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有色黏蟲(chóng)板對(duì)柑橘木虱的監(jiān)測(cè)及防治研究進(jìn)展

2017-05-30 17:49:26許煒明李翌菡張盛沈祖樂(lè)邱寶利
熱帶作物學(xué)報(bào) 2017年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:監(jiān)測(cè)

許煒明 李翌菡 張盛 沈祖樂(lè) 邱寶利

摘 要 柑橘黃龍病是柑橘生產(chǎn)中的重大病害,隨著其在全球范圍內(nèi)的傳播蔓延,該病已成為近年來(lái)柑橘生產(chǎn)和研究中普遍關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)是傳播柑橘黃龍病菌(Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus)的主要蟲(chóng)媒,對(duì)柑橘木虱種群的準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測(cè)與有效防控是控制柑橘木虱傳播黃龍病的關(guān)鍵所在。有色黏蟲(chóng)板是一種利用昆蟲(chóng)趨色性,對(duì)小型飛行昆蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)與誘殺的重要物理防治手段。有色黏蟲(chóng)板同樣適用于監(jiān)測(cè)和誘捕柑橘木虱,但黏蟲(chóng)板的顏色、光源、氣候條件、懸掛黏蟲(chóng)板的植物種類及其揮發(fā)性信息化合物成分等都會(huì)影響?zhàn)はx(chóng)板對(duì)柑橘木虱的誘集效果。本文在綜合國(guó)內(nèi)外柑橘木虱防控技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,將近年來(lái)利用有色黏蟲(chóng)板,監(jiān)測(cè)與防控柑橘木虱的最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,并對(duì)有色黏蟲(chóng)板的發(fā)展前景給予展望。

關(guān)鍵詞 柑橘木虱;有色黏蟲(chóng)板;監(jiān)測(cè);害蟲(chóng)綜合治理

中圖分類號(hào) S433 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A

Advances in the Monitoring and Control of Diaphorina citri

Kuwayama by Using Color Sticky Traps

XU Weiming1,2, LI Yihan1, ZHANG Sheng1, SHEN Zule2, QIU Baoli1,2 *

1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application / Engineering Technology Research Center

of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China

2 Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education / Department of Entomology,

South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China

Abstract The citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the vector of citrus Huanglongbing disease(Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus)which is currently considered as a major threat to citrus throughout the world. This review article explains the use of color sticky traps for the monitoring and control of D. citri as well the recent advances and future prospects of this technology in D. citri management. Color sticky traps prepared by painting vaseline, oil and glue etc. on them act as physical pest control agents by using the phototaxis behavior of small flying pests. As the use of sticky traps is a simple, convenient, pollution-free pest control measure, it has brought an unexpected effects to the insect populations in the field. The color, light source, weather condition, suspension of the host species, and the addition odor volatiles can influence trapping capacity of these traps. This current review is expected to provide basic knowledge as well as technical support for the future research work on integrated citrus psyllid management.

Key words Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; color sticky traps; monitoring; integrated pest management

doi 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2017.01.032

柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)屬于半翅目(Hemiptera)木虱科(Psyllidae),因其可傳播植物韌皮部中的細(xì)菌Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,進(jìn)而引發(fā)柑橘災(zāi)難性的病害——柑橘黃龍病(Huanglongbing,HLB),目前已成為柑橘生產(chǎn)中危害最為嚴(yán)重的害蟲(chóng)[1]。柑橘植株一旦感染黃龍病,會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響柑橘果實(shí)的產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì),植株抗病能力下降,枝葉黃化,枝梢逐漸枯死,甚至全株死亡,給柑橘產(chǎn)區(qū)帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[2]。柑橘木虱分布地區(qū)廣泛,國(guó)內(nèi)目前主要分布在廣東、福建、海南、廣西、江西、貴州等柑橘產(chǎn)區(qū)。國(guó)外主要分布在美國(guó)、日本、泰國(guó)、印度、印度尼西亞、巴西和非洲一些國(guó)家,而且分布范圍有逐年擴(kuò)大的趨勢(shì)[3-5]。

