時(shí)云朵,孫豪,曾東,倪學(xué)勤,潘康成
(1.四川省水產(chǎn)學(xué)校,成都611730;2.雅安市農(nóng)業(yè)局,四川雅安625000;3.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,成都611130)
腸道菌群與腸道免疫系統(tǒng)相互作用研究進(jìn)展
時(shí)云朵1,孫豪2,3,曾東3,倪學(xué)勤3,潘康成3
(1.四川省水產(chǎn)學(xué)校,成都611730;2.雅安市農(nóng)業(yè)局,四川雅安625000;3.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,成都611130)
腸道菌群是一個(gè)龐大而復(fù)雜的微生態(tài)系統(tǒng),腸壁內(nèi)存在為數(shù)眾多、功能強(qiáng)大的免疫細(xì)胞,兩者相互作用,相互制約,維持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)。文章主要從腸道菌群的分布、腸道免疫系統(tǒng)的組成、腸道菌群的免疫功能及腸道免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)正常菌群的耐受機(jī)制等方面研究腸道菌群與腸道免疫系統(tǒng)的相互關(guān)系。
腸道菌群;腸道免疫;黏膜;免疫耐受
Abstract:Intestinal microflora is a huge and complex micro-ecosystem.There are numerous and powerful lymphocytes.They interact and restrict each other,and maintain dynamic equilibrium in the intestinal wall.This paper focused on the distribution of intestinal flora,the composition of the intestinal immune system,intestinal flora immune function and the immune tolerance mechanisms of intestinal system for gut microbiota to elaborate the relationship between the intestinal flora and the intestinal immune system.
Key words:gut microbiota;intestinal immune;mucosa;immune tolerance
宿主與腸道微菌群共享一組核心基因與代謝路徑[1]。腸道菌群的某些遺傳元件與宿主的生理生化路徑所需基因呈現(xiàn)功能補(bǔ)充關(guān)系,而這些基因在人類基因組內(nèi)可能編碼不完整或丟失,涉及新陳代謝、黏膜免疫等相關(guān)基因,從而調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫器官發(fā)育、提高機(jī)體非特異性和特異性免疫、激活巨噬細(xì)胞活性、調(diào)控細(xì)胞因子合成分泌、增強(qiáng)紅細(xì)胞免疫功能及協(xié)同頡頏病原菌入侵等[2]。同時(shí),免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)腸道菌群又有調(diào)控和制約作用,對(duì)正常菌表現(xiàn)為免疫耐受,對(duì)病原菌則表現(xiàn)為免疫排斥。本文就腸道菌群與腸道免疫系統(tǒng)的相作關(guān)系作以綜述。
胃腸道菌群是機(jī)體內(nèi)最龐大、最復(fù)雜的微生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。成人腸道內(nèi)定居著數(shù)以萬(wàn)億計(jì)的微生物,是機(jī)體細(xì)胞數(shù)的10倍,其基因組是人類基因組的150倍,在共同進(jìn)化過(guò)程中與宿主建立了共生關(guān)系,胃腸道里微生物種類達(dá)4 000余種,其中細(xì)菌達(dá)1 000余種,主要由厭氧菌、兼性厭氧菌和需氧菌組成,專性厭氧菌>99%[3-6]。因結(jié)構(gòu)及功能特性以及黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)的影響,導(dǎo)致菌群在不同腸段中定植種類存在差異,在胃和小腸內(nèi),主要以梭菌Ⅸ群、鏈球菌和乳桿菌等為優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群,細(xì)菌數(shù)達(dá)10~107cfu·g-1;盲腸、結(jié)腸和直腸中的優(yōu)勢(shì)菌群是厚壁菌門和擬桿菌門,細(xì)菌數(shù)量為1010~1012cfu·g-1[7]。
