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CTGF/CCN2在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及靶向治療中的研究進(jìn)展

2017-04-01 15:16孫禹琪綜述陳秀瑋審校
實(shí)用腫瘤學(xué)雜志 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:半胱氨酸生長因子靶向

孫禹琪 綜述 陳秀瑋 審校

CTGF/CCN2在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及靶向治療中的研究進(jìn)展

孫禹琪 綜述 陳秀瑋 審校

目前惡性腫瘤的發(fā)病率日益上升,雖然我們一直探索腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制及其治療的途徑,但是收獲甚微。惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,與多種蛋白和基因相關(guān)聯(lián)。結(jié)締組織生長因子(Connective tissue growth factor,CTGF/CCN2)是一種分泌蛋白,屬于CCN家族的成員,它在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著非常重要的作用。本文概述了CTGF/CCN2蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)功能、在惡性腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用機(jī)制及靶向治療中的最新研究進(jìn)展。

CTGF/CCN2蛋白;結(jié)構(gòu)功能;惡性腫瘤;靶向治療

目前,由于惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的無限增殖,腫瘤患者大多不可治愈,生存率低及生存質(zhì)量低下等原因,使其成為了全世界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。所以研究惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制對其早期的診斷及靶向治療非常關(guān)鍵。結(jié)締組織生長因子(Connective tissue growth factor,CTGF/CCN2)的表達(dá)與多種癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)聯(lián),參與細(xì)胞增殖、發(fā)育、黏附、遷移、血管生成等過程,并且能預(yù)測預(yù)后。然而,CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá)在不同惡性腫瘤中存在差異,并且發(fā)揮不同的作用。

1 CTGF/CCN2蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)功能

CTGF/CCN2蛋白的編碼基因在人類染色體6q23.1上,其中有4個(gè)內(nèi)含子與5個(gè)外顯子[1]。CTGF/CCN2中含有38個(gè)完全保守的半胱氨酸殘基,聚集成兩個(gè)區(qū)段,N末端區(qū)22個(gè),C末端區(qū)16個(gè)[2]。N端和C端區(qū)后依次排列著四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域:(1)胰島素生長因子(Insulin-like growth factor,IGF),含12個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基,Gly-Cys-Gly-Cys-Cys-X-X-Cys(X是任何氨基酸)位于所有IGF結(jié)合蛋白的末端氨基酸序列中;(2)vonwille-brand因子C型重復(fù)(VWC分子),包含10個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基,參與寡聚化和蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物的形成;(3)血小板反應(yīng)蛋白I型重復(fù)(Thrombospondin,TSP-1),其中含有6個(gè)半胱氨酸硫酸化糖蛋白,可與可溶性或基質(zhì)大分子物結(jié)合;(4)羧基末端半胱氨酸群(CT),其中包含10個(gè)氨基酸殘基,參與受體的結(jié)合;這四個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)生成、血管生成和遷移[3-5]。

2 CTGF/CCN2蛋白的生物學(xué)功能

CTGF/CCN2是促進(jìn)纖維化的關(guān)鍵蛋白[6],在纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)轉(zhuǎn)錄激活CTGF/CCN2蛋白,使其表達(dá)和分泌;同時(shí),CTGF/CCN2蛋白可直接與TGF-β的配體結(jié)合,增加其與受體結(jié)合的幾率從而增強(qiáng)TGF-β/SMAD2信號(hào)通路轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)形成正反饋環(huán),這種相互作用的關(guān)系涉及多種器官系統(tǒng)的纖維化[1,7-9],如在肝臟、腎臟、心臟、皮膚、肺等器官和組織中[10-13]。此外,CTGF/CCN2還參與調(diào)節(jié)與纖維化相關(guān)的生物學(xué)過程,包括血管生成,細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、分化和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(EMC)重塑[14-15],這些生物學(xué)功能在腫瘤細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮重要作用。

