梁紅梅

虛擬語氣是通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示，表示說話者的愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在。

一、高考常考點

（一）if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句

【典例1】Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？ If you___________ （tell） me， I could have helped. （2016年北京卷）

解析：had told。根據(jù)主句謂語“could have helped”可以判斷此句表示與過去的事實相反，所以從句謂語用過去完成時。

【典例2】If I __________ （see） it with my own eyes， I wouldnt have believed it. （2015年北京卷）

解析：hadnt seen。根據(jù)主句謂語“wouldnt have believed”可以判斷此句表示與過去的事實相反，所以從句謂語用過去完成時。

【典例3】We__________ （be） back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map. （2014年北京卷）

解析：would be。根據(jù)主句中的時間狀語now可知，主句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，所以本空填would be。

【典例4】Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she___________（live） there， she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often. （2012年安徽卷）

解析：were to live/ should live/ lived。根據(jù)句意可知，表示與將來的事實可能相反，所以本空填were to live/ should live/ lived。

【注意】此外這種表示假設(shè)條件的虛擬語氣還可以倒裝，首先將從句中的連詞if去掉，把句中的were， should， had提到主語之前。

【典例5】（單句改錯）Have the governments and scientists not worked together， AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005. （2016年浙江卷）

解析：把have改為had。根據(jù)題干中的“would not have fallen”可知主句是對過去的虛擬，所以從句用“if the governments and scientists had not worked together”與主句保持一致。If引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中含有had時，可將if省去，將had提前到主語之前構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

【典例6】__________there no modern telecommunications， we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world. （2014年福建卷）

解析：Were。根據(jù)主句謂語用“would+動詞原形”以及句意可知，表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，條件句中用一般過去時，將連詞if去掉，則把were提到主語之前。

（二）含蓄條件句

有時假設(shè)的情況并不是以條件從句形式表現(xiàn)出來，而是通過暗含的含蓄條件with， without， but， but for， but that， or， otherwise引起的短語或句子來代替if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。

[＼&with/without/ But for...＼&現(xiàn)在＼&would/could+動詞原形＼&過去＼&would/could+ have done＼&]

【典例1】Without his wartime experiences， Hemingway____________ （write） his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. （2015年重慶卷）

解析：wouldnt have written。根據(jù)句中的“without his wartime experiences”可知描述的情況是對過去情況的否定猜測，故主句用wouldnt have written。

【典例2】It is lucky we booked a room， or we__________ （have） nowhere to stay now. （2015年安徽卷）

解析：would have。or引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬條件句，相當(dāng)于“if we hadnt booked a room， we would have nowhere to stay now.”根據(jù)句中的now可知，是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，故本空填would have。

【典例3】We lost our way in that small village， otherwise we__________ （visit） more places of interest yesterday. （2012年福建卷）

解析：would have visited。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語yesterday可知，本題是對過去情況的虛擬，前句表示“我們在那個小山村迷路了”這一過去的客觀事實，otherwise后接的句子是對過去的虛擬，故本空填would have visited。

【典例4】We__________ （put） Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

解析：would have put。but for相當(dāng)于without，可與if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句替換；由句意可知，與過去事實相反，故本空填would have put。

【典例5】People are recycling many things which they__________ （throw） away in the past. （2014年安徽卷）

解析：would have thrown。此句是由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，是一個隱含的虛擬語氣，in the past相當(dāng)于“If they had been in the past”，所以此定語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，表示與過去的事實相反，故本空填would have thrown。

【注意】without/ but for…= if it were not for sth/ if it had not been for sth.= were it not for sth/ had it not been for sth.要不是，若非。

【典例6】（完成句子） If it___________ （要不是） his invitation the other day， I should not be here now. （2016年江蘇卷）

解析：had not been for。根據(jù)從句中的時間狀語“the other day”可知，從句表示與過去的事實相反，主句表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，從句謂語應(yīng)用過去完成時。

（三）wish （if only， as if/though） 后接從句中的虛擬語氣

[＼&wish （if only， as if/though）＼&謂語動詞形式＼&現(xiàn)在＼&一般過去時＼&過去＼&過去完成時＼&將來＼&would/could+動詞原形＼&]