腸道是機(jī)體與外環(huán)境接觸最為密切的組織器官之一,也是機(jī)體最大的免疫器官,腸黏膜是機(jī)體與抗原發(fā)生相互作用的主要場(chǎng)所[8]。此外,腸道菌群也是腸道免疫系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分[3]。腸道免疫系統(tǒng)由腸上皮細(xì)胞(iEC)、菌膜、腸上皮內(nèi)淋巴細(xì)胞(iIEL)、固有層淋巴細(xì)胞(LPL)及派氏淋巴結(jié)(PP)等組成。腸道免疫的誘導(dǎo)部位是iEC和PP。iEC有消化吸收、攝取和釋放SIgA、提呈抗原、分泌細(xì)胞因子等功能;PP位于腸黏膜下,是腸道特異性免疫場(chǎng)所。腸道免疫的效應(yīng)部位是iIEL和LPL。iIEL是機(jī)體內(nèi)最大的淋巴細(xì)胞群和腸道免疫系統(tǒng)的主力軍,其中>90%是CD3+T細(xì)胞,通過(guò)Fas受體消除入侵病原體,并分泌細(xì)胞因子調(diào)節(jié)淋巴細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞功能;LPL主要為分泌SIgA的漿細(xì)胞和CD4+T細(xì)胞[9]。腸道免疫的誘導(dǎo)物是腸道菌群和食物源抗原。微生物相關(guān)性分子模式(PAMP)被機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)模式識(shí)別受體(PRRs)識(shí)別,激活核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NF-κB,調(diào)控細(xì)胞因子分泌,上調(diào)免疫細(xì)胞協(xié)同刺激因子的表達(dá)和增強(qiáng)抗原提呈功能[10]。
無(wú)菌動(dòng)物胃腸道蠕動(dòng)減慢、體積增大、小腸絨毛增長(zhǎng)、腸壁變薄、相關(guān)淋巴組織不發(fā)達(dá)、上皮淋巴細(xì)胞、黏膜中IgA+漿細(xì)胞和CD4+T細(xì)胞減少、抗原呈遞細(xì)胞的MHCⅡ表達(dá)下降,當(dāng)被移植菌群后,腸道收縮、絨毛變短、血管增生、淋巴細(xì)胞聚集到黏膜、淋巴細(xì)胞對(duì)抗原的反應(yīng)速度和強(qiáng)度增加[12-15]。
研究表明,菌群可分泌信號(hào)交流分子促進(jìn)菌群定植和宿主信號(hào)傳遞基因的表達(dá)[16]。隨著腸道菌群的定植,黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化,免疫細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加并分化[17]。另外腸道菌群及其衍生物能通過(guò)PRRs誘導(dǎo)黏液及抗菌肽等分子表達(dá);表明腸道菌群能促進(jìn)腸道免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育[18]。
健康個(gè)體腸道菌群能調(diào)節(jié)T、B淋巴細(xì)胞等刺激先天性免疫和獲得性免疫或阻止不適當(dāng)?shù)叵忍煨悦庖吆瞳@得性免疫來(lái)維持腸道穩(wěn)態(tài);梭狀芽孢桿菌等G+菌能夠促進(jìn)小鼠免疫反應(yīng),尤其能誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞及T17細(xì)胞的增殖分化,并促進(jìn)腸道Th17細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-17[19-20]。腸道菌群在誘導(dǎo)B細(xì)胞合成與釋放SIgA的過(guò)程中起關(guān)鍵作用,而SIgA是腸道菌群影響宿主的主要關(guān)鍵因子,在腸道菌群中SIgA反應(yīng)缺乏記憶特性,但速度較快[21]。
細(xì)胞因子是由免疫細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的,具有調(diào)節(jié)免疫、炎癥及造血功能的小分子蛋白質(zhì),包括白介素(ILs)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNFs)、干擾素(IFNs)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)和趨化因子等。Julio等研究表明,腸道菌群能夠誘導(dǎo)豬腸道上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)IFN-α、IFN-β、IL-6、TNF-α的表達(dá),并能顯著上調(diào)源于PP的APCs細(xì)胞表面分子的表達(dá)[22]。Yamashita等研究表明,腸道菌群促進(jìn)腸系膜淋巴結(jié)及PP的增殖[23]。腸道菌群誘導(dǎo)NK細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-22,促進(jìn)機(jī)體黏膜免疫[24]。此外,腸道菌群通過(guò)下調(diào)DC細(xì)胞miR-10a的表達(dá),增強(qiáng)DC細(xì)胞對(duì)前炎性細(xì)胞因子的耐受[25]。
腸道微生物能夠上調(diào)小鼠各腸斷內(nèi)多種基因的表達(dá),其中與免疫相關(guān),如CCL5(RANTES)和CXCL9(MIG)等及腸道屏障功能相關(guān)的基因,如SPRR1A和MUC2等,且大多數(shù)發(fā)生于小腸黏膜;腸道菌群能夠誘導(dǎo)黏蛋白(MUC2、4、13)及抗菌基因(REG3γ、REG3β、NOX1)的表達(dá),鞏固黏膜屏障[26]。
