文/珍妮弗·凱欣·阿姆斯特朗 譯/金瑤 劉莉

福爾摩斯如何改變了世界

文/珍妮弗·凱欣·阿姆斯特朗 譯/金瑤 劉莉

I n 1893, author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle shoved1shove 推。detective Sherlock Holmes off a cliff. The cliff was fi ctionally located in Switzerland, over the Reichenbach Falls. But Conan Doyle did the dirty work from his home in London where he wrote. “It is with a heavy heart that I take up my pen to write these the last words in which I shall ever record the singular gifts by which my friend Mr. Sherlock Holmes was distinguished,”narrator Dr John Watson says in Conan Doyle’s story The Final Problem, which appeared in The Strand Magazine in December 1893.

[2] Conan Doyle himself seemed a little less emotional in private. “Killed Holmes,” he wrote in his diary. He later said of his famous character: “I have had such an overdose of him that I feel towards him as I do towards paté de foie gras2paté de foie gras 鵝肝醬。, of which I once ate too much, so that the name of it gives me a sickly feeling to this day.”

18 93年，阿瑟·柯南·道爾爵士將其筆下的偵探歇洛克·福爾摩斯推下懸崖。小說中這道懸崖位于瑞士，俯瞰萊辛巴赫瀑布，但柯南·道爾卻是在自己倫敦的家中干下這個勾當(dāng)?shù)?。?893年12月刊登于《斯特蘭雜志》的《最后一案》中，故事敘述者華生醫(yī)生說道：“懷著十分沉痛的心情，我最后一次提筆敘寫我朋友歇洛克·福爾摩斯，敘寫他秀出群倫的獨特本領(lǐng)?！?/p>

[2]柯南·道爾本人似乎并沒有受到多大觸動。他在日記中寫道：“殺掉福爾摩斯了?！焙髞碚勂鹱约汗P下這個著名人物時，他說：“我寫他寫得太多了，以致對他的感覺就像對鵝肝醬一樣：有次吃多了，直到現(xiàn)在，一提起鵝肝醬這幾個字我就渾身不舒服?！?/p>

[3demise死亡。] Conan Doyle may have thought, at the time of finishing Holmes off in print, that that was that. If he did think this, he did not understand fans—ppaarr---ticularly fans of Holmes—very well. More than 20,000Strandreaders cancelled their subscriptions, outraged by Holmes’ premature demise3demise死亡。. The magazine barely survived.

[3]柯南·道爾當(dāng)時可能認為，福爾摩斯的故事一結(jié)束，不再出版，就萬事大吉了。如果他確實是這么想的，那他就太不了解自己的粉絲，尤其是福爾摩斯的粉絲了。兩萬多名《斯特蘭雜志》讀者因福爾摩斯的早亡而怒不可遏，紛紛取消了訂閱，致使雜志瀕臨停刊。

[4legend has it that據(jù)傳說，據(jù)傳言。] Legend has it that4legend has it that據(jù)傳說，據(jù)傳言。young men throughout London wore black mourning crêpes5crêpe（悼亡用的）黑紗。on their hats or around their arms for the month of Holmes’ death, though that has recently been questioned. Outraged readers wrote to the magazine in protest: “You brute!” one letter addressed to Conan Doyle began. Americans started “Let’s Keep Holmes Alive” clubs. Conan Doyle stuck to his guns in the face of the protests, calling the death “justi fi able homicide”—referring, presumably, to his own justi fi cations, not Moriarty’s.

[4]有傳言說，福爾摩斯去世的那個月，倫敦隨處可見年輕人在帽子上或手臂上纏戴黑紗以示悼念——不過這一說法最近遭到了質(zhì)疑。憤怒不已的讀者紛紛寫信向雜志社抗議。一封指名寄給柯南·道爾的信開頭就是：“你這個畜生！”美國讀者甚至建起了“讓福爾摩斯活著”俱樂部。面對抗議聲，柯南·道爾堅持己見，將福爾摩斯之死稱作“正當(dāng)殺人”——這很可能是在為他自己辯護，而不是為莫里亞蒂。

[5]這些批判的聲音，其實就跟如今任何一天的網(wǎng)絡(luò)輿論一樣。但在當(dāng)時，滾滾而來的尖刻批判足以令柯南·道爾目瞪口呆。因為粉絲們以前從未這樣做過。［事實上，那個時候他們還不叫“粉絲”。“粉絲”（fans）一詞是“入迷者”（fanatic）的簡稱，近年才開始使用，代指狂熱的美國棒球迷。］在此之前，讀者一般會接受他們最愛的書里描述的情節(jié)，然后翻篇向前。而現(xiàn)在，他們開始將流行文化看得更加私人化，期待自己最愛的作品能與心中所想一致。看來他們是真的想和心愛的作品建立一種互動關(guān)系。

