電影《十月》海報 雅科夫·季莫費(fèi)耶維奇·盧克列夫斯基 Poster of Movie the October, by J.T. Rukelevsky

一個棕色長型旅行手提包，是列寧和夫人克魯普斯卡婭流亡國外時裝文件和衣物所使用的，他們在國外流亡長達(dá)15年，去過意大利、法國、波蘭等12個國家；一件雙排扣深灰?guī)ё厣拿貖A克，是20世紀(jì)初列寧經(jīng)常穿著的衣服。在回憶錄中，別人這樣描述他：“謙虛、整潔、有禮貌，但毫無修飾，在人群中毫不起眼?！?/p>

11月7日，由中國國家博物館、俄羅斯國家歷史博物館聯(lián)合推出的“紀(jì)念十月革命100周年——俄羅斯國家歷史博物館藏十月革命文物展”在中國國家博物館舉行。展覽分為“偉大的革命”“人民的紀(jì)念”“中蘇友誼”三個部分，既有表現(xiàn)革命瞬間的經(jīng)典油畫和雕塑，也有記錄人民紀(jì)念革命、保衛(wèi)革命政權(quán)的宣傳畫，以及反映中蘇友好歷史的文物共238件，其中包括了21位俄羅斯蘇維埃聯(lián)邦社會主義共和國功勛藝術(shù)家的杰作，大多數(shù)展品均為第一次來到中國。在2018年2月7日展覽結(jié)束前，公眾可以到國家博物館北10展廳免費(fèi)參觀展覽。

一場開天辟地的大事變

1917年，俄國處于嚴(yán)重危機(jī)狀態(tài)下，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)更加劇了國內(nèi)階級矛盾。前線的失利、數(shù)以百萬計士兵的死亡和被俘，引起了普通士兵和部分軍官的憤怒、后方的灰心喪氣。他們對不論是戰(zhàn)時還是和平年代，沙皇政府是否能夠?qū)疫M(jìn)行有效管理產(chǎn)生了懷疑。在1917年初的幾個月里，奮起反對君主制的派別中，不僅有自由民主運(yùn)動的領(lǐng)袖，而且有愛國的大企業(yè)家、高級軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，甚至王室成員。

展覽的第一部分便以“偉大的革命”為主題，展示了“阿芙樂爾”號巡洋艦舷窗、“十月革命萬歲”旗幟等珍貴文物和20余張描繪十月革命的經(jīng)典歷史畫作，其中包括：勃羅茨基的《1917年5月列寧在普基洛夫工廠工人大會演講》、謝洛夫的《列寧在全俄蘇維埃第二次代表大會上講話》、格拉西莫夫的《列寧在講壇上》、索科洛夫·斯卡利亞創(chuàng)作的《向冬宮突擊》等經(jīng)典歷史題材繪畫作品。此外，還展出了系列照片和明信片，它們是1917年2月至10月獨(dú)特的大事記，展示了革命事件在俄羅斯兩個主要城市彼得格勒和莫斯科的緊張節(jié)奏。

據(jù)介紹，“阿芙樂爾”號巡洋艦是俄國海軍的三大著名戰(zhàn)艦之一。1917年11月，在布爾什維克的爭取下，“阿芙樂爾”號成為革命的重要力量。7日晚10時，“阿芙樂爾”號向冬宮打出了第一炮。炮聲響過4個小時后，臨時政府部長們被逮捕，十月革命取得了勝利。此次展覽的舷窗就是這段歷史最好的見證。

馬特維·根利霍維奇·馬尼澤爾則根據(jù)列寧在彼得格勒的演講，創(chuàng)作了雕塑《列寧在裝甲車上》，表現(xiàn)了1917年4月3日，列寧從瑞士回到彼得格勒，在車站受到工人和海陸軍士兵熱烈歡迎的場景。列寧登上裝甲車的炮塔上，向迎接他的人們作了簡短而充滿激情的演講，并高呼“社會主義革命萬歲”！作品造型完整，藝術(shù)語言簡練，具有深刻的思想性。

一次翻天覆地的歷史巨變

十月革命勝利后，為歡慶這個國家最重要的節(jié)日，街頭、企業(yè)、機(jī)構(gòu)都出現(xiàn)了內(nèi)容豐富、主題多樣的海報?！叭嗣竦募o(jì)念”板塊展出了從十月革命后到20世紀(jì)80年代末創(chuàng)作的宣傳海報和紀(jì)念性文物，展現(xiàn)十月革命以后人民對革命的紀(jì)念，其中也反映了蘇聯(lián)的歷史大事件、社會發(fā)展和生活情景。這些海報包括摩爾的《你參加志愿軍了嗎？》、托依澤的《祖國母親在呼喚！》、柯列茨基的《為了蘇聯(lián)政權(quán)！》，以及由盧克列夫斯基設(shè)計的第一部反映十月革命的電影《十月》宣傳海報等。藝術(shù)家用極具張力的視覺圖像和簡潔的結(jié)構(gòu)處理，通過最大的語言表現(xiàn)力和極度的清晰性，使海報成為蘇聯(lián)歷史大事件的大眾宣傳工具。