3 CTGF/CCN2在惡性腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用

3.1 CTGF/CCN2蛋白在不同惡性腫瘤中的表達(dá)

CTGF/CCN2蛋白作為一個(gè)多功能信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)器參與人類生理、病理過程和癌癥的進(jìn)展[1]。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CTGF/CCN2蛋白在腫瘤中的作用存在多樣性和腫瘤特異性,其表達(dá)在不同類型的惡性腫瘤中存在差異,這與所涉及的器官和組織類型有關(guān)[16]。有研究回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn)CTGF/CCN2蛋白在乳腺癌、成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤、甲狀腺癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌和前列腺癌中高表達(dá),并且與它們的發(fā)生發(fā)展及不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[17-18]。相反的是,在膀胱癌和肺癌中CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá)降低與腫瘤細(xì)胞的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[19-20]。Wells等[16]總結(jié)了27種人類腫瘤中CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)通過調(diào)節(jié)其不同的表達(dá)水平可以改變腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、黏附、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、血管生成和耐藥性等過程。

3.2 CTGF/CCN2蛋白與惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖

CTGF/CCN2蛋白調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)通路與各種細(xì)胞表面分子或細(xì)胞外配體結(jié)合,廣泛參與細(xì)胞分化、增殖等細(xì)胞過程[1]。Lacle等[21]對109例男性乳腺癌和75例女性乳腺癌患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CTGF/CCN2蛋白主要在細(xì)胞基質(zhì)中高表達(dá),并促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖。在濾泡性甲狀腺癌中,通過下調(diào)miR-199a-5p誘導(dǎo)的CTGF/CCN2顯著促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖[22]。

3.3 CTGF/CCN2蛋白與惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附

細(xì)胞的黏附作用與惡性腫瘤的侵襲能力有關(guān),首先使癌細(xì)胞與原發(fā)腫瘤部位的外滲性黏附作用減弱,然后再增強(qiáng)其黏附力從而使腫瘤細(xì)胞定居到遠(yuǎn)處的轉(zhuǎn)移部位。CTGF/CCN2蛋白還可以與不同的整合蛋白結(jié)合,改變腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附作用[23]。Chen等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌的腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移是通過整合素α3β1結(jié)合層黏連蛋白介導(dǎo)的,CTGF/CCN2蛋白通過阻斷整合素α3β1與層黏連蛋白結(jié)合,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞黏附,從而控制胃癌的腹膜傳播。Lin等[25]在對結(jié)直腸癌的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)CTGF/CCN2過表達(dá)使體外結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞的黏附力明顯降低,進(jìn)而降低了腹膜病變的發(fā)生率,提高了小鼠的存活率。

3.4 CTGF/CCN2蛋白與惡性腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移

3.4.1 促進(jìn)作用 在腫瘤進(jìn)展過程中,原發(fā)腫瘤微環(huán)境中的一些細(xì)胞啟動(dòng)上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)過程,使細(xì)胞獲得間充質(zhì)特性,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞局部侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[26]。CTGF/CCN2蛋白在促進(jìn)腫瘤反應(yīng)性基質(zhì)中的上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化中起重要作用。Xie等[27]通過臨床研究報(bào)道,在55%的侵襲性癌癥中檢測到CTGF/CCN2 mRNA的高表達(dá)水平。在神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤中,CTGF/CCN2通過促進(jìn)TGF-β表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[28]。CTGF/CCN2蛋白因作為TGF-β因子的下游效應(yīng)物被過度表達(dá),間接促進(jìn)了食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲過程[29]。還有臨床研究表明CTGF/CCN2蛋白在腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌[30]和卵巢癌[31]中表達(dá)水平較正常組織高,減少CTGF/CCN2的表達(dá)可以抑制胃癌和卵巢癌細(xì)胞的侵襲以及腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移。還有報(bào)道指出,通過上調(diào)CTGF/CCN2蛋白在腫瘤細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)骨肉瘤[32]、黑色素瘤[27]、胰導(dǎo)管腺癌[18]和膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤[33]細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。

3.4.2 抑制作用 相反的是,在三種非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞系中,CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá)水平與纖連蛋白誘導(dǎo)的侵襲能力呈負(fù)相關(guān),CTGF/CCN2蛋白的高表達(dá)抑制肺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移表明這種生長因子可能對小細(xì)胞肺癌的靶向治療起關(guān)鍵性作用[19-20]。Chang等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)了CTGF/CCN2蛋白對頭頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的獨(dú)特作用,CTGF/CCN2蛋白促進(jìn)癌癥局部進(jìn)展,但降低了腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力,合理的解釋了頭頸鱗狀細(xì)胞癌局部組織嚴(yán)重破壞卻極少轉(zhuǎn)移到遠(yuǎn)端器官的臨床現(xiàn)象。有報(bào)道指出[3],在結(jié)直腸癌腫瘤細(xì)胞中CTGF的高表達(dá)可以抑制轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲,并且可以作為結(jié)直腸癌的獨(dú)立預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。