柑橘木虱主要為害蕓香科植物。我國(guó)目前已知的柑橘木虱寄主植物分布于蕓香科的7個(gè)屬,包括:枳屬、柑橘屬、金柑屬、黃皮屬、九里香屬、吳茱萸屬和酒餅簕屬[6]。柑橘木虱為刺吸式昆蟲(chóng),以成蟲(chóng)和若蟲(chóng)刺吸取食寄主植物汁液,喜通風(fēng)透光處所,苗圃和幼年樹(shù)經(jīng)常抽發(fā)嫩芽新梢,容易遭受柑橘木虱為害,危害嚴(yán)重時(shí)導(dǎo)致植株新梢生長(zhǎng)不良,畸形扭曲,甚至慢慢干枯萎縮[7]。此外,木虱若蟲(chóng)分泌的蜜露可導(dǎo)致煤煙病,影響植株光合作用,最終影響植株的正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。

與直接取食為害相比,柑橘木虱危害的嚴(yán)重性在于它是田間傳播柑橘黃龍病的重要蟲(chóng)媒。從1920~1970年短短50年期間,由于黃龍病的發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致數(shù)千萬(wàn)棵柑橘樹(shù)死亡[8],僅20世紀(jì)70年代中后期廣西柳州暴發(fā)的柑橘黃龍病就毀掉了數(shù)千畝柑橘園[9]。在泰國(guó),柑橘黃龍病肆虐導(dǎo)致每年全國(guó)10%~15%的柑橘樹(shù)不得不被挖掘銷毀[10]。1998年,美國(guó)首次報(bào)道了在其東南部柑橘產(chǎn)區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)柑橘木虱[11],2005年,美國(guó)Florida南部監(jiān)測(cè)到了柑橘黃龍病的發(fā)生,黃龍病很快沿著Florida沿海地區(qū)向北蔓延,大量有生產(chǎn)價(jià)值的柑橘植株受到感染[12]。由此可見(jiàn),柑橘木虱及其傳播的黃龍病對(duì)世界柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)造成了嚴(yán)重的威脅,如何有效控制柑橘木虱已成為防治柑橘黃龍病的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。

目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)柑橘木虱的防治主要采用化學(xué)防治和生物防治兩種措施[13],而化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的大范圍濫用,不僅導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染,還引發(fā)了昆蟲(chóng)抗藥性等諸多問(wèn)題。大量報(bào)道表明柑橘木虱對(duì)常用的許多農(nóng)藥已產(chǎn)生了抗藥性[14-15]。趨色性是多數(shù)昆蟲(chóng)所固有的生物學(xué)習(xí)性,農(nóng)業(yè)上常利用這一習(xí)性對(duì)害蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行誘集,或用于害蟲(chóng)的監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)以及防治,從而降低害蟲(chóng)在農(nóng)田中的危害程度[16-17]。近年來(lái),有色黏蟲(chóng)板因其無(wú)公害,易操作等特點(diǎn),逐漸成為柑橘木虱種群監(jiān)測(cè)以及防治的重要手段,而且隨著黏板顏色、組分及應(yīng)用技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新,有色黏蟲(chóng)板對(duì)木虱害蟲(chóng)的監(jiān)測(cè)與誘殺已初見(jiàn)成效[18-22]。在此,筆者重點(diǎn)綜述了近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外利用有色黏蟲(chóng)板監(jiān)測(cè)與誘捕柑橘木虱的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展,以期為今后柑橘木虱的綠色防控提供參考。

