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南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與網(wǎng)具性能試驗(yàn)

2017-05-16 02:27馮春雷王永進(jìn)周愛(ài)忠王魯民
關(guān)鍵詞:網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)漁獲

馮春雷,劉 健,張 禹,王永進(jìn),張 勛,周愛(ài)忠,王 磊,王魯民

(中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部東海與遠(yuǎn)洋漁業(yè)資源開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院海洋捕撈工程技術(shù)研究中心,上海 200090)

南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與網(wǎng)具性能試驗(yàn)

馮春雷,劉 健,張 禹,王永進(jìn),張 勛,周愛(ài)忠,王 磊,王魯民※

(中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部東海與遠(yuǎn)洋漁業(yè)資源開發(fā)利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院海洋捕撈工程技術(shù)研究中心,上海 200090)

目前中國(guó)南極磷蝦漁業(yè)缺乏專用捕撈網(wǎng)具,針對(duì)現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)具與漁船匹配性差、網(wǎng)口擴(kuò)張較小的主要問(wèn)題,通過(guò)分析多種現(xiàn)用南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)及性能,提出了縮短南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具總長(zhǎng)度和網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度的優(yōu)化方案,自主設(shè)計(jì)了 TN01 型4片式小網(wǎng)目南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)。實(shí)船海上生產(chǎn)測(cè)試結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)曳綱長(zhǎng)度小于230 m時(shí),囊網(wǎng)部位后翹影響導(dǎo)魚效果。當(dāng)曳綱大于230 m后,隨著作業(yè)水深增加,囊網(wǎng)所處水深增加,拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)型展開良好,建議網(wǎng)具浮沉比配備為1:1.1;網(wǎng)口垂直擴(kuò)張與曳綱收放長(zhǎng)度關(guān)系無(wú)顯著相關(guān),拖網(wǎng)航速為1.542 m/s時(shí)試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具網(wǎng)口高度為26~29 m,垂直擴(kuò)張比達(dá)到0.11~0.12;隨著曳綱長(zhǎng)度由90 m放長(zhǎng)到370 m,水平擴(kuò)張也由14 m擴(kuò)張到20 m,水平擴(kuò)張比為0.22~0.32;漁獲量對(duì)比分析表明,晝夜之間漁獲量差異不大,白天平均網(wǎng)次產(chǎn)量為33 t,夜晚平均網(wǎng)次產(chǎn)量為28 t,平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量為30 t,較同漁區(qū)作業(yè)漁船(平均每網(wǎng)次產(chǎn)量約20 t)提高約50%。試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)估性能、漁獲效率理想,可為進(jìn)一步自主研發(fā)南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具提供參考依據(jù)。

漁業(yè);設(shè)計(jì);模型結(jié)構(gòu);南極磷蝦;捕撈;拖網(wǎng);漁具;模型試驗(yàn)

馮春雷,劉 健,張 禹,王永進(jìn),張 勛,周愛(ài)忠,王 磊,王魯民. 南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)與網(wǎng)具性能試驗(yàn)[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(7):75-81.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.010 http://www.tcsae.org

Feng Chunlei, Liu Jian, Zhang Yu, Wang Yongjin, Zhang Xun, Zhou Aizhong, Wang Lei, Wang Lumin. Structure improvement design and performance experiment of Antarctic krill trawl net[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(7): 75- 81. (in Chinese with English abstract)doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.010 http://www.tcsae.org

