解玉梅，劉芳慧，丁新華，李翠梅，付開赟，何江，吐爾遜·阿合買提，阿卜杜熱伊木·阿卜杜熱西提，李鵬發(fā)，許建軍，郭文超

(1.新疆疏勒縣農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心，新疆疏勒 844200；2.塔里木大學(xué)，新疆阿拉爾 843300；2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室，烏魯木齊 830091；4.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院微生物應(yīng)用研究所，烏魯木齊 830091)

秸稈儲放方式對越冬代玉米螟幼蟲化蛹及羽化的影響

解玉梅1，劉芳慧2，丁新華3，李翠梅1，付開赟3，何江3，吐爾遜·阿合買提3，阿卜杜熱伊木·阿卜杜熱西提1，李鵬發(fā)1，許建軍3，郭文超4

(1.新疆疏勒縣農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心，新疆疏勒 844200；2.塔里木大學(xué)，新疆阿拉爾 843300；2.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部西北荒漠綠洲作物有害生物綜合治理重點實驗室，烏魯木齊 830091；4.新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院微生物應(yīng)用研究所，烏魯木齊 830091)

【目的】研究玉米秸稈不同儲放方式對越冬代玉米螟幼蟲化蛹及羽化的影響，探索一種控制新疆玉米螟越冬基數(shù)的合理儲放方式?！痉椒ā?014、2015年對豎放、堆放和封閉儲放下的秸稈百株幼蟲數(shù)、化蛹率、羽化率及死亡率等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較分析，提出一種壓低玉米螟越冬基數(shù)的合理儲放方式?！窘Y(jié)果】與豎放、堆放處理相比，經(jīng)封閉處理越冬后的秸稈，其平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)、百稈活蛹數(shù)、化蛹率及羽化率分別降低59.58%、43.52%，90.21%、92.33%，19.87%、17.99%，13.77%和11.79%，其平均死亡率分別增加39.78%、35.44%。【結(jié)論】玉米秸稈以豎放方式進(jìn)行越冬的平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)、活蛹數(shù)、化蛹率及羽化率均顯著大于堆放、封閉處理(P<0.05)；封閉處理則可在一定程度上提高越冬玉米螟的總死亡率，降低其化蛹羽化率。在生產(chǎn)實際中，秸稈不以豎放方式進(jìn)行越冬，而優(yōu)先對其進(jìn)行封閉處理，以降低其越冬幼蟲成活和羽化基數(shù)。

玉米秸稈；儲放；越冬代玉米螟；化蛹；羽化

0 引 言

【研究意義】玉米螟(Pyraustanubilalis(Hubern))屬鱗翅目螟蛾科，俗稱“鉆心蟲”，在國外，主要分布于大洋洲、亞洲等地區(qū)；在國內(nèi)，則主要分布在除西藏、青海等高原外的其他玉米產(chǎn)區(qū)[1]，它是造成我國玉米減產(chǎn)的第一大害蟲[2-3]，一般可造成10%～30%的減產(chǎn)，嚴(yán)重時高達(dá)50%以上[4]。由于該蟲主要在玉米秸稈內(nèi)進(jìn)行越冬[5]，故對秸稈進(jìn)行及時處理即可大幅度降低其越冬蟲源，起到“控本清源”的效果。目前常用的秸稈處理方法主要有青貯、粉碎、還田、氨化、火燒、漚肥等，但由于這些技術(shù)措施在具體實施過程中普遍存在勞動量大、費用高等問題，難以在新疆大面積推廣應(yīng)用并使秸稈在越冬玉米螟羽化前得到及時集中處理。積極探索出一種符合新疆農(nóng)牧生產(chǎn)實際的合理秸稈儲放方式，對于壓低和控制新疆玉米螟越冬基數(shù)具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】國內(nèi)外學(xué)者先后圍繞著玉米螟生物學(xué)特性、生態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)性和防控技術(shù)等方面開展了大量研究工作。如：余國志等[6]探明了不同非生物因素對玉米螟羽化節(jié)律的影響；賈乃新等[7]摸清了秸稈內(nèi)幼蟲化蛹前的移動情況及化蛹部位；李靜雯等[8]明確了玉米螟越冬特性及越冬代成蟲發(fā)生期預(yù)測方法；魯新[9]、李敦松[10]、王振營[11]、周淑香等[12]探明了玉米螟的發(fā)生、擴(kuò)散規(guī)律及危害閾值；此外，宋鵬飛[13]、郭文超[14]、許建軍[15]、Wang Huan[16]和努爾比亞·托木爾[17]、丁新華[18]、劉芳慧等[19]、Zhao Xiu Mei[20]、Zhang Hao[21]等提出了利用秸稈還田、赤眼蜂、球孢白僵菌、昆蟲病原線蟲共生菌、植物誘集、環(huán)境友好型化學(xué)藥劑、RNA干擾技術(shù)等防治玉米螟的方法，上述研究成果雖對玉米螟監(jiān)測、防控起到了一定積極作用，但仍未有效的遏制玉米螟的發(fā)生危害?！颈狙芯壳腥朦c】玉米螟發(fā)生程度與越冬蟲源基數(shù)具有重要相關(guān)性[22]，對玉米螟進(jìn)行高效防控最直接有效的方法莫過于降低秸稈中玉米螟越冬幼蟲的存活基數(shù)及其化蛹羽化率。但目前還鮮見有關(guān)不同秸稈儲放方式對越冬代玉米螟化蛹及羽化的影響研究。研究秸稈儲放方式對越冬代玉米螟幼蟲化蛹及羽化的影響?！緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】通過開展玉米秸稈不同儲放方式對越冬代玉米螟幼蟲化蛹及羽化的影響研究，探索一種壓低和控制新疆玉米螟越冬基數(shù)的合理儲放方法。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材 料