《為了蘇維埃政權(quán)! 》（三聯(lián)畫）維克多·波里索維奇·柯列茨基 For the Soviet government! (Triptych)Victor Borisovich Koretzky

列寧曾經(jīng)說過：“首先應(yīng)該特別地尖銳，圖畫和宣傳畫之間的差異，也就在于宣傳畫的一切都應(yīng)該凝聚而集中，本來只有集中起來的、典型的事物，才能給人以強(qiáng)烈的印象。”十月革命后，德米特里·斯塔西耶維奇·摩爾創(chuàng)作了以鼓動性形象著稱，表現(xiàn)巨大的集中力量，驚人的、令人難忘的宣傳畫。他在1920年創(chuàng)作的《你參加志愿軍了嗎？》達(dá)到了當(dāng)時蘇俄國內(nèi)宣傳畫技巧的頂峰。畫面中央是一位年輕的紅軍戰(zhàn)士，他右手直指觀眾，目光注視著他們，發(fā)出一個具有強(qiáng)大號召力量的嚴(yán)肅問題：“你參加志愿軍了嗎？”他面部表情堅毅，目光憤怒又充滿激情，有力地表現(xiàn)了消滅外國武裝干涉者和國內(nèi)反動勢力、捍衛(wèi)年輕的蘇維埃共和國的決心。

從摩爾的這幅作品看，他實(shí)踐了列寧的指示。宣傳畫的語言簡而意盡并極度明確，畫家舍去了次要的東西，而專門提取可以加強(qiáng)形象的典型力量的東西。比如紅軍戰(zhàn)士形象突出，幾乎占據(jù)了整個畫面，紅、黑兩種顏色，更是醒目而有沖擊力。紅軍戰(zhàn)士背后的工廠和冒著煙的煙囪，它們象征著和平時期的勞動，說明新生的蘇維埃正在著手恢復(fù)戰(zhàn)爭的創(chuàng)傷；簡明的語言，讀起來容易上口，更是充滿了號召力。

一段中俄友好的真摯紀(jì)念

十月革命爆發(fā)后，中國革命先行者孫中山致電蘇俄政府和列寧，表示“愿中俄兩黨團(tuán)結(jié)共同斗爭”，北京大學(xué)教授李大釗發(fā)表了《庶民的勝利》《布爾什維主義的勝利》等文章，熱烈歌頌十月革命和馬克思主義。十月革命開啟了蘇維埃俄國在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和文化領(lǐng)域的一系列巨大變革，為中國送來了馬克思列寧主義，也深刻改變了人類歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程，使世界無產(chǎn)階級革命進(jìn)入了嶄新的時代。

“中蘇友誼”板塊反映了從十月革命后到20世紀(jì)末中蘇、中俄友好交往的內(nèi)容——北洋政府代表團(tuán)送給列寧的禮物、孫中山為列寧逝世一周年書寫的哀悼詞、毛澤東訪蘇時送給斯大林的70歲生日禮物和斯大林別墅中的物品、斯大林的元帥制服和私人用品，以及紀(jì)念中國和俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦五國之間關(guān)于加強(qiáng)邊境地區(qū)軍事領(lǐng)域信任協(xié)定的簽署制作的浮雕板等。

中國革命先行者孫中山和俄國無產(chǎn)階級革命領(lǐng)袖列寧是沒見過面的忠誠朋友，他們是中俄兩國人民偉大革命友誼的締造者。1921年1月21日，列寧逝世。孫中山得知這一噩耗，萬分悲痛，發(fā)表講話號召大家學(xué)習(xí)列寧的革命精神。在列寧逝世一周年時，孫中山為紀(jì)念和緬懷這位世界上第一個社會主義國家的締造者，在綢面上書寫哀悼詞：“革命之真意義為求最大多數(shù)人類之解放與自由，列寧于此得大成功?！?/p>