0 引 言

南極磷蝦資源量據(jù)估計(jì)可達(dá)10億t,而且含有豐富的多元不飽和脂肪酸(?-3)等對(duì)人體有益的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,具有巨大的開發(fā)潛力和利用價(jià)值[1-4]。中國(guó)自2010年開始對(duì)南極磷蝦進(jìn)行商業(yè)性試捕,至 2015年捕撈量已超過(guò)6萬(wàn)t[5-7]。但是縱觀世界南極磷蝦漁業(yè)捕撈現(xiàn)狀,中國(guó)磷蝦捕撈技術(shù)還處于相對(duì)落后的狀態(tài),與挪威、韓國(guó)等先進(jìn)國(guó)家比較還存在明顯的差距[8-10]。中國(guó)在南極生產(chǎn)的大部分大型拖網(wǎng)漁船為非專業(yè)性磷蝦生產(chǎn)船,2013年前其使用的磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具主要是在原竹筴魚拖網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上改進(jìn)的大網(wǎng)目中層拖網(wǎng)。生產(chǎn)作業(yè)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)該類型網(wǎng)具擴(kuò)張性能較差,捕撈性能不佳,產(chǎn)量相對(duì)較低[6,9]。目前中國(guó)南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)基本從冰島、韓國(guó)、日本等國(guó)進(jìn)口,存在網(wǎng)具與漁船匹配性差、拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)口擴(kuò)張未達(dá)到最佳狀態(tài)、起、放網(wǎng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、網(wǎng)具局部容易爆網(wǎng)、浮沉比配備不當(dāng)和網(wǎng)具拖曳水層調(diào)節(jié)不便等問(wèn)題[6,9]。

從20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),隨著拖網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)外拖網(wǎng)漁具的重大變革之一是設(shè)計(jì)與使用大網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)[11-14]。80年代末至90年代初,荷蘭卡特韋克Maritiem制造公司推出了Garolien系列拖網(wǎng),網(wǎng)口網(wǎng)目尺寸為20~40 m,這類網(wǎng)具在沙丁魚、鯡魚的捕撈生產(chǎn)中均有良好效益;冰島Hampidjan公司推出的Gloria系列拖網(wǎng)在鱸鮋、無(wú)須鱈的捕撈生產(chǎn)中有良好的業(yè)績(jī)[15]。Broadhurst等[16-17]通過(guò)通過(guò)模型試驗(yàn)研究得出背腹網(wǎng)網(wǎng)衣網(wǎng)目方向、結(jié)節(jié)方向?qū)ν暇W(wǎng)網(wǎng)具阻力和網(wǎng)口垂直擴(kuò)張具有顯著影響。Balash等[18-19]分析了網(wǎng)具材料對(duì)網(wǎng)具阻力的影響。拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)具作業(yè)性能與網(wǎng)型結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系密切,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者關(guān)于大網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)具的性能研究主要集中在不同背腹網(wǎng)與側(cè)網(wǎng)的寬度比[20]、網(wǎng)袖長(zhǎng)度與結(jié)構(gòu)[20-22]和網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度[22]等方面。根據(jù)這種理念設(shè)計(jì)的大型拖網(wǎng)漁船使用的大網(wǎng)目磷蝦拖網(wǎng),網(wǎng)身一般采用四片式結(jié)構(gòu),網(wǎng)口網(wǎng)目的目腳長(zhǎng)度5~10 m,網(wǎng)目為棱形或六角形,網(wǎng)身中后部使用小網(wǎng)目雙層網(wǎng)衣,囊網(wǎng)的最小網(wǎng)目尺寸在15~20 mm。該類型網(wǎng)具網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度達(dá)100 m以上,網(wǎng)具全長(zhǎng)150 m以上,上、下綱長(zhǎng)度100 m左右[23]。與大網(wǎng)目拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)具相比,小網(wǎng)目中層拖網(wǎng)具有操作便捷、起放網(wǎng)耗時(shí)較少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),適宜集群密度較大的小型捕撈對(duì)象[23]。中國(guó)目前對(duì)于小網(wǎng)目南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具的研究尚處于起步階段[24-29]。周愛(ài)忠等[25-26]探討了作業(yè)參數(shù)對(duì)小網(wǎng)目南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)的阻力、網(wǎng)口高度和能耗系數(shù)的影響。馮春雷等[27]通過(guò)試驗(yàn)研究了調(diào)整浮沉比、上下手綱(等長(zhǎng))和叉綱等參數(shù)對(duì)南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)的性能影響,為優(yōu)化網(wǎng)具性能提供了技術(shù)參考。孟濤[28]和徐鵬翔等[23,29]針對(duì)遼寧遠(yuǎn)洋漁業(yè)有限公司引進(jìn)的日本和韓國(guó) 2種小網(wǎng)目南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng),通過(guò)水槽模型試驗(yàn),分析比較了網(wǎng)具的水動(dòng)力性能。黃洪亮等[30]自主研發(fā)了一種小網(wǎng)目南極磷蝦專用拖網(wǎng),初步解決了網(wǎng)具裝配工藝復(fù)雜、網(wǎng)具阻力大等問(wèn)題。