3.5 CTGF/CCN2蛋白與惡性腫瘤的血管形成

新血管的生成在胚胎正常發(fā)育和腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展等多種生理病理過程的發(fā)生機(jī)制中至關(guān)重要[35]。大多數(shù)實(shí)體腫瘤在原發(fā)灶發(fā)展過程中通過募集血管生長因子,誘導(dǎo)新的血管生成。在腫瘤發(fā)生過程中CTGF/CCN2蛋白是一種有效的血管生成誘導(dǎo)劑,但是它能夠與血管內(nèi)皮生長因子A(Vascular endothelial growth factor-A,VEGF-A)相互作用,阻止VEGF-A受體識(shí)別,導(dǎo)致抗血管生成的VEGF信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)降低[36]。CTGF/CCN2蛋白的高表達(dá)促進(jìn)人骨肉瘤[37]、乳腺癌[38]、人橫紋肌肉瘤[39]和肝細(xì)胞癌[40]中新的血管生成。然而,Pi等[36]通過動(dòng)物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CTGF/CCN2的高表達(dá)卻抑制肺癌細(xì)胞腫瘤增殖和血管形成。

3.6 CTGF/CCN2蛋白與惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的耐藥性

在惡性腫瘤患者化療過程中產(chǎn)生耐藥的機(jī)制包括不正常的膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和腫瘤細(xì)胞的抗凋亡的特性。Tsai等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)在人骨肉瘤中,CTGF/CCN2蛋白通過上調(diào)Bcl-xL蛋白、生存蛋白的表達(dá),在順鉑治療期間抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡增加腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存率。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了在人骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中,由于AMPK依賴性NF-κB信號(hào)通路上調(diào)存活蛋白的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá),繼而抑制紫杉醇誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡作用,從而降低化療效果,出現(xiàn)耐藥現(xiàn)象[39]。Yang等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),高表達(dá)的CTGF/CCN2蛋白激活FAK/MEK/ERK生存信號(hào)通路,降低結(jié)直腸癌腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,增強(qiáng)了腫瘤細(xì)胞對5-FU治療的耐藥性。因此,下調(diào)CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá)可能使惡性腫瘤化療治療中出現(xiàn)的耐藥現(xiàn)象得到改善。

4 小結(jié)與展望

學(xué)者們在許多類型的腫瘤細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞系中研究了CTGF/CCN2蛋白的表達(dá)及作用,其在腫瘤中的作用已經(jīng)成為共識(shí)。CTGF/CCN2蛋白在不同的腫瘤類型中的作用不同,甚至相反。本綜述主要概述CTGF/CCN2蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能,在惡性腫瘤中的作用機(jī)制及與化療耐藥的關(guān)系。CTGF/CCN2蛋白與多種惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),深入研究其作用機(jī)制對于癌癥的靶向治療提供新的方向。它在其他惡性腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的機(jī)制仍有待于進(jìn)一步研究,使其更好的應(yīng)用于臨床。

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(收稿:2017-03-06)

Research progress of CTGF/CCN2 in the development and targeted therapy of malignant tumor

SUNYuqi,CHENXiuwei

Department of Gynecological Oncology,Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China

The current incidence of malignant tumors is increasing.Although we have been exploring the mechanism of tumor development and its treatment,its efficacy is little.Malignant tumor development mechanism is very complex,and a variety of proteins and genes involved.Connective tissue growth factor(CTGF,also known as CCN2)is a secreted protein,a member of the CCN family,which plays a very important role in the development and progression of tumors.This article summarizes the structure and function of CTGF /CCN2 protein,the mechanism of action in the development of malignant tumors and the latest research progress in targeted therapy.

CTGF/CCN2 protein;Structural function;Malignancy;Targeted therapy

黑龍江省教育廳科學(xué)技術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目(12541400);海燕科研基金(JJZD2017-04);科技創(chuàng)新人才(2015RAXYJ054)

哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院(哈爾濱 150081)

孫禹琪,女,(1990-),碩士研究生,從事婦科腫瘤方面的研究。

陳秀瑋,E-mail:chenxiuwei1023@163.com

R73

A

10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.04.014

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