[5] This sounds, of course, like just another day on the internet in 2015. But at the time, Conan Doyle had every reason to be shocked by the torrent of vitriol6vitriol 尖刻批判。. Fans simply did not do this before then. (In fact, they weren’t even called “fans” yet. The term, short for “fanatic”, had only recentlybegun use in reference to American baseball enthusiasts.) Readers typically accepted what went on in their favourite books, then moved on. Now they were beginning to take their popular culture personally, and to expect their favorite works to conform to certain expectations. They seemed to actually expect a reciprocal7reciprocal 互動的。relationship with the works they loved.

Fan frenzy

[6] Sherlock Holmes’ avid8avid 熱衷的，著迷的。readers helped to create the very modern practice of fandom. Interestingly enough, Holmes’ intense following continues to this day, spawning endless reimaginings, such as the US crimesolving seriesElementaryand the BBC’sSherlock.

粉絲的瘋狂

[6]歇洛克·福爾摩斯的忠實讀者幫助塑造了現(xiàn)代粉絲文化。非常有趣的是，時至今日，福爾摩斯的追隨者聲勢不減，引發(fā)了無數(shù)再創(chuàng)作——如破案類系列美劇《基本演繹法》，以及BBC的《神探夏洛克》。

[7] Holmes first appeared in 1887, in the novelette9novelette 中篇小說。A Study in Scarlet. He was popular from the start—so popular that soon Conan Doyle began to regret having created him, since Holmes stories so completely overshadowed what Conan Doyle considered his serious work, such as his historical novelMicah Clarke. Readers lined up at newsstands forThe Strandon publication day whenever a new Holmes story was to appear inside.

[7]福爾摩斯首次出場是在1887年的一部中篇小說《暗紅習(xí)作》里，剛一亮相便大受歡迎，以至于柯南·道爾很快就后悔創(chuàng)造了這一形象，因為福爾摩斯故事的風(fēng)頭完全蓋過了他創(chuàng)作的所謂嚴肅作品，比如他的歷史小說《米卡·克拉克》。每到刊載福爾摩斯新故事的《斯特蘭雜志》出刊的日子，讀者就會在報攤前排起長龍。

[8] Holmes fans were truly the emerging middle-class, the exact sort of group whose tastes would be denigrated10denigrate誹謗，詆毀。by snooty11snooty 妄自尊大的。critics as populist12populist 符合大眾口味的。for more than a century to come. They were the ones priced out of concerts, the ones who had to wait for the cheaper versions of popular novels. Historian David Payne describes them as “l(fā)argely the lower-middle and middle-middle classes of the cities, the non-intellectual, non-public school13public school公學(xué)，最早是為窮人或平民子弟提供教育的場所，但到18世紀(jì)逐漸發(fā)展成貴族學(xué)校，入讀這種學(xué)校的基本條件并不是學(xué)費，而是家庭背景。, hardworking, rising… people—the first true mass moderns.”The Strandtargeted them with what we’d now recognise as exciting, high-concept14highconcept 高度刺激性的，亦有直譯為“高概念”，意指情節(jié)抓人且頗具感染力。genre stories—mysteries and science fiction—from writers such as H.G. Wells and Jules Verne.

[8]福爾摩斯的粉絲其實是當(dāng)時正在興起的中產(chǎn)階級，這一群體的品味在之后一百多年都被自視甚高的批評家當(dāng)作“庸眾趣味”大加鞭撻。他們會因票價過高而放棄音樂會，熱門小說得等便宜版本出來再買。歷史學(xué)家戴維·佩恩這樣形容道，他們“大多是城市中產(chǎn)階級的中下層，既非知識分子，也沒有公學(xué)教育背景，靠著勤奮努力，一點點發(fā)達——他們是第一批真正意義上的現(xiàn)代大眾”?！端固靥m雜志》以他們?yōu)槟繕?biāo)讀者，刊載了一些在我們今天看來激動人心、挑動神經(jīng)的類型小說——懸疑故事和科幻小說，作者包括H. G.威爾斯和儒勒·凡爾納等人。

[9] The demand for Holmes stories seemed endless.The Strandwould pay Conan Doyle nicely for whatever he could give them. But he hadn’t meant to spend the rest of his life inventing and solving fi ctional crimes. He’d meant to make some money to support his real art, novels full of what he felt were important ideas and political statements.