本文在收集整理國(guó)內(nèi)外主要在用的南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)的相關(guān)資料基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)漁具模型試驗(yàn)掌握了各種拖網(wǎng)的水動(dòng)力性能,結(jié)合現(xiàn)有南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)具的性能分析結(jié)果,自主設(shè)計(jì)了一種 4片式小網(wǎng)目南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具的改進(jìn)方案,并進(jìn)行了海上生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn),以期為研發(fā)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效的南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具提供參考依據(jù)。

1 現(xiàn)有捕撈網(wǎng)具性能分析

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

選取6頂南極磷蝦探捕拖網(wǎng)為實(shí)物網(wǎng),均為4片式結(jié)構(gòu),網(wǎng)具的各主要參數(shù)如表1所示,重錘配備為0.5 t×2。根據(jù) 6頂實(shí)物網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)特征和規(guī)格以及模型試驗(yàn)水池的規(guī)格,按照田內(nèi)準(zhǔn)則等方法[31]選取模型網(wǎng)的大尺度比(實(shí)物網(wǎng)具與模型網(wǎng)具主線尺度之比值)分別為40(1~5號(hào)網(wǎng))和8.7(6號(hào)網(wǎng)),小尺度比(實(shí)物網(wǎng)具與模型網(wǎng)具對(duì)應(yīng)部位的網(wǎng)線直徑之比值或網(wǎng)目長(zhǎng)度之比值)取9,設(shè)計(jì)制作模型網(wǎng),并按要求配備浮沉力。大網(wǎng)目實(shí)物網(wǎng)由于網(wǎng)口和網(wǎng)袖部分網(wǎng)目規(guī)格大,網(wǎng)目數(shù)較少,所以模型網(wǎng)換算時(shí)采取保持前部網(wǎng)目數(shù)和結(jié)構(gòu)型式與實(shí)物相同的方法進(jìn)行處理。

表1 實(shí)物網(wǎng)主要規(guī)格和結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)Table1 Main specifications and structure parameters of prototype trawl net

1.2 試驗(yàn)方法和數(shù)據(jù)處理

網(wǎng)具模型試驗(yàn)在東海水產(chǎn)研究所拖網(wǎng)漁具模型試驗(yàn)水池內(nèi)進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)設(shè)備包括:靜水池規(guī)格為 90 m× 6 m×3 m。拖車驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)功率7.5 kW×4,拖速范圍0.1~4 m/s,配有微機(jī)處理調(diào)速系統(tǒng),速度精度±1%。光電測(cè)速儀精度±0.01%。測(cè)力傳感器量程 100 N,非線性誤差0.4%。網(wǎng)高儀為日產(chǎn)FE-6300型網(wǎng)位探深儀,距離分辨率30 mm。

試驗(yàn)布設(shè)見(jiàn)圖1。固定點(diǎn)1為拖車上的兩個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)桿,桿上有2個(gè)測(cè)量水平拉力的測(cè)力傳感器,2個(gè)測(cè)力傳感器測(cè)得的合力為網(wǎng)具的阻力。通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)兩個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)桿的水平間距(L),實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)定試驗(yàn)條件下網(wǎng)具不同的水平擴(kuò)張比(L/S)。網(wǎng)具的網(wǎng)口高度由網(wǎng)高儀測(cè)量。因網(wǎng)具規(guī)格不同,試驗(yàn)中為保證袖端間距相同,試驗(yàn)工況設(shè)定為3種:1、3號(hào)網(wǎng)均取0.44、0.52、0.67;其他網(wǎng)具L/S均取0.40、0.45、0.50。拖速?gòu)?.771~2.313 m/s,以0.257 m/s遞增。按SC/T4011-1995“拖網(wǎng)模型水池試驗(yàn)方法”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)和數(shù)據(jù)處理[31]。

