徐于睿
(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院,上海 200127)
監(jiān)護(hù)室(Intensive Care Unit,ICU)通常收治一些需要得到更深入的治療與更密切的護(hù)理的重癥患者,諸如重傷、重病以及接受重大手術(shù)術(shù)后的患者,在監(jiān)護(hù)室里,醫(yī)護(hù)人員為患者提供了24小時(shí)的照護(hù),也能夠立即對(duì)于患者的緊急狀況進(jìn)行處理,從而提高患者康復(fù)以及生存率[1]。為此,出于安全性、便利性等因素,監(jiān)護(hù)室有著不同于普通病房的探視制度,身體狀況不穩(wěn)定的重癥患者受到了嚴(yán)格的探視制度限制,不能接近他們的家人。隨著“以患者為中心的護(hù)理(Patient-centered Care)”的理念不斷發(fā)展,許多監(jiān)護(hù)室正嘗試著將傳統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)苛的探視制度轉(zhuǎn)為一個(gè)更為開放更為人性化的探視制度。
本文著重分析了監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬以及監(jiān)護(hù)室醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)于探視制度的看法,以及目前監(jiān)護(hù)室探視制度的現(xiàn)狀。
監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬不可取代的擔(dān)當(dāng)了為患者提供家庭支持的重要角色,患者家屬期待更多的機(jī)會(huì)和時(shí)間,能讓他們陪伴在家人的身邊。Kutash和Northrop指出,患者家屬相比焦慮的等待在監(jiān)護(hù)室外面的等待室中,更愿意能夠見到他們的家人[2]。另外,Yang在對(duì)一間施行嚴(yán)格探視制度的韓國監(jiān)護(hù)室的患者家屬的需求進(jìn)行研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬來說,親近患者是排名第三位重要的需求[3]。
目前,監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬的需求得到了更多重視,一些研究開始著眼于探索患者家屬的需求。Verhaeghe et al.在監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬對(duì)探視制度的需求的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),患者家屬存在認(rèn)知的、情感的、社交的以及實(shí)踐的這四方面需求[4]。而“45-item CCFNI”(Critical Care Family Needs Inventory,重癥患者家屬需求量表)這一量表現(xiàn)已被廣泛使用到對(duì)監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬需求的研究中[5-7]。
但是,從監(jiān)護(hù)室醫(yī)護(hù)人員的角度來看,他們更愿意維持嚴(yán)格的探視制度,盡管他們也承認(rèn)開放的探視制度也存在優(yōu)勢(shì)。Berti et al.的研究中也提到,盡管開放的探視制度可能會(huì)對(duì)患者的心理產(chǎn)生影響,減緩焦慮,以減少患者發(fā)生循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的不良反應(yīng),然而絕大部分的監(jiān)護(hù)室護(hù)士仍愿意施行嚴(yán)格的探視制度[8]。距離、沖突以及負(fù)擔(dān)這三方面的考慮因素是監(jiān)護(hù)室護(hù)士盡管認(rèn)同患者家屬的需求,但仍然不支持開放的探視制度的主要原因[9-10]。Berti et al.提到大約75%的監(jiān)護(hù)室護(hù)士認(rèn)為開放的探視會(huì)妨礙護(hù)理流程以及護(hù)理區(qū)域[8]?;陂_放的探視制度,護(hù)士可能將無法勸導(dǎo)已經(jīng)十分疲乏的家屬離開醫(yī)院而回家休息,從而引發(fā)護(hù)士與患者家屬間的矛盾和沖突[11]。大約80%的護(hù)士認(rèn)為施行開放的探視制度后,護(hù)士將花更多的精力給患者提供護(hù)理,同時(shí)也將消耗更多的時(shí)間來滿足患者家屬的需求,這將會(huì)大大提高護(hù)士的工作負(fù)擔(dān)[8]。
盡管更為開放的探視制度可能能更滿足監(jiān)護(hù)室患者以及家屬的需求,但不同國家和地區(qū)的監(jiān)護(hù)室尚未能施行此類開放的探視制度。在荷蘭,85.7%的監(jiān)護(hù)室施行著限制的探視制度[12]。Lee et al.描述到32%的新英格蘭地區(qū)的監(jiān)護(hù)室開放了探視時(shí)間,但是規(guī)定了探視人數(shù)以及探視者的年齡[13]。Hunter et al.報(bào)道到,19.9%的英國監(jiān)護(hù)室施行了開放的探視制度[14]。Vandijck et al.指出在比利時(shí),幾乎所有的監(jiān)護(hù)室嚴(yán)格要求了探視時(shí)間、探視者人數(shù),也規(guī)定了探視者的種類以及年齡[15]。
從以上的國外研究中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),既往的研究更多關(guān)注了監(jiān)護(hù)室患者家屬以及監(jiān)護(hù)室醫(yī)護(hù)人員的需求和看法,然而卻未能從患者的角度出發(fā)進(jìn)行研究。更多的研究需要從監(jiān)護(hù)室患者角度來開展。
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