[9]讀者對福爾摩斯的故事似乎永不饜足。只要柯南·道爾寫，《斯特蘭雜志》就樂意支付優(yōu)厚稿酬。但他并不想將余生都花在編造、解決這些虛構(gòu)的案件上。他本來只想賺一些錢來支持他眼中真正的藝術(shù)——包含他認為的重要觀點和政治立場的小說。

[10]到1893年，34歲的柯南·道爾已經(jīng)名利雙收，應(yīng)有盡有了。他還是想成為沃爾特·司各特爵士那樣的歷史小說家。所以，他讓邪惡的莫里亞蒂教授將福爾摩斯推下了瀑布。然而，停筆的8年間，社會輿論壓力越積越重，1901年，柯南·道爾只好又寫了一個新故事——《巴斯克維爾的獵犬》，故事設(shè)定在福爾摩斯墜崖前。1903年，在《空屋子》中，他干脆更進一步，讓福爾摩斯復(fù)活了，解釋說只有莫里亞蒂墜崖摔死了，而福爾摩斯偽造了自己的死亡。粉絲們歡呼雀躍。

[10] By 1893, when Conan Doyle was 34, he’d had enough. He wantedto be Sir Walter Scott15沃爾特·司各特，英國歷史小說家的一代鼻祖。柯南·道爾一直想要成為一名嚴肅的歷史小說家。. So he had the evil Professor Moriarty push Holmes down the falls. It took eight years, but by 1901, however, public pressure grew so great that Conan Doyle wrote a new story,The Hound of the Baskervilles, featuring Holmes before his fall. In 1903, inThe Adventure of the Empty House, he went one step further, resurrecting16resurrect 使復(fù)活。Holmes with the explanation that only Moriarty had died in the fall, while Holmes had faked his own death. Fans rejoiced.

來生

[11]自那之后，福爾摩斯粉絲的癡狂有增無減。唯一的不同就是，我們?nèi)缃褚褜Τ壏劢z見怪不怪。即便如此，BBC的系列電視劇《神探夏洛克》一時還是激起了難得一見的粉絲狂潮。劇中，本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇飾演現(xiàn)代版福爾摩斯，他和華生（馬丁·弗瑞曼飾）很喜歡倫敦的一家小吃店——史皮迪斯咖啡屋。于是該劇的粉絲也經(jīng)常光顧那里。劇組拍外景的時候，他們將街道擠得水泄不通，甚至影響了正常拍攝。

Life after death

[11] Holmes fans have only grown more obsessive since then. The only difference is that now we’re used to super-fandom. Even so, the BBC seriesSherlock, in particular, has stoked the most passionate strand of Holmes fandom in some time. Fans of the show, which stars Benedict Cumberbatch as a modern-day Holmes, frequent17frequent 常常光顧。the London sandwich shop favoured by Sherlock and his Watson (MartinFreeman), Speedy’s Café. They crowd the streets when the crew films on location, to such a point that it has caused production problems.

[12] In China, fans have popularised elaborate fan fiction positing this particular Sherlock (whom they call“Curly Fu”) and Watson as a gay couple. Japanese fans pore over18pore over 仔細閱讀。Sherlock manga. Korean pop group SHINee recorded a tribute song. Cumberbatch fans have their own squad name:“Cumberbitches”.

[12]在中國，由粉絲創(chuàng)作的同人小說大受歡迎。這些小說構(gòu)思精巧，將歇洛克（被昵稱為“卷?！保┖腿A生假想為一對好基友。日本的粉絲則認真追看歇洛克連環(huán)漫畫。韓國流行樂團SHINee還錄制了一首致敬歌曲。康伯巴奇的粉絲們甚至擁有自己的專屬團名Cumberbitches（康伯巴癡）。

[13] As a TV show,Sherlockhas maintained a complicated relationship with its fans. Sometimes the producers throw in a scene to wink at fans—or in the fi rst episode of series three, an entire episode built out of fan theories about how Sherlock faked his own death. But the show’s co-creator, Steven Moffat, has often been dismissive of fans, while Cumberbatch uncomfortably wrote off Sherlock fan fi ction as absurd19write off…as把……看作。. Never mind that the show itself could be considered ‘fan fi ction’ based on Conan Doyle’s Victorian-age work.