1)實(shí)物網(wǎng)阻力與模型網(wǎng)阻力的關(guān)系

式中Fs為實(shí)物網(wǎng)阻力,kN;Fm為模型網(wǎng)阻力,kN;λ為模型的大尺度比,λ′為小尺度比。

2)實(shí)物網(wǎng)與模型網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)口高度的關(guān)系

式中Hs為實(shí)物網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)口高度,m;Hm為模型網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)口高度,m。

3)實(shí)物網(wǎng)的能耗系數(shù)計(jì)算

能耗系數(shù)是表征拖網(wǎng)效率的重要指標(biāo),其值是用網(wǎng)具過(guò)濾單位水體所消耗的能量來(lái)表示。

式中Ce是實(shí)物在設(shè)定拖速下的能耗系數(shù),10-4kW·h/m3;Ls為實(shí)物網(wǎng)在該速度下袖端的計(jì)算水平間距,m。

圖1 拖網(wǎng)水槽模型試驗(yàn)示意圖Fig.1 Sketch map of model trawl net experiment in tank

1.3 結(jié)果分析

根據(jù)“拖網(wǎng)模型水池試驗(yàn)方法”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,結(jié)果如圖2所示。由圖2可知,所有試驗(yàn)條件下,隨著拖速的增加,模型網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)具阻力增加,而網(wǎng)口高度明顯降低。換算成實(shí)際拖速1.542 m/s時(shí)[13]各網(wǎng)具阻力和網(wǎng)口高度隨水平擴(kuò)張比的變化情況看,1號(hào)網(wǎng)阻力變化為75.51~91.01 kN,網(wǎng)口高度變化為53.09~43.21 m;2號(hào)網(wǎng)阻力變化為74.68~81.93 kN,網(wǎng)口高度變化為66.99~61.40 m;3號(hào)網(wǎng)阻力變化為91.21~106.80 kN,網(wǎng)口高度變化為 52.12~41.06 m;4號(hào)網(wǎng)阻力變化為 286.26~309.58 kN,網(wǎng)口高度變化為25.85~29.44 m;5號(hào)網(wǎng)阻力變化為 212.17~221.13 kN,網(wǎng)口高度變化為 35.92~30.70 m;6號(hào)網(wǎng)阻力變化為196.36~207.37 kN,網(wǎng)口高度變化為 20.54~17.48 m。由此可知,1~3號(hào)網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)口高度較大,其掃海面積大,理論上分析可捕獲更多漁獲,然而磷蝦游泳能力較弱,當(dāng)大網(wǎng)目濾過(guò)蝦群時(shí),磷蝦會(huì)從網(wǎng)目中間逃逸,不能發(fā)揮高網(wǎng)口的優(yōu)勢(shì)。4~6號(hào)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)具阻力偏大,影響拖網(wǎng)速度,而 6號(hào)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)口高度偏低,掃海面積較小,根據(jù)實(shí)際作業(yè)需求,網(wǎng)口高度宜在20 m以上為佳。因此,從現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)具的水動(dòng)力性能分析,各網(wǎng)具均存在一定的問(wèn)題,在南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中需要加以考慮,以提高網(wǎng)具的水動(dòng)力性能,并符合實(shí)際作業(yè)情況。

圖2 不同拖速下網(wǎng)具阻力和網(wǎng)口高度變化Fig.2 Changes of net resistance and height of net opening under different towing speeds

4號(hào)網(wǎng)與5號(hào)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)口周長(zhǎng)相等,浮沉力、上下綱長(zhǎng)度、叉綱長(zhǎng)度和手綱長(zhǎng)度等參數(shù)基本一致,兩頂網(wǎng)能耗系數(shù)對(duì)比情況如圖3所示。

圖3 4、5號(hào)網(wǎng)能耗系數(shù)對(duì)比Fig.3 Contrast of coefficient of energy consumption between trawl net No.4 and No.5