1 黏蟲(chóng)板顏色對(duì)其誘集柑橘木虱效率的影響

昆蟲(chóng)的趨色反應(yīng)是其在長(zhǎng)期的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中形成的一種生物學(xué)行為,不同的昆蟲(chóng)對(duì)不同的波長(zhǎng)具有不同的趨向性。Sétamou等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同顏色的有色黏蟲(chóng)板對(duì)柑橘木虱的誘集數(shù)量有著顯著的差異,表明柑橘木虱本身具有感知以及分辨色板顏色的能力。有色黏蟲(chóng)板對(duì)柑橘木虱誘集量最高的色板是黃板,其次是紅板,而白板和藍(lán)板的誘集量最低,綠板誘集量適中。該結(jié)果與色板的反射率值有密切關(guān)系[18]。除了白板之外,其余的有色板在可見(jiàn)光波長(zhǎng)間都存在較高的積累反射率值,尤其在橙色(590~635 nm)和紅色(635~700 nm)波長(zhǎng)區(qū)域,黃板以及紅板的反射率值顯著高于藍(lán)板和綠板[21,23-25]。在可見(jiàn)光譜中的黃色波長(zhǎng)區(qū)域(560~590 nm),黃板的反射率達(dá)到最高峰,同樣,紅板的反射率值逐漸從16%上升至40%。柑橘木虱更趨向于波長(zhǎng)反射率值高于560 nm的有色板,并且色板誘集木虱的數(shù)量,會(huì)在黃色、紅色以及橙色區(qū)域之間隨著反射率值的增加而增加,同樣也隨著紅藍(lán)與黃藍(lán)比值的增加而增加[20-21]。盡管現(xiàn)有的研究,尚未明確揭示出色板誘集柑橘木虱的數(shù)量與三原色(藍(lán)、紅、綠)的反射率值的顯著關(guān)系,但已發(fā)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單的紅藍(lán)比值(R680/450、R700/R450)與色板誘集木虱的數(shù)量有著緊密的聯(lián)系,這表明該比值在柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)尋找寄主這一行為上扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色[18,26]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于柑橘木虱眼部的研究表明,柑橘木虱對(duì)紅板具有趨向性的原因之一是柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)具有紅色底物感光器,它的眼部存在一定量的紅色素,該色素導(dǎo)致了其生理上的假象行為,從而使柑橘木虱被紅板所吸引[18,27-29]。此外,顏色對(duì)于柑橘木虱的吸引與它們偏愛(ài)取食的寄主種類有關(guān),在自然界中,柑橘木虱會(huì)優(yōu)先選擇蕓香科寄主的幼嫩部位而非成熟部位去取食和繁殖,這些嫩梢相比成熟的枝梢在紅、橙、黃波長(zhǎng)區(qū)域有較高的反射率值[30]。因此,不同的色板顏色是柑橘木虱誘集效率的重要因素之一。

2 光源對(duì)于黏蟲(chóng)板誘集柑橘木虱效率的影響

昆蟲(chóng)視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)中的光感受器是昆蟲(chóng)對(duì)光產(chǎn)生各種行為反應(yīng)的內(nèi)在生理基礎(chǔ),外部光環(huán)境則影響著昆蟲(chóng)的趨光性、晝夜節(jié)律等行為。有報(bào)道稱,存在光源的場(chǎng)所,柑橘木虱的誘集率明顯高于無(wú)光源的場(chǎng)所,表明光源會(huì)影響柑橘木虱的飛行行為[22]。Sétamou等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),柑橘木虱具有明顯的趨光性,光源的強(qiáng)弱可以影響柑橘木虱的飛行行為,進(jìn)而影響柑橘木虱對(duì)寄主植物的選擇。在白天,有色黏蟲(chóng)板對(duì)柑橘木虱誘捕的數(shù)量較多,而夜晚誘集到的種群數(shù)量卻非常少,當(dāng)在夜晚提供光源條件后發(fā)現(xiàn),黏蟲(chóng)板的誘集率會(huì)增加5倍以上。Sétamou等[23]的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘捕柑橘木虱的數(shù)量會(huì)隨著一天時(shí)段的變化而變化,在12 : 00~15 : 00階段,有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘集木虱的數(shù)量達(dá)到峰值;15 : 00~18 : 00階段,誘集量逐漸減少,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明了光源對(duì)于柑橘木虱誘集效率的影響[23]。

此外,Zaka等[31]研究表明番石榴是柑橘木虱的非寄主植物,其揮發(fā)性化合物對(duì)柑橘木虱有一定的趨避作用,在有光源且同時(shí)存在柑橘嫩梢和番石榴嫩梢的條件下,柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)明顯傾向于柑橘而非番石榴植株,而同樣的條件在無(wú)光源下進(jìn)行時(shí),卻無(wú)法獲得相同的結(jié)果。除此之外,在有光源的條件下,棲息于寄主植物和非寄主植物的柑橘木虱總數(shù)顯著多于黑暗條件;有趣的是,在有光源的條件下,非寄主植物番石榴上柑橘木虱數(shù)量竟高于黑暗條件下寄主植物柑橘上的柑橘木虱數(shù)量,表明相較于其他定位寄主植物的線索,光源以及視覺(jué)線索更能決定柑橘木虱識(shí)別和選擇自身的寄主[23]。林雄杰等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在相同光照強(qiáng)度條件下,柑橘木虱對(duì)綠光和藍(lán)光的趨光性較好;相同波長(zhǎng)條件下,強(qiáng)度較大的光照引發(fā)的木虱趨光性更為明顯。此外,Paris等[33]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管田間實(shí)驗(yàn)表明黃板對(duì)于柑橘木虱來(lái)說(shuō)最具吸引力[20,23],但LED黃光源吸引柑橘木虱的程度與LED綠光源(與寄主植物反射比相似)以及紫外光(尤其是375 nm)一致;對(duì)柑橘木虱的光譜敏感性進(jìn)行測(cè)定,結(jié)果表明柑橘木虱對(duì)波長(zhǎng)在350、430、500和580 nm的4種光元素較為敏感,當(dāng)昆蟲(chóng)自身對(duì)某種光元素有反應(yīng)時(shí),則被看作對(duì)該光波長(zhǎng)有較高的敏感度[34]。因此,光源對(duì)于柑橘木虱尋找寄主的行為起著至關(guān)重要的作用[33]。