試驗地位于新疆喀什地區(qū)疏勒縣，于2014、2015年連續(xù)兩年秋后收集玉米螟越冬基數(shù)基本一致的玉米秸稈，分別采取豎放、堆放及封閉處理等3種不同秸稈儲放方式進(jìn)行越冬，以供后期定期剖稈調(diào)查。

1.2 方 法

試驗各處理于2014、2015年連續(xù)兩年均從冬后基數(shù)調(diào)查開始，直至全部羽化為止。具體方法：每5 d剖稈一次，每次各處理重復(fù)均剖查100株，分別調(diào)查統(tǒng)計其活蟲數(shù)、死蟲數(shù)、化蛹數(shù)，計算出化蛹率、羽化率和死亡率。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計分析軟件和Microsoft Excel 2007軟件進(jìn)行處理。采用One-way ANOVA進(jìn)行方差分析，差異顯著性分析方法為Duncan 氏新復(fù)極差法(P<0.05)。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同秸稈儲放方式越冬玉米螟幼蟲存活數(shù)量動態(tài)分布

研究表明，不同秸稈儲放方式下的平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)均呈現(xiàn)出顯著的遞減趨勢；越冬幼蟲存活基數(shù)方面，豎放>堆放>封閉處理(P<0.05)；幼蟲死亡進(jìn)度方面，封閉>堆放>豎放處理(P<0.05)?？梢姡斩捯苑忾]處理最不利于越冬代玉米螟幼蟲的存活，其死亡進(jìn)度明顯加快，而豎放則相對有利于其存活。 圖1，圖2

圖1 不同秸稈儲放方式下百稈活幼蟲數(shù)量變化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.1 The variation of live larvae number in 100 Plants under different store ways in Kashgar,Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015

圖2 不同秸稈儲放方式下百稈死幼蟲數(shù)量變化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.2 The variation of dead larvae number in 100 Plants under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015

2.2 不同秸稈儲放方式下越冬玉米螟幼蟲化蛹及羽化進(jìn)度

研究表明，在越冬后平均百稈活蛹數(shù)及化蛹率方面，封閉<堆放<豎放處理(P<0.05)，且封閉處理的幼蟲化蛹進(jìn)度顯著快于其他兩個處理(P<0.05)；平均羽化率方面，豎放和堆放差異不顯著(P>0.05)，但均顯著大于封閉處理(P<0.05)；死亡率方面，封閉>堆放>豎放處理(P<0.05)?？梢?，秸稈以封閉處理進(jìn)行越冬可顯著降低越冬玉米螟幼蟲的化蛹率和羽化率，提高其死亡率，而豎放、堆放則相對有利于玉米螟幼蟲的化蛹及羽化。圖3～6

圖3 不同秸稈儲放方式下百稈活蛹數(shù)量變化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.3 The variation of live pupa number in 100 Plants under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015

圖4 不同秸稈儲放方式下化蛹率變化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.4 The variation of pupation rate under different store ways in Kashgar,

Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015

圖5 不同秸稈儲放方式下羽化率變化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.5 The variation of emergence rate under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015

圖6 不同秸稈儲放方式下死亡率變化(新疆喀什,2014,2015)
Fig.6 The variation of mortality under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014 and 2015