由圖3中可知,兩頂網(wǎng)能耗系數(shù)隨水平擴(kuò)張的變化不大,而在相同水平擴(kuò)張下,5號(hào)網(wǎng)的能耗系數(shù)明顯低于4號(hào)網(wǎng)的能耗系數(shù)。從網(wǎng)具結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)上看,5號(hào)網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)具總長(zhǎng)度略短,網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度較4號(hào)網(wǎng)小13.68%,而網(wǎng)袖長(zhǎng)度大 16.67%,其他結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)基本相同。因此,5號(hào)網(wǎng)水動(dòng)力性能較佳原因可能是較長(zhǎng)的網(wǎng)袖增加了網(wǎng)口的擴(kuò)張,同時(shí)大網(wǎng)目數(shù)較多能夠?yàn)V過(guò)更多的水體,降低了網(wǎng)具的阻力,因此在南極磷拖網(wǎng)設(shè)計(jì)中可以考慮縮短網(wǎng)具總長(zhǎng)度和網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度。

2 改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方案

通過(guò)對(duì)現(xiàn)有南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具的水動(dòng)力性能分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)具因網(wǎng)口周長(zhǎng)過(guò)大、網(wǎng)具總長(zhǎng)偏長(zhǎng),存在網(wǎng)具阻力偏大、網(wǎng)口高度不符合實(shí)際作業(yè)需求的問(wèn)題。實(shí)際作業(yè)時(shí)起網(wǎng)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)將會(huì)耽誤作業(yè)效率,網(wǎng)型不合理,存在爆網(wǎng)現(xiàn)象,易造成漁獲損失、影響漁船拖速等問(wèn)題。為提高中國(guó)磷蝦拖網(wǎng)漁船作業(yè)效率,綜合上述研究結(jié)果,提出新型南極磷蝦網(wǎng)具(TN01型)的優(yōu)化方案(圖4)。TN01型南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)系單船有翼單囊拖網(wǎng),采用4片式設(shè)計(jì),6片式縫合,雙層單拖網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu),背、腹網(wǎng)對(duì)稱;網(wǎng)口周長(zhǎng)減小為246 m,網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度縮短為101.6 m,網(wǎng)目尺寸 300 mm,內(nèi)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)目尺寸為 30~20 mm;囊網(wǎng)長(zhǎng)度為45 m,囊網(wǎng)內(nèi)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)目尺寸為 15 mm;上下綱長(zhǎng)度為63.14 m,側(cè)綱長(zhǎng)度為53.8 m。

圖4 TN01型南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具示意圖Fig.4 Schematic diagram of trawl net (ID: TN01) for Antarctic krill

3 海上生產(chǎn)測(cè)試結(jié)果

3.1 海試方案

海上測(cè)試時(shí)間為2015年4月19日-4月27日,共計(jì)9 d。試驗(yàn)漁船為上海開創(chuàng)遠(yuǎn)洋漁業(yè)有限公司“開利輪”,試驗(yàn)船為大型中層拖網(wǎng)加工船,總長(zhǎng)109.6 m,船寬19 m,主機(jī)功率 5 256 kW。網(wǎng)具采用雙手綱,上下手綱長(zhǎng)度為150 m,水平擴(kuò)張裝置叉綱為23 m。在試網(wǎng)時(shí)利用加拿大RBR公司的TDR-2050型便攜式溫深計(jì)分別測(cè)定上綱中部在水中深度(上綱中部位置所處水深)、身網(wǎng)中上部在水中深度(網(wǎng)身第 1節(jié)與襯網(wǎng)間所處水深)、囊網(wǎng)在水中深度(囊網(wǎng)中部位置所處水深),作為囊網(wǎng)預(yù)加浮力調(diào)整的依據(jù)。試驗(yàn)主要調(diào)節(jié)參數(shù)有:浮力、沉力、曳綱長(zhǎng)度、拖速等。通過(guò)網(wǎng)位儀觀察不同試驗(yàn)條件下的網(wǎng)口水平、垂直擴(kuò)張,并記錄拖曳時(shí)間和網(wǎng)次產(chǎn)量。