1.wish +賓語從句。

【典例1】Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I___________ （dance） as well as her. （2015年陜西卷）

解析：danced。wish后接的賓語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句用一般過去時。

【典例2】（單句改錯） I wish I were at my sisters wedding last Tuesday， but I was on a business trip in New York then. （2015年天津卷）

解析：把were改為had been。根據(jù)句意與句中的時間狀語last Tuesday可知，表示與過去事實相反的愿望，從句用過去完成時。

2.if only +陳述句。常用虛擬語氣，表示愿望，意為“要是……就好了”?！癷f only+句子”相當(dāng)于“How I wish+ that從句”。

【典例】（單句改錯） If only he lay quietly as the doctor instructed， he would not suffer so much now.

解析：把lay改為had lain。根據(jù)語境可知，此句表示過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，因此從句用過去完成時。

3.在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句中，常用虛擬語氣。

【典例1】（單句改錯） It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I did it？ （2014年重慶卷）

解析：把did改為had done。根據(jù)前一句中的was可知，打破玻璃是過去發(fā)生的事情，表示與過去事實相反，所以as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句應(yīng)用過去完成時。

【典例2】Dont handle the vase as if it__________（be） made of steel. （2012年北京卷）

解析：were。根據(jù)語境可知，as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣，從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，如果謂語動詞是be動詞，應(yīng)使用were。

【注意】在as if/as though從句中，有時用陳述語氣，這是因為從句中的情況往往是可能發(fā)生的或者可能被設(shè)想為真實的。例如：Look at the dark clouds. It looks as if its going to rain！

（四）would rather后接從句中的虛擬語氣

[＼&would rather＼&從句謂語動詞形式＼&現(xiàn)在/將來＼&一般過去時＼&過去＼&過去完成時＼&]

【典例】（單句改錯）We would rather our daughter had stayed at home with us， but it is her choice， and she is not a child any longer. （2014年陜西卷）

解析：去掉had。would rather后接的從句用虛擬語氣，“but it is her choice”表明是對現(xiàn)在的虛擬，故用動詞的一般過去時。

（五）should型虛擬語氣

1.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

一個堅持（insist），二個命令（order， command），三個要求（demand， request， require），四個建議（suggest， advise， propose， recommend）與desire（希望，渴望）等動詞后接的賓語從句中，從句謂語用“（should） do”形式。

【典例1】（單句改錯） Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. （2016年全國卷II）

解析：刪除can或把can改為should。動詞suggest表示“建議”，后接的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，從句中的謂語用“（should）+動詞原形”，所以本句可以刪除can或把can改為should。

【典例2】Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam___________ （be） at the age of six months old. （2013年浙江卷）

解析：（should） be。recommend表示“建議”時，后接賓語從句中的謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”的形式，should可省略。

【注意】suggest作“建議”講時，從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略；suggest作“表明，暗示”講時，從句不用虛擬語氣；insist作“堅持要求”講時，從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用“should do”形式，should可以省略；insist作“堅持認為/說”講時，從句不用虛擬語氣。

2.主語從句中的虛擬語氣

在主語從句“It is necessary/ important/essential/ strange/ unusual/ natural/ surprising/suggested/ required/ ordered/ a pity/ a shame/ no wonder/ + that從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，that從句的謂語有時用“（should）do”這樣的虛擬語氣形式。

【典例】（單句改錯） In this country it is required that anyone who have recently come here have to pass this kind of test.

解析：把第一個have改為has。由that引導(dǎo)的主語從句要用虛擬語氣，而這個主語從句中又嵌套了一個定語從句，定語從句不能用虛擬語氣；此外定語從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)與其前的先行詞anyone保持一致，所以定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)。

3.表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣

在order， command； demand， request， requirement； advice， suggestion， recommendation， proposal， plan， idea等名詞后的表語從句、同位語從句中，謂語用“（should） do”形式。

【典例】（單句改錯）After my effort， I at last persuaded him into taking my advice that he was operated on at once.

解析：把was改為（should） be。advice意為“建議”，后接的同位語從句中用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用“should do”形式，should可以省略。

（六）“It is （about/high） time+ that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)

[＼&It is （about/high） time+that 從句＼&從句謂語動詞形式＼&一般過去時＼&should+動詞原形（should不可省略）＼&]

【典例】 （單句改錯） Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he do something instead of just talking.