“此次展覽力圖通過極其珍貴的歷史文物、真實(shí)的歷史照片、精彩的美術(shù)作品，向觀眾展現(xiàn)一段波瀾壯闊的偉大革命斗爭、一次翻天覆地的歷史巨變、一段中俄友好的佳話。同時，加深中俄兩國人民的相互了解，加強(qiáng)中俄博物館界的文化交流。”中國國家博物館館長呂章申表示，在100年后的今天，當(dāng)我們再度在更廣闊的時空里思考十月革命的價值時候，更能領(lǐng)會到：中華民族繼續(xù)沿著社會主義道路勝利前進(jìn)，最重要的就是要把習(xí)近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想，貫穿在為實(shí)現(xiàn)“兩個一百年”奮斗目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興中國夢的全部進(jìn)程中，進(jìn)而為人類命運(yùn)共同體作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。

《祖國母親在呼喚！》（海報）伊拉克利·莫伊謝耶維奇·托依澤 Mother-Motherland Calls (Poster)I.M.Toidze

A long brown travel handbag for documents and clothing was used by Lenin and his wife Mrs.Krupskaya for their 15-year exile in foreign countries,including Italy, France, Poland and other 12 countries in total.A dark brown double-breasted wool jacket was often worn by Lenin in 1910. People described him in the memoirs as modest, tidy, courteous, unadorned and inconspicuous in the crowds.

Commemorating the 100thanniversary of October Revolution--- Collections of Cultural Relics of October Revolution of Russian National History Museum, jointly issued by National Museum of China and Russian National History Museum, have been held at National Museum of China recently. Categorized into three parts as the Great Revolution,Commemoration of People, and Friendship between China and the Soviet Union, the exhibition displays classic oil paintings and sculptures showing the moments of revolution,picture posters recording people’s commemorating the revolution and defending the political power and 238 pieces of cultural relics reflecting the friendship history between China and the Soviet Union, including the masterpieces of 21 meritorious artists of Russian Soviet Union, with most exhibits shown to the public for the first time in China. Before the end of exhibition on February 7, 2018, people can visit the exhibition free of charge at the North 10 exhibition hall of the National Museum of China.

A Great Event in History

In 1917, Russia was in a state of serious crisis as the First World War has worsened the domestic class contradiction.The loss at the frontline, the death and capture of millions of soldiers have caused the anger of the ordinary soldiers and some officers with disgrace, as they started to doubt about the effective management over the country by the Czar government in time of war or peace. During the first few months of 1917, amongst the factions against the monarchy were not only leaders of the liberal democratic movement,but also patriotic entrepreneurs, senior military leaders and even the royal members.

With the theme of the Great Revolution, the first part of the exhibition has shown the porthole of Aphrora Cruiser, flags of the October Revolution and some other precious cultural relics and over 20 pieces of classic historical paintings of the revolution, includingLenin’s Speech at Workers’ Assembly of Putilov Factory on May 1917 by Brodsky, Lenin’s Speech at the Second Congress of Russian Soviet by Serov, Lenin on the Rostrum by Gera Simov, Assault on Winter Palaceby Sokolovskalia and other classic historical paintings. In addition, some other photos and postcards recording the unique events from February to October, 1917 also revealed the intense pace of revolutionary events in two major Russian cities of Petrograd and Moscow.

The Aphrora Cruiser, according to the introduction, was one of the three famous Russian navy warships. On Novber 1917,the cruiser became a crucial revolutionary power with the endeavors of Bolshevik. At 10:00PM of 7, November, the Warship made the first shot to the Winter Palace. Ministers of interim government were arrested four hours later, marking the success of the October Revolution. The porthole at this exhibition was the best witness of that history.

Based upon Lenin’s speech in Petrograd, Matey Manizer created the statue ofLenin on Armored Car, depicting the welcoming scene of his return to Petrograd from Switzerland at the stations welcomed by workers and navy and army soldiers. Lenin boarded the armored turret and made a brief and passionate speech to the people who greeted him,hallooing Long live the socialist revolution. With complete modeling and concise artistic language, the masterpiece is of profound ideological content.

列寧的手提包H andbag of Lenin

An earthshaking change in history

Posters with rich content and diverse themes have emerged in streets, companies and institutions to celebrate this most important festival in the country after the success of the October Revolution. Commemoration of People has exhibited the posters and commemorative relics created from the October Revolution to the end of the 1980s, reflecting people’s commemoration of the revolution while reflecting the great events of the history of the Soviet Union, the society development and the situation of life. The posters includeWhy Aren't you in the Army?by Moor,Mother-mother land callsby Toidze,For the Soviet Regimeby Koretsky, and the poster of theOctober, the first movie concerning the October Revolution under the design by Ruklevsky. Through maximum language expressiveness and extreme clarity, the artists employ visual images with great tension and simple structure to make posters the mass propaganda tools for the great events in the history of the Soviet Union.