3.2 浮沉力配備調(diào)整

根據(jù)作業(yè)水深、南極磷蝦的行為特性以及拖曳速度,合理調(diào)整浮沉力配備,是取得良好捕撈效果的關(guān)鍵。初始作業(yè)時(shí) TN01型拖網(wǎng)浮力配備規(guī)格為泡沫浮子72×0.13 kN+22×0.06 kN,沉子綱規(guī)格為鐵鏈產(chǎn)生重力8.82 kN,重錘2只(每只重力2.45 kN)。第1次試網(wǎng)測(cè)試結(jié)果,網(wǎng)口高度(網(wǎng)具垂直擴(kuò)張)約20 m,而水平擴(kuò)張僅為12 m,未達(dá)到理想效果。調(diào)整后,浮力配備改為泡沫浮子2×14.7 kN+ 22×0.06 kN,浮力為14.7 kN的浮子規(guī)格為浮子周長(zhǎng)3.4 m,長(zhǎng)度1.6 m,浮力共計(jì)30.72 kN。第2次試網(wǎng)測(cè)試結(jié)果,網(wǎng)口高度能夠達(dá)到24 m,而水平擴(kuò)張僅為15 m左右,判斷原因?yàn)楦×ε鋫溥^(guò)大。由表2可知,在 2次浮力調(diào)整試驗(yàn)中,囊網(wǎng)部位所處水深較身網(wǎng)中上部所處水深淺,說(shuō)明囊網(wǎng)所配浮力偏大,在拖曳過(guò)程中上翹,不利于捕撈磷蝦時(shí)導(dǎo)魚入網(wǎng)的效果,因此需要減少囊網(wǎng)部位的浮力配備,擬減少1/3~2/5的浮力。

表2 拖網(wǎng)不同部位所處水深Table2 Depth of different parts of trawl net

調(diào)整后的拖網(wǎng)浮沉力配備為泡沫浮子 84× 0.13 kN+22×0.06 kN,沉子綱規(guī)格為鐵鏈8.82 kN,重錘2只(每只重力2.45 kN),浮沉比約為1∶1.1,總浮力控制為12.24 kN,囊網(wǎng)部位浮力減小2/5;如圖5所示為拖網(wǎng)不同部位(上綱中部、身網(wǎng)中上部和囊網(wǎng)部位)所處水深變化。隨著曳綱長(zhǎng)度的變化,上綱中部所處水深一直最低,而身網(wǎng)和囊網(wǎng)所處水深卻出現(xiàn)了交替點(diǎn)。當(dāng)曳綱長(zhǎng)度小于230 m長(zhǎng)時(shí),囊網(wǎng)所處的水深低于身網(wǎng)部位,說(shuō)明囊網(wǎng)浮力仍偏大,囊網(wǎng)部位后翹影響導(dǎo)魚效果,而在曳綱大于230 m后,作業(yè)水深增加,囊網(wǎng)所處水深增加,拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)型展開良好。因此可得出結(jié)論,在此浮沉力配置下,TN01型拖網(wǎng)更適用于深水拖網(wǎng),才能保證網(wǎng)型的良好形狀,若進(jìn)行淺水層的拖網(wǎng)則需要減小網(wǎng)具囊網(wǎng)部位的浮力,適當(dāng)調(diào)整浮沉力,才能保證較好的漁獲效果。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)觀察以及數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)定分析,建議實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中TN01型網(wǎng)具的浮沉比配備為1∶1.1。

圖5 不同部位隨曳綱長(zhǎng)度變化的所處水深Fig.5 Depth of different parts of trawl net in water along with changes of warp length

3.3 水動(dòng)力性能

在南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)作業(yè)中,要求作業(yè)網(wǎng)具的網(wǎng)口高度在20~30 m之間[9]。利用開利輪現(xiàn)有水平擴(kuò)張裝置,TN01型拖網(wǎng)在手綱配置為150 m、浮沉比為1:1.1時(shí),網(wǎng)口高度能夠達(dá)到26~29 m。試驗(yàn)中觀察,網(wǎng)口垂直擴(kuò)張與曳綱收放長(zhǎng)度無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。當(dāng)曳綱從幾十米增加到300 m左右時(shí),網(wǎng)口垂直擴(kuò)張呈現(xiàn)起伏變化,這或許與拖速的變化有關(guān)。綜合試驗(yàn)分析可知,拖速為1.542 m/s時(shí)試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具網(wǎng)口高度為 26~29 m,垂直擴(kuò)張比(網(wǎng)口高度與網(wǎng)口周長(zhǎng)之比)達(dá)到0.11~0.12。由圖6可知,隨著曳綱由90 m放長(zhǎng)到370 m,水平擴(kuò)張也由14 m擴(kuò)張到20 m,水平擴(kuò)張比為0.22~0.32。試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)估性能,垂直擴(kuò)張和水平擴(kuò)張效果良好。