TLRs有向細(xì)胞基底膜極化的特性,并因配基誘導(dǎo),使腸上皮細(xì)胞頂點(diǎn)沒有TLRs的表達(dá)[27]。研究表明,不同種類TLRs具有各自精確的定位,TLR3、TLR7、TLR8、TLR9被局限在細(xì)胞內(nèi),TLR5定位于細(xì)胞基底膜的外側(cè)表面,TLR2、TLR4則在腸上皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá)較少甚至缺失[28]。腸道免疫系統(tǒng)具有選擇性,對(duì)腸道菌群產(chǎn)生耐受,有助于腸道正常菌群的存活。由腸道菌群引起的一些前炎性反應(yīng)被宿主免疫系統(tǒng)或腸道菌群本身快速地弱化,如腸道菌群通過(guò)TLR2能誘導(dǎo)前炎性細(xì)胞因子與抗炎性細(xì)胞因子的合成與釋放,但是否與之有關(guān)還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
腸道菌群可通過(guò)阻斷IκB-α的泛素化抑制NF-κB信號(hào)途徑,最終引起胃腸道黏膜對(duì)腸道菌群原發(fā)性刺激的獨(dú)特耐受[29]。
宿主的部分基因,如CD4、MHCⅡ、IL-10、TGF-β和NOD2等均可弱化TLRs信號(hào)及炎癥反應(yīng),使免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)共生菌群產(chǎn)生耐受[30]。完整的NOD2信號(hào)抑制NF-κB信號(hào),尤其是對(duì)NF-κB的c-Rel亞基作用,NOD2的缺乏可引起針對(duì)來(lái)自腸道菌群普通抗原的Th1反應(yīng)。研究表明,給動(dòng)物口服某種抗原可使動(dòng)物針對(duì)該抗原的遲發(fā)性變態(tài)反應(yīng)下調(diào),呈現(xiàn)口服免疫耐受現(xiàn)象,但在MHCⅡ類分子或IL-10基因敲除小鼠中不能觀察到此現(xiàn)象,應(yīng)用抗CD4的單克隆抗體處理過(guò)的動(dòng)物也有類似情況[31]。
厭氧菌共生菌群,如B.thetaiotaomicron的抗炎性效應(yīng)能使腸道菌群耐受共生菌鞭毛蛋白誘導(dǎo)的前炎性反應(yīng),即共生菌群之間的相互作用也是免疫耐受的一種機(jī)制[32]。
共生菌群有Ⅲ和Ⅳ型分泌系統(tǒng),可通過(guò)該系統(tǒng)與宿主聯(lián)系,傳遞細(xì)菌效應(yīng)分子到腸上皮細(xì)胞,從而調(diào)節(jié)宿主信號(hào)的輸出[33]。Granato等研究表明,正常菌群缺乏毒力因子,但擁有延長(zhǎng)因子Tu及鞭毛蛋白等從而改變免疫途徑,免疫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的黏蛋白酶及共生菌表面的多糖和糖蛋白使得免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)菌群的免疫受到抑制,在此過(guò)程中多聚糖和黏蛋白形成的結(jié)構(gòu)扮演受體的角色,并能促進(jìn)細(xì)菌有效的粘附于腸壁,這為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性排斥提供了分子基礎(chǔ),也解釋了各腸段定植不同菌群的現(xiàn)象[34]。
腸道菌群可激活調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的抑制調(diào)節(jié)活性,從而使黏膜中DCs及調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞對(duì)其耐受,這利于共生菌群定植腸道,最終導(dǎo)致口服耐受[35]。Cukrowska等研究表明,給剛出生的無(wú)菌小豬接種非致病性大腸桿菌,在初期可見腸粘膜通透性增加、細(xì)菌一過(guò)性易位到腸系膜淋巴結(jié)、產(chǎn)生特異性抗體,5~10 d后,局部和全身的免疫反而被抑制,出現(xiàn)限自性的、可控的生理性炎癥反應(yīng)并最終達(dá)到免疫耐受[36]。
腸道菌群對(duì)宿主健康、代謝和免疫等的有益作用已被公認(rèn),然而菌群與宿主之間究竟是如何作用,其詳細(xì)機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步研究,同時(shí)腸道菌群與疾病關(guān)系也是今后一段時(shí)間的研究熱點(diǎn),因此在繼續(xù)基礎(chǔ)研究的同時(shí),尋找高效的益生菌、益生元、合生元及開發(fā)其他手段(糞便移植)維持、調(diào)節(jié)、恢復(fù)腸道菌群平衡也至關(guān)重要。
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Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Immune System
SHI Yunduo1,SUN Hao2,3,ZENG Dong3,NI Xueqin3,PAN Kangcheng3
(1.Sichuan Fishery School,Chengdu 611730,China;2.Ya'an City Bureau of Agriculture,Ya'an 625000,Sichuan China;3.College of Veterinary Medicine,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China)
S852.6;S852.4
A
1001-0084(2017)09-0007-04
2017-05-30
時(shí)云朵(1989-),女,河北石家莊人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)閯?dòng)物微生態(tài)。