解析：把 do改為did或在do前加should。在句型“Its high/ about time that從句”中，從句中的謂語動詞用過去式或should do，但should不可省略。

二、高考易錯易混點

（一）錯綜時間條件句

有時條件從句與主句的動作發(fā)生的時間有先后之差，這時應(yīng)按各自的動作時間搭配來調(diào)整相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。

【典例1】 If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before， he would have been able to speak it much better now. （2013年天津卷）

解析：把have been改為be。此題是由if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。根據(jù)從句的時間狀語before可知，從句表示與過去的事實相反，所以從句用過去完成時態(tài)；根據(jù)主句的時間狀語now可知，表示與現(xiàn)在的事實相反，因此把have been改為be。

【典例2】If we booked a table earlier， we couldnt be standing here in a queue. （2013年北京卷）

解析：在booked前加had。根據(jù)語境可知，這是一個錯綜虛擬條件句。從句表示與過去的事實相反，所以從句用過去完成時。

（二）虛實錯綜句

所謂“虛實錯綜句”是指虛擬現(xiàn)象與客觀事實錯綜交織在一起的句子，這就要我們細心判斷哪一處應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，哪一處應(yīng)使用陳述語氣。

【典例1】 （單句改錯） I would go to my cousins birthday party last night， but I was not available. （2013年安徽卷）

解析：把go改為have gone。這是由but引導(dǎo)的虛實條件句，根據(jù)句中的時間狀語last night可知，前一句表示與過去的事實相反，所以用“would+ have done ”形式；第二個句子陳述過去的事實，不用虛擬語氣。

【典例2】（單句改錯）We could face the difficulty together， but why didnt you tell me？ （2012年北京卷）

解析：把face改為have faced。句中的“but why didnt you tell me”表示過去的真實情況；第一個句子表示與過去的事實相反，是對過去情況的虛擬，故把face改為have faced。

三、鞏固性練習(xí)

（一）單句填空，用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1. If it ________（be） not for the climate， I would stay here much longer.

2. If he_________ （insist） that he_________

（go） to work there， everything would be OK now.

3. —It________ （be） cool if I won this contest. I dont think Im good enough， though.

—Give it a shot. You never know.

4. We________ （not finish） the project on time without your timely help.

5. I would rather_________ （go） to work after my graduation， but my father would rather I_________ （go） abroad for further education.

6. The upset mother thought to herself， “If only I________ （know） whats going on in my little boys head right now.”

7. It is required by law that enough evidence________ （provide） to prove one is innocent of a crime.

8. —Jeff， whats up？ You are not yourself today.

—Oh， Mom. I really wish I________ （get） the chance but I failed.

9. Dont be angry with us. We__________ （eat） out with you together， but we were busy with our final reports when you called in.

10. But for the fact that China_________ （be） also affected by the global economic crisis， we_________ （have） fewer unemployed workers now.

11. Janes pale face suggested that she

__________ （be） ill， and her parents suggested that she_________ （have） a medical examination.

12. The teachers suggestion that we

__________ （try） once more is a great encouragement to us.

13. The constant rise of meat price requires that effective measures__________ （take） by the government.

14. Had it not been for my teachers help， I__________ （win） the first place in the English Oral competition.

15. If you had listened to me， we_________ （be） at the party now.

16. They could have escaped from the big fire， but unfortunately， someone__________ （lock） the door.

17. _________ he_________ （be） here yesterday， he would attend the lecture with us today.

18. If we had taken such effective measures much earlier， the river__________ （not pollute） so seriously now.

19. —Max looks nervous.

—So_________ you if you had so fierce a competition.

20. It was lucky that little Jack was not at home when the fire broke out； otherwise， he________ （lose） his life.

（二）單句改錯

1. I think it is about time that we hold a meeting to discuss this problem.

2. When you phoned me， I was having a meeting； how I wish I answered your call.

3. The girl insisted that she wasnt wrong and that she was sent back to the classroom.

4. —Why didnt you come to the party？

—Well， I should， but I had an unexpected guest at that moment