圖6 不同曳綱長(zhǎng)度下的網(wǎng)具水平擴(kuò)張F(tuán)ig.6 Horizontal expansion of trawl net in different warp length

3.4 漁獲產(chǎn)量

生產(chǎn)作業(yè)期間,拖網(wǎng)時(shí)間一般為 45~60 min,試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具測(cè)試15次。每網(wǎng)次產(chǎn)量如圖7所示,最高單網(wǎng)次作業(yè)漁獲總量為40 t,漁獲效果良好。由于磷蝦的生物學(xué)行為具有晝夜浮沉(不同漁區(qū)有差異)的特性,因此,作業(yè)時(shí)需要對(duì)曳綱的長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整,以適應(yīng)不同水層的作業(yè)。白天時(shí)間,海面具有光照,磷蝦群上浮,因此作業(yè)時(shí)水深較淺,一般在50 m以內(nèi),而在夜晚時(shí)間,磷蝦群下潛,作業(yè)水深也隨之調(diào)整到更深水層,作業(yè)水深一般在70 m左右。從漁獲量對(duì)比分析,晝夜之間漁獲量差異不大,白天平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量約為33 t,而夜晚平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量約為 28 t,平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量可達(dá)30 t,漁獲效率理想,較同漁區(qū)其他拖網(wǎng)漁船漁獲產(chǎn)量(一般平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量約為20 t[32])提高約50%。

圖7 南極磷蝦漁獲量結(jié)果Fig.7 Catches of Antarctic krill

4 結(jié) 論

1)針對(duì)南極磷蝦生產(chǎn)作業(yè)中拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)具與漁船匹配性差、網(wǎng)口擴(kuò)張較小的主要問(wèn)題,在對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)有南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)進(jìn)行全面模型試驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,完成了網(wǎng)具的選型優(yōu)化分析、網(wǎng)具優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、海上測(cè)試。自主設(shè)計(jì)并制造完成了TN01型南極磷蝦拖網(wǎng)。TN01型網(wǎng)具系單船有翼單囊拖網(wǎng),采用4片式設(shè)計(jì),6片式縫合,雙層單拖網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu),背、腹網(wǎng)對(duì)稱;網(wǎng)口周長(zhǎng)為 246 m,網(wǎng)身長(zhǎng)度為101.6 m,網(wǎng)目尺寸300 mm,內(nèi)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)目尺寸為30~20 mm;囊網(wǎng)長(zhǎng)度為45 m,囊網(wǎng)內(nèi)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)目尺寸為15 mm;上下綱長(zhǎng)度為63.14 m,側(cè)綱長(zhǎng)度為53.8 m。

2)海上測(cè)試結(jié)果表明南極磷蝦捕撈拖網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性高,網(wǎng)口擴(kuò)張良好。當(dāng)曳綱長(zhǎng)度小于230 m長(zhǎng)時(shí),囊網(wǎng)的所處水深低于身網(wǎng)部位,說(shuō)明囊網(wǎng)浮力仍偏大,囊網(wǎng)部位后翹影響導(dǎo)魚效果。當(dāng)曳綱大于230 m后,隨著作業(yè)水深增加,囊網(wǎng)水深增加,拖網(wǎng)網(wǎng)型展開良好。實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中建議網(wǎng)具浮沉比設(shè)置為 1:1.1,具體可配備泡沫浮子84×0.13 kN+22×0.06 kN,沉子綱配備鐵鏈8.82 kN,重錘2只(每只重力2.45 kN)。