《前進(jìn)！勝利就在前方！》妮娜·尼古拉耶夫娜·瓦托林娜 Ahead ! The Victory is in sight N.N.Vatollina

Lenin once mentioned that first it should be especially sharp as the difference between pictures and posters is that everything in poster should be condensed and concentrated as only issues with much concentration and typical case can impress people strongly. After the October Revolution, Dimitri Moor has created the amazing and memorable pictures of propaganda showing great power of concentration famous for their inspiring image. His Have You Been in Volunteer Army created in 1920 reached the peak of the technique of propaganda painting in the Soviet Union and Russia at that time. A young Red Army soldier centering the painting pointed to the audiences with his right hand, watching them while giving out a serious issue with a powerful appeal:Have you been enlisted in the volunteer army? His persistent facial expression and eyes with anger and passion have effectively shown his determination of eliminating foreign armed interferers and domestic reactionary forces in defense of the young Soviet Republic.

As for the artwork of Moor, he practiced Lenin's instructions.The language of the propaganda painting is simple and extremely clear, the artist has given up minor issues while extracted those strengthening the image with special powers. For example, with a prominent image, the Red Army soldier almost occupied the whole painting with two striking colors of red and black. The factories and smokestacks behind the Red Army soldier symbolized the physical labor in the peaceful period, explaining that the new Soviet has been starting to recover the trauma of the war. Easy to read, the concise language was full of appeal.

A Sincere Commemoration of Friendship between China and Russia

After the outbreak of the October Revolution, the Chinese revolutionary forerunner, Mr. Sun Yat-sen once sent a telegram to the Soviet Russian government and Lenin,proclaiming the two parties of China and Russia should remain united and fight together. Peking University professor Li Dazhao published articles, includingPlebeian Victory,Bolshevik Victoryand others to warmly eulogize the October Revolution and the Marxism. The October Revolution has initiated a series of fundamental changes in the economic,social and cultural fields of Soviet Russia, bringing the Marxism-Leninism to China, profoundly transforming the process of human history and put the proletarian revolutions globally into a brand-new era.

The part of Friendship between China and the Soviet Union shows the content of the friendly exchanges between China and Soviet Union, and China and Russia from the October Revolution to the end of the 20th century, including gifts sent by the Beiyang government delegation to Lenin, Mr. Sun Yat-sen’s mourning for the first anniversary of the death of Lenin, MAO Zedong’s 70-year birthday present to Stalin during his visit to the Soviet Union, things in Stalin’s villa, his marshal uniforms and personal supplies, the embossed plate in commemoration of the signing of the agreement on enhancing the military trust in border areas ameng China,Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and etc.

中國山水（木雕）（1920年9月，北洋政府派出的由張斯麐率領(lǐng)的代表團(tuán)到達(dá)莫斯科。11月2日，列寧在百忙之中接見了中國代表團(tuán)。會見時，代表團(tuán)將這幅具有中國特色的軟木畫作品贈送給了列寧。） Chinese Landscape (wood carving) (In September 1920, a delegation led by ZHANG Silin of the Beiyang government arrived in Moscow. On November 2,Lenin met the Chinese delegation during his busy schedule. The delegation presented this piece of cork painting with Chinese characteristics to Lenin during the meeting.)

The Chinese revolutionary forerunner, Mr. Sun Yat-sen and the revolutionary leader of the Russian proletariat, Lenin were loyal friend to each other though they had never met in life, and they are regarded today as founders of the great revolutionary friendship between the Chinese and Russian people. Sun Yat-sen was deeply saddened by the death of Lenin on 21,January 1921 and made a speech calling on all people to learn Lenin’s revolutionary spirit. During the first anniversary of Lenin’s death, he wrote the mourning words on silks, commemorating and remembering the creator of the first socialist country in the world, that the genuine significance of the revolution lies in finding the liberation and freedom for most human beings, and Lenin has achieved his gool.

This exhibition is committed to showcasing to the audiences an earthshaking revolution, a fundamental historical change and a story of China-Russia friendship through extremely precious historical relics, real historical photographs and wonderful works of art, while deepening the mutual understanding of two peoples and strengthening the cultural exchanges between Chinese and Russian museums. Director of National Museum of China, LV Zhangshen said that today after the period of 100 years, when re-evaluating the value of the October Revolution in a broader space and time, we can deeply appreciate that: To win along the socialist road, the most important thing for the Chinese nation is to put XI Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the whole process of achieving the Two Centenary Goals and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation so as to make further contribution to the realization of the community of shared future for mankind.