3 氣候條件對(duì)于黏蟲(chóng)板誘集柑橘木虱效率的影響

研究表明,柑橘木虱的種群動(dòng)態(tài)、其寄主嫩枝的發(fā)育階段直接影響有色黏蟲(chóng)板對(duì)柑橘木虱的誘集效率,而氣候條件則是影響前兩者的最關(guān)鍵因素之一。例如,當(dāng)寄主嫩枝處于生長(zhǎng)周期期間,氣候條件可以影響木虱多種寄主植物的嫩枝發(fā)育,6月末至8月中旬,木虱寄主的嫩枝生長(zhǎng)最為理想,柑橘木虱的活動(dòng)力以及繁殖力也會(huì)隨之明顯增高[23,35]。此外,溫度可以顯著影響柑橘木虱的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育率、存活率、繁殖率以及壽命;柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵和若蟲(chóng)發(fā)育的最適溫度為25~28 ℃,發(fā)育最低溫度閾值大約在10 ℃左右,低于該溫度時(shí),柑橘木虱種群密度顯著下降,有色黏蟲(chóng)板的誘集率也隨之下降[36]。Hall等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),初夏色板誘集的柑橘木虱數(shù)量多于春季,因?yàn)榇耗┫某醯臍夂驐l件較適合柑橘木虱的繁殖,木虱生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育加快,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致柑橘木虱種群數(shù)量增加;在印度的柑橘園內(nèi),柑橘木虱一年往往發(fā)生9個(gè)世代,若在夏末秋初之際寄主植物能夠出現(xiàn)更多嫩枝,該年度柑橘木虱種群將會(huì)增加2個(gè)世代[30]。此外,柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)在柑橘園內(nèi)的飛行移動(dòng)是有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘集的原理之一,因此果園的風(fēng)速也會(huì)影響到有色黏蟲(chóng)板的誘集效率,風(fēng)速較大時(shí),柑橘木虱可能會(huì)被強(qiáng)風(fēng)從寄主植物上驅(qū)散或失去飛行的控制力[38]。柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)在距離寄主葉梢8 m以上時(shí)的分布活動(dòng)受環(huán)境相對(duì)濕度的影響較大,有色黏板誘集的木虱數(shù)量與環(huán)境相對(duì)濕度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[37]。

4 寄主植物種類及生長(zhǎng)階段對(duì)有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘捕木虱的影響

柑橘木虱的寄主范圍很廣,大多數(shù)寄主屬于蕓香科柑橘亞科[11]。有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘捕木虱的效率與寄主植物的種類有關(guān)。Sétamou等[23]研究表明,相同光照條件下,在柑橘嫩芽和番石榴嫩芽上,柑橘木虱選擇柑橘的種群數(shù)量顯著高于非寄主植物番石榴的數(shù)量。Arredondo[35]研究表明,當(dāng)色板顏色保持一致時(shí),檸檬、甜橙寄主與西柚果樹(shù)相比,放置在檸檬樹(shù)上的色板誘捕的柑橘木虱數(shù)量最多,其次是甜橙,而懸掛在西柚樹(shù)上的色板誘捕量最少。當(dāng)比較相同成熟度的不同植物種類時(shí),不同品種的三類柑橘屬植物檸檬、甜橙和西柚對(duì)于柑橘木虱具有不同的吸引力,其中檸檬吸引的柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量最多,其次是西柚,甜橙吸引木虱的數(shù)量最少;究其原因,推測(cè)是成熟的檸檬葉片在整個(gè)可見(jiàn)光譜中同西柚以及甜橙相比有較高的反射率值[18],檸檬的葉片呈現(xiàn)淺黃綠色,而甜橙和西柚的葉片呈現(xiàn)暗綠色[39]。Brennan等[40]的研究進(jìn)一步表明,柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)更傾向于正在生長(zhǎng)且呈現(xiàn)黃綠色的嫩芽而非成熟的葉片。