3)拖速為 1.542 m/s時(shí)試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具網(wǎng)口高度為 26~29 m,垂直擴(kuò)張比達(dá)到0.11~0.12。隨著曳綱由90 m放長(zhǎng)到370 m,水平擴(kuò)張也由14 m擴(kuò)張到20 m,水平擴(kuò)張比為0.22~0.32。試驗(yàn)網(wǎng)具達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)估性能,垂直擴(kuò)張和水平擴(kuò)張效果良好。

4)漁獲量情況方面,平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量為 30 t,較同漁區(qū)其他拖網(wǎng)漁船漁獲產(chǎn)量(一般平均每網(wǎng)次漁獲產(chǎn)量約為20 t)提高約50%。漁獲效率理想,可為進(jìn)一步自主研發(fā)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效的南極磷蝦捕撈網(wǎng)具提供參考依據(jù)。

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Structure improvement design and performance experiment of Antarctic krill trawl net

Feng Chunlei, Liu Jian, Zhang Yu, Wang Yongjin, Zhang Xun, Zhou Aizhong, Wang Lei, Wang Lumin※
(East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation,Ministry of Agriculture,Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Fishing,Chinese Academy of FisherySciences,Shanghai200090,China)

The Antarctic krill resource is very abundant in the area surrounding the Antarctic and the total production in China has reached nearly 60 000 t. At present, the existing problems are the lack of exclusive localization fishing gears for Antarctic krill fisheries and the low matching degree between the trawl net and the fishing vessels. Through collecting the production situation of fishery company at home and abroad, 6 kinds of different existing Antarctic krill trawl nets were selected as the experimental prototype. The model test was carried out in the flume of trawl fishing gear in East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. The coefficient of energy consumption, net resistance and height of net opening of different trawl nets were measured under 3 test conditions. The model test results showed that the height of net opening of trawl net No.1-3 was higher than other types of trawl nets, but its mesh size was too large to stop the escape of Antarctic krill. The net resistance of trawl net No.4-6 was higher than others. Based on the analysis of the hydrodynamic performance of 6 kinds of existing Antarctic krill trawl nets imported from fishery developed countries, an improvement program of TN01 type four-panel Antarctic krill trawl net with small mesh was developed independently. In April 2015, a 9-day sea trial was carried out in the Antarctic krill fishing ground. The test fishing vessel was “Kaili” from Shanghai Kaichuang Ocean Fisheries Co., Ltd. The sea trial results showed that: 1) When the warp length was less than 230 m, the depth of cod-end was lower than body net, which meant the buoyancy force of cod-end was too large. When the warp length was longer than 230 m, the depth of cod-end and the working depth had a positive relationship. The best buoyancy-weight ratio was suggested to be 1:1.1; 2) No significant correlation was found between the length of the vertical net opening and the length of warp. When the trawl speed was 1.542 m/s, the height of the vertical net opening was 26-29 m and the vertical expansion ratio was 0.11-0.12. As releasing the warp length from 90 to 370 m, the height of the horizontal net opening increased from 14 to 20 m. The expansion ratio was 0.22-0.32. The expansion at vertical and horizontal direction had good effect, which has reached the requirement of design. 3) The comparative analysis of the catch showed no significant difference between the day and night. The average yield per net in the daytime was 33 t and the average yield per net at night was 28 t. The average yield per net in sea trial was 30 t, which increased by nearly 50% compared with other fishing vessels around the same fishing area (according to the statistical records, the average yield per net was about 20 t). The new type of Antarctic krill trawl net has the characteristics of high efficiency and is suitable for the fishing vessels, which can provide a theoretical basis for further independent research and development of the Antarctic krill trawl net.

fisheries; design; model structure; Antarctic krill; fishing; trawl; fishing gear; model test

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.07.010

S977

A

1002-6819(2017)-07-0075-07

2016-03-10

2017-03-01

國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃(2013BAD13B03)

馮春雷,男,副研究員,主要從事捕撈技術(shù)和漁具漁法研究。上海 中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所,200090。

Email:fengcl@ecsf.ac.cn

※通信作者:王魯民,男,研究員,主要從事網(wǎng)具材料與漁業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究。上海 中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所,200090。

Email:lmwang@ecsf.ac.cn

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