2.3 不同秸稈儲放方式越冬玉米螟幼蟲羽化總體

研究表明，與豎放、堆放處理相比，經(jīng)封閉處理越冬后的秸稈，其平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)、百稈活蛹數(shù)、化蛹率及羽化率分別降低59.58%、43.52%，90.21%、92.33%，19.87%、17.99%，13.77%和11.79%，其平均死亡率分別增加39.78%、35.44%。玉米秸稈以封閉處理進(jìn)行越冬相對最不利其幼蟲成活、化蛹和羽化，在一定程度上壓低越冬玉米螟成活及羽化成蛾基數(shù)，豎放則最有利于越冬代玉米螟幼蟲的成活和羽化。 表1，表2

表1 不同秸稈儲放方式下越冬代玉米螟幼蟲羽化總體情況(2014年，新疆喀什)
Table 1 The total analysis on the overwintering larva pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2014

處理編號TreatmentNo.越冬方式Storeways平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)Averagenumberoflivelarvaein100Plants(head)平均百稈死幼蟲數(shù)Averagenumberofdeadlarvaein100Plants(head)平均百稈活蛹數(shù)Averagenumberoflivepupain100Plants(head)平均百稈蛹?xì)?shù)Averagenumberofdeadpupain100Plants(head)平均化蛹率Averagepupationrate(%)平均羽化率Averageemergencerate(%)平均死亡率Averagemortality(%)1豎放386.34a78.05b36.34a29.51a21.51a20.01a26.27b2堆放276.83b53.90c15.37b17.07b19.88a17.88b24.05b3封閉213.60c125.20a6.00c1.60c3.09c5.89c51.06a

注：同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同字母表示經(jīng) 0.05 水平差異顯著(鄧肯氏新復(fù)極差法)，下同

Notes: Different letters behind data in the column presented significant difference at 0.05 level (Duncan's new multiple-range test), the same as below

表2 不同秸稈儲放方式下越冬代玉米螟幼蟲羽化總體情況(2015年，新疆喀什)
Table 2 The total analysis on the overwintering larva pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under different store ways in Kashgar, Xinjiang in 2015

處理編號TreatmentNo.越冬方式Storeways平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)Averagenumberoflivelarvaein100Plants(head)平均百稈死幼蟲數(shù)Averagenumberofdeadlarvaein100Plants(head)平均百稈活蛹數(shù)Averagenumberoflivepupain100Plants(head)平均百稈蛹?xì)?shù)Averagenumberofdeadpupain100Plants(head)平均化蛹率Averagepupationrate(%)平均羽化率Averageemergencerate(%)平均死亡率Averagemortality(%)1豎放119.71a10.86c9.43a13.14a22.88a14.47a12.01c2堆放85.43b16.29b4.86b11.43b20.76b12.64b22.92b3封閉30.59c36.76a0.29c0.59c1.57c1.06c66.78a

3 討 論

通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)玉米秸稈進(jìn)行封閉處理越冬時，其秸稈內(nèi)的越冬代玉米螟幼蟲在春季復(fù)蘇后解除滯育緩慢，化蛹率降低，死亡率增大，這與魯新[23]、文麗萍[24]、靳軍靈[25]等的研究結(jié)果一致。上述研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，水分、濕度和溫度是限制玉米螟越冬幼蟲化蛹羽化的重要環(huán)境因子，玉米螟越冬幼蟲在春季復(fù)蘇后只有通過直接補(bǔ)充越冬前失去的水分，才能恢復(fù)到正常的代謝水平并進(jìn)入化蛹階段。研究采取的封閉處理可能導(dǎo)致外界環(huán)境中的雨露水難以滲入到秸稈內(nèi)部，最終導(dǎo)致其越冬幼蟲存活率及化蛹羽化率均顯著低于豎放和堆放處理。此外，秸稈封閉處理下，雖內(nèi)部環(huán)境濕度可能高于外界自然條件，但魯新等[26]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，復(fù)蘇但未經(jīng)直接補(bǔ)水的玉米螟在80%～100%的高濕條件下雖能化蛹，但化蛹率很低。越冬代玉米螟的化蛹羽化不僅與環(huán)境濕度有關(guān)，還與是否得到直接補(bǔ)水有關(guān)。

對于防治越冬玉米螟，賈乃新[7]提出根據(jù)越冬玉米螟活動規(guī)律應(yīng)用化學(xué)藥劑和生物農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行“封垛”，這對降低玉米螟越冬蟲源基數(shù)起到一定作用，但新疆各玉米主要產(chǎn)區(qū)多在玉米收獲后采用玉米秸稈飼養(yǎng)牲畜，“封垛”處理不利于牲畜的飼養(yǎng)安全。在試驗中，由于玉米秸稈儲放環(huán)境改變，加快了玉米秸稈的腐爛速度，收獲后的玉米秸稈經(jīng)充分晾曬后于入冬前再進(jìn)行封閉處理。