除了寄主植物的顏色對(duì)于柑橘木虱誘捕效果有影響外,寄主嫩枝的不同發(fā)育階段對(duì)木虱的誘集效率也存在較大差異,寄主嫩枝的發(fā)育初期萌芽羽化為細(xì)長(zhǎng)、擴(kuò)寬和柔嫩的葉片。該階段寄主嫩枝吸引的柑橘木虱成蟲(chóng)最多,13~15 d后,木虱的卵量以及若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量達(dá)到峰值,當(dāng)嫩枝逐漸成熟之后,木虱的卵量以及若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量開(kāi)始下降[35,41]。

5 不同性別以及交配狀態(tài)對(duì)黏蟲(chóng)板誘集柑橘木虱效率的影響

柑橘木虱能夠通過(guò)寄主植物葉片的揮發(fā)物進(jìn)行寄主定位,因此對(duì)不同寄主植物的趨向性表現(xiàn)出差異性,甚至不同性別的柑橘木虱對(duì)有色黏蟲(chóng)板以及寄主氣味的趨向性也存在差異[25,36,42]。研究表明,墨西哥酸橙的完整葉片能夠吸引雌雄木虱;西柚的完整葉片只吸引雌木虱[42]。Wenninger等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種性別的木虱成蟲(chóng)都能被結(jié)合了綠色光源的葡萄柚氣味所吸引,而當(dāng)“Y”型管的兩臂都同時(shí)具備光源信號(hào)時(shí),只有雌木虱會(huì)繼續(xù)選擇有寄主氣味的一側(cè)。此外,在比較柑橘木虱對(duì)4種寄主植物(葡萄柚、酸橙、臍橙和九里香)的趨向性試驗(yàn)中,將有色黏蟲(chóng)板作為視覺(jué)信號(hào)時(shí),雌木虱對(duì)4種寄主都表現(xiàn)出趨向性,而雄木虱則未能對(duì)4種寄主都表現(xiàn)出趨向性,可見(jiàn)雌木虱對(duì)于寄主氣味表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的趨向性。這也許是因?yàn)榇颇臼枰诩闹魃袭a(chǎn)卵,對(duì)寄主氣味較為敏感,而雄木虱則需結(jié)合雌性木虱氣味協(xié)助其定位寄主[25,30,42,43]。

Wenninger等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),柑橘木虱的交配狀態(tài)同樣影響它們對(duì)寄主植物的定位,試驗(yàn)中將黃板作為視覺(jué)信號(hào),未交配的木虱雌蟲(chóng)只會(huì)被1~2種寄主所吸引,交配后的雌木虱則會(huì)被3~4種寄主所吸引;而木虱雄蟲(chóng)只會(huì)在交配后才會(huì)對(duì)寄主產(chǎn)生趨向性,當(dāng)移除視覺(jué)信號(hào)后,交配后的雌木虱和雄木虱分別只被酸橙和臍橙吸引。

6 揮發(fā)性化合物對(duì)有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘捕柑橘木虱的影響

