特征亦指示其形成于島弧背景,結(jié)合郭謙謙[35]對(duì)泥盆紀(jì)墩墩山島弧的研究,紅柳園組濁積巖物源可能來自附近的墩墩山島弧,并沉積于島弧鄰近的沉積盆地。同時(shí)表明在早石炭世北山地區(qū)古生代洋殼很可能仍在發(fā)生俯沖,那么推測古亞洲洋最終封閉時(shí)限應(yīng)在早石炭世之后,支持前人關(guān)于北山增生時(shí)間持續(xù)到早二疊世的觀點(diǎn)[30-34]。此外,近年來天山和索倫縫合帶均發(fā)現(xiàn)了石炭紀(jì)到二疊紀(jì)的增生事件[36],本次工作對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)北山造山帶和天山、索倫縫合帶的銜接具有重要的意義。
表3 紅柳園組砂巖碎屑組分統(tǒng)計(jì)表
注:Qm.單晶石英;Qp.多晶石英質(zhì)巖屑;Qt.石英顆??偭?Qm+Qp);P.斜長石;K.鉀長石;Ft.長石總量(P+K);Lv.火山巖屑;Ls.沉積巖和變質(zhì)沉積巖巖屑;L.不穩(wěn)定巖屑(Lv+Ls);Lt.多晶質(zhì)巖屑(L+Qp);數(shù)值單位為%。
表4 基本物源區(qū)碎屑組合及特征參數(shù)(據(jù)Valloni, 1985資料總結(jié))
注:C/Q=(燧石+多晶石英)/石英類總量;P/F=斜長石/長石總量;V/L=火山巖屑/巖屑類總量。
圖8 紅柳園組砂巖Qt-F-L、Qm-F-Lt和Qp-Lv-Ls構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別圖解(據(jù)Dickinson, 1983)Fig.8 Qt-F-L,Qm-F-Lt and Qp-Lv-Ls diagrams identifying the tectonic settings of sandstone in the Hongliuyuan Formation (after Dickinson, 1983)
(1) 北山蒜井子地區(qū)紅柳園組下部火山巖中的細(xì)碧巖LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb同位素年齡為359.9±1.4 Ma,參考區(qū)域古生物資料,紅柳園組沉積時(shí)代應(yīng)為早石炭世早期。
(2) 研究區(qū)紅柳園組上部為灰色含礫粗砂巖、砂巖、粉砂巖等組成的韻律性沉積,發(fā)育大量準(zhǔn)同生變形構(gòu)造和典型的鮑馬序列,其中砂巖成熟度較低,并且粒度分析顯示具有濁流沉積特征,這些證據(jù)共同指示紅柳園組為近物源濁流沉積。
(3) 巖相學(xué)研究表明紅柳園組砂巖中巖屑和長石含量較高,且含有較多火山巖巖屑,Qt-F-L、Qm-F-Lt以及Qp-Lv-Ls圖解顯示物源主要來自周圍的火山弧,形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境應(yīng)為與島弧鄰近的沉積盆地。
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Analysis on Sedimentary Period, Depositional Environment, and Provenance Tectonic Setting of Hongliuyuan Formation in Beishan Area
CHEN Chao1, PAN ZhiLong1, XIU Di1, WEI WenTong1, ZHANG JinLong1, ZHANG Huan1, WANG Shuo1, CHANG ZhiKai2, WANG RenXia3
1. Institute of Regional Geological and Mineral Resource Survey of Hebei Province, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China2. Hydrogeological Exploration Bureau, CNACG , Handan, Hebei 056004, China3. Geological group, Hebei Geology and Minerals Bureau, Handan, Hebei 056800, China
The Beishan orogenic belt is the juncture area of Paleozoic Kazakstan Plate, Tarim Plate and North China Plate. Much remains to be discovered concerning the Late Paleozoic evolution in Beishan area. Therefore, the study on Late Paleozoic stratigraphy is of great importance to reveal the tectonic evolution. Hongliuyuan Formation was studied by isotopic dating,sedimentary facies analysis, grain size analysis and statistical analysis of detrital components in this paper. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of the volcanic rock at the bottom of Hongliuyuan Formation was 359.9±1.4 Ma, refering to regional paleontological data, which belong to the Early Carboniferous. Clastic sediments in the upper developed a large number of turbidite sedimentary structures and typical Bouma sequence, sandstone maturity was much lower, and the results of grain size analysis showed the grain size characteristics of turbidite deposition, which jointly suggest that Hongliuyuan Formation should belong to near provenance turbidite. In addition, statistics of detrital components, Qt-F-L, Qm-F-Lt and Qp-Lv-Ls diagram were used to study sedimentary tectonic background. The results showed that sedimentary provenance of Hongliuyuan Formation in Suanjingzi area are mainly from volcanic arc, and its tectonic setting should be the sedimentary basin adjacent to island arc.
Beishan area; Late Palaeozoic; Hongliuyuan Formation; zircon U-Pb dating; turbitidy current sediment; tectonic setting
1000-0550(2017)03-0470-10
10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2017.03.005
2016-06-23; 收修改稿日期: 2016-08-08
中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局項(xiàng)目(12120113056500)[Foundation: China Geological Survey Project, No. 12120113056500]
陳超,男,1984年出生,工程師,沉積地質(zhì)學(xué),E-mail: chchgood@163.com
P512.2
A