[13]作為一部電視劇，《神探夏洛克》與粉絲之間維系著一種復(fù)雜的關(guān)系。制作人有時會在劇中穿插一個片段向粉絲致意，或像第三季第一集那樣，整整一集呈現(xiàn)的都是粉絲對歇洛克假死之謎的種種看法。但是該劇的聯(lián)合制片人史蒂文·莫法特常常對粉絲們不屑一顧，主演康伯巴奇則認為粉絲創(chuàng)作的同人小說十分荒唐，令人不快。其實這部劇本身就可視為一部“同人小說”，是以柯南·道爾反映維多利亞時代的作品為藍本創(chuàng)作的。

[14]當(dāng)然，《神探夏洛克》在粉絲當(dāng)中激起如此強烈的反響，僅僅是粉絲深摯愛意的一種表現(xiàn)。真正了不起的是，120多年來，福爾摩斯故事集經(jīng)過了無數(shù)次改編，歇洛克·福爾摩斯的粉絲們始終熱衷這個虛構(gòu)偵探的各種演繹。

[14] Of course,Sherlock’s ability to cause such intense emotion among its fans is only an indication of how much they love it. What’s remarkable is that Sherlock Holmes fans have been engaging in such histrionics20histrionic 戲劇表演，舞臺藝術(shù)。over thefictional detective for more than 120 years, through many, many adaptations.

[15] Sherlock co-creator Mark Gatiss, who also plays the detective’s brother Mycroft, has credited Conan Doyle for creating characters that transcend time: “I think more than anything, what people have responded to is the fun of the show, which is so much what Doyle’s stories were actually like,”he told Al Jazeera America21Al Jazeera半島電視臺，一家立足阿拉伯、面向全球的國際性媒體，被稱為“阿拉伯的CNN”或“海灣的CNN”。其美國頻道于2016年4月停播。. “Over years and years of accumulating various versions and Victoriana, people had slightly lost sight of the fact that they’re enormous fun! They’re quick reads, they’re jolly thrilling, blood-curdling thrilling adventures and really, that’s what we wanted to do.”

[16] Gatiss has also pointed out that Holmes is one of the original fictional detectives—most other crime-solvers created thereafter were copies of him or a direct reaction to him: “Everything onwards is people drawing a line from Sherlock and Doctor Watson. Agatha Christie does it explicitly and makes Poirot short and round as opposed to tall and lean. He needs a Watson, so she creates Captain Hastings. Everywhere you go, this is the model. That’s why it’s imperishable I think.”

[15]馬克·加蒂斯是《神探夏洛克》的另一位聯(lián)合制片人，他還在劇中飾演了這位偵探的哥哥邁克羅夫特。他認為柯南·道爾的卓絕之處在于，其創(chuàng)造出的人物超越了時間，他在接受半島電視臺美國頻道的采訪時說：“我認為最重要的是，這部劇非常有意思——這就是吸引觀眾的地方，道爾的故事本來就是這樣。多年來，各種版本層出不窮，對維多利亞時代的呈現(xiàn)也愈加深入，但人們反倒有些忽視了這樣一個事實，那就是這些故事其實非常有趣！它們輕松易讀，講述了各種緊張刺激、令人不寒而栗的冒險經(jīng)歷，而這，也正是我們一直想表現(xiàn)的?！?/p>

[16]加蒂斯還指出，福爾摩斯是原創(chuàng)的虛構(gòu)偵探形象之一，之后出現(xiàn)的其他破案高手大多不是照搬他就是直接受到他的影響。“此后的一切創(chuàng)作都是在與福爾摩斯和華生劃界。阿加莎·克里斯蒂做得很明顯，她筆下的大偵探波洛又矮又胖，與福爾摩斯的高大纖瘦正相反。他還需要一個華生，所以她創(chuàng)造了黑斯廷斯上尉。不論怎么寫，模板都是這個。我想這就是它不朽的原因吧?！?/p>

[17] Just look at the landscape of current TV heroes, many of which play on Holmes’s brilliant-but-damaged formula.“Even outside the world of detection, I think Doyle began the idea that superintelligence comes at the price of some kind of social dysfunction, something that we’ve grasped as a narrative possibility ever since,” Moffat has said. “He’s a genius, therefore he’s a bit strange. I don’t know how often that happens in real life, but it happens a lot in fi ction.”

[18] In other words, pushing Sherlock Holmes off a cliff has no chance of killing him. He’ll always come back, in this lifetime and the next. The fans will see to it.

[17]只消看看現(xiàn)在電視劇主人公的形象，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們中的許多人都是按照福爾摩斯“有缺陷的天才”這一模式設(shè)計的。“我認為道爾引入了這樣一種觀點——超高智商往往伴隨某種社交障礙，而這不僅僅適用于偵探界。從那以后，我們就把這種觀點當(dāng)作一個可能的敘述點?！蹦ㄌ卦@樣表示，“他是個天才，所以有點古怪。我不知道現(xiàn)實中這樣的人有多少，但小說中很多?！?/p>

[18]換句話說，把歇洛克·福爾摩斯推下懸崖是絕對殺不死他的。他總會回來，不僅此生還有來生。粉絲們將拭目以待。

（譯者單位：復(fù)旦大學(xué)奇境譯坊）

How Sherlock Holmes Changed the World

By Jennifer Keishin Armstrong