不同寄主植物具有不同的揮發(fā)性化合物成分,而昆蟲(chóng)對(duì)于不同的揮發(fā)性化合物則表現(xiàn)出不同的趨向性。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,寄主定位是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,柑橘木虱依靠其嗅覺(jué)器官以及視覺(jué)信號(hào)進(jìn)行寄主植物定位,涉及到柑橘木虱不同的感覺(jué)系統(tǒng)、行為調(diào)控以及其生理狀態(tài);在選擇寄主時(shí),柑橘木虱的定位更依賴于視覺(jué)信號(hào),只有在失去視覺(jué)信號(hào)時(shí),柑橘木虱才會(huì)以嗅覺(jué)感官將寄主的揮發(fā)性化合物作為主導(dǎo)方式[25,43-46],柑橘木虱對(duì)于不同寄主釋放出揮發(fā)性化合物的成分、比例和濃度等會(huì)有不同的反應(yīng)[47-48]。研究表明,不同種類的柑橘和九里香,它們的嫩枝所散發(fā)出的揮發(fā)性氣味對(duì)柑橘木虱具有一定程度的吸引力,收集上述寄主嫩枝樣本進(jìn)行測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),揮發(fā)性氣味的成分主要是單萜烯、單萜酯以及倍半萜烯的混合物,類似成分常出現(xiàn)于柑橘種類的植物中,除此之外,二氧化碳、乙烯等影響嫩枝發(fā)育的氣體,會(huì)加強(qiáng)柑橘木虱對(duì)于萜烯類化合物的反應(yīng)[49-53]。Patt[54]等在研究柑橘木虱是否能被寄主植物揮發(fā)性化合物所吸引的試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),若將“Y”型嗅覺(jué)儀中的“Y”型管垂直放置于桌面,移除視覺(jué)信號(hào)的干擾,柑橘木虱會(huì)選擇有寄主植物揮發(fā)性化合物的一端。Wenninger等[43]還發(fā)現(xiàn)柑橘木虱的觸角對(duì)于合成檸檬烯的反應(yīng),低于對(duì)西柚葉片揮發(fā)出的復(fù)合氣味的反應(yīng),說(shuō)明柑橘木虱更傾向于混合成分的揮發(fā)性化合物而非單一的一種揮發(fā)性化合物。除上述所提因素以外,生活史以及季節(jié)性植物物候,都可能影響柑橘木虱對(duì)于寄主揮發(fā)性化合物的反應(yīng)[55-57]。此外,Lerdau等[57]發(fā)現(xiàn),揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的產(chǎn)生與排放會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的變化而變化,白天日照的差異會(huì)導(dǎo)致寄主釋放不同的揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物,從而影響柑橘木虱的行為。因此,有色黏蟲(chóng)板與植物揮發(fā)性化學(xué)物相結(jié)合,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于誘捕柑橘木虱技術(shù)具有良好的前景,很多內(nèi)容尚待進(jìn)一步深入研究。

7 問(wèn)題與展望

有色黏蟲(chóng)板作為一個(gè)綠色、環(huán)保、高效的物理防治手段,已被廣泛運(yùn)用于包括柑橘木虱在內(nèi)的中小型害蟲(chóng)的監(jiān)測(cè)與防控,但目前一些影響誘捕柑橘木虱數(shù)量的因素仍有待深入研究:首先,多數(shù)研究表明,有色黏蟲(chóng)板的設(shè)置高度是否合適會(huì)影響其誘蟲(chóng)的效果,黏蟲(chóng)板的設(shè)置高度與昆蟲(chóng)的飛行行為以及交配習(xí)性有關(guān),有色黏蟲(chóng)板的懸掛高度通常應(yīng)與作物齊平或稍高于作物頂部,并應(yīng)該隨植物的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)黏蟲(chóng)板高度[58-60],對(duì)于柑橘木虱而言,黏蟲(chóng)板的具體懸掛高度還有待求證;其次,有色黏蟲(chóng)板的懸掛方式通常由害蟲(chóng)的生活習(xí)性和寄主作物決定,對(duì)大多數(shù)昆蟲(chóng)而言,垂直懸掛是黏蟲(chóng)板最基本的設(shè)置方式[61-62],目前尚未有實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)道,垂直或水平放置有色黏蟲(chóng)板,哪一種懸掛方式更利于誘捕柑橘木虱;第三,有色黏蟲(chóng)板的形狀,通常有色黏蟲(chóng)板是平板型的,但不排除同材料其他形狀的色板會(huì)更益于柑橘木虱的誘捕效率;第四,黏劑的類型,黏蟲(chóng)板上所涂黏性物質(zhì)不同誘捕效率也存在差異,最常用的黏劑有生物粘劑、黃油、石蠟、油脂和白色凡士林,有研究表明生物黏劑以及機(jī)油是最為有效的黏性物質(zhì)[63],而對(duì)于柑橘木虱而言,最合適的黏劑還有待求證;第五,柑橘木虱的性信息素與有色黏蟲(chóng)板的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,近年來(lái),類似性信息素的生物制劑研發(fā)進(jìn)步很快,若能將兩者相結(jié)合,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于田間,將會(huì)有更高效率的防治措施,對(duì)于柑橘黃龍病的高效防控將是非常有前景的技術(shù)手段。作為綠色、環(huán)保并且低成本的物理防治手段,進(jìn)一步提高有色黏蟲(chóng)板誘殺柑橘木虱的效率,逐步取代大范圍農(nóng)藥的噴灑及其他重污染化學(xué)防治手段,將是今后包括柑橘木虱在內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)重大害蟲(chóng)高效綠色防控的重點(diǎn)核心技術(shù)之一。

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