4 結(jié) 論

4.1 與豎放、堆放處理相比，經(jīng)封閉處理越冬后的秸稈，其平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)、百稈活蛹數(shù)、化蛹率及羽化率分別降低59.58%、43.52%，90.21%、92.33%，19.87%、17.99%，13.77%和11.79%，其平均死亡率分別增加39.78%、35.44%。

4.2 玉米秸稈以豎放方式進(jìn)行越冬后的平均百稈活幼蟲數(shù)、活蛹數(shù)、化蛹率及羽化率均顯著大于堆放、封閉處理的(P<0.05)；封閉處理則相對最不利于越冬玉米螟幼蟲的成活、化蛹及羽化，并在一定程度上提高越冬玉米螟的總死亡率。

4.3 在生產(chǎn)實際中，秸稈不以豎放方式進(jìn)行越冬，而優(yōu)先對其進(jìn)行封閉處理，以降低其越冬幼蟲成活和羽化基數(shù)。

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Supported by:Supported by The National key R & D projects of China: "Research and demonstration on the integration of chemical fertilizer and pesticide reduction technology in corns in North China", and Supported by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region's Science and Technology Support Program "The corn borer green control key technology research and demonstration in main producing areas of corn in Xinjiang" (201531103) and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Three Academy Fund Project": "Comprehensive control techniques research and demonstration for Pyrausta nubilalis in Kashgar"(2015SY008)

GUO Wen-chao(1966-), male, born in Hebei, researcher, doctoral tutor, research direction:comprehensive control of agricultural pest

Straw Storage Effects on the Pupation and Eclosion of Overwintering Larvae of Corn Borer

XIE Yu-mei1, LIU Fang-hui2, DING Xin-hua3, LI Cui-mei1, FU Kai-yun3, HE Jiang3, Tursun Ahmat3, Abdureyim Abdurexit1, LI Peng-fa1, XU Jian-jun3, GUO Wen-chao4

(1.XinjiangShuleAgriculturalTechnologyExtensionCenter,ShuleXinjiang844200,China; 2.TarimUniversity,AlarXinjiang843300,China; 3.KeyLaboratoryofIntergradedManagementofHarmfulCropVerminofChinaNorth-westernOasis,MinistryofAgriculture,P.R.China/ResearchInstituteofPlantProtection,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China; 4.ResearchInstituteofAppliedMicrobiology,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China)

【Objective】 Through the research on the effects of different storage methods on the pupation and eclosion development of overwintering larvae, the project aims to explore providing a kind of reasonable method for storing maize straws in Xinjiang, which might reduce the amount of overwintering larvae. 【Method】 Through comparison and analysis of the amount of overwintering larvae in 100 plants, pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality by different stroage methods (standing, stacking, sealing), in order to put forward a kind of reasonable storage method of maize straw. 【Result】Synthetically considering the data of 2014, 2015 for two consecutive years showed that: The average number of live overwintering larvae in 100 plants, live pupa number in 100 plants, pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under sealing were reduced by 59.58% and 43.52%, 90.21% and 92.33%, 19.87% and 17.99%, 13.77% and 11.79%, which compared with standing and stacking respectively, and its average mortality rate was increased by 39.78% and 39.78% respectively. 【Conclusion】The average number of live overwintering larvae in 100 plants, live pupa number in 100 plants, pupation rate, emergence rate and mortality under sealing were all significantly greater than those of standing and stacking (P<0.05); The sealing treatment can increase partly the total mortality of overwintering corn borer, and reduce its pupation rate. So in actual production, the maize straw is not recommended to wintering in the form of standing treatment and preferred to sealing treatment, which can reduce its overwintering larvae survival and emergence rate.

corn straw; storage method; overwinter corn borer; pupate; eclosion

10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.03.015

2017-01-03

國家重點研發(fā)計劃項目“北方玉米化肥農(nóng)藥減施技術(shù)集成研究與示范”；新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科技支撐項目“新疆玉米主產(chǎn)區(qū)玉米螟綠色防控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與示范”(201531103)；新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)三院基金項目“喀什地區(qū)玉米螟綜合防控技術(shù)研究與示范”(2015SY008)

解玉梅(1986-)，女，農(nóng)藝師，研究方向為農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲綜合防治，(E-mail)xieyumei520@163.com

郭文超(1966-)，男，河北人，研究員，博士生導(dǎo)師，研究方向為農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲綜合防治，(E-mail)gwc1966@163.com

S435.112.6

A

1001-4330(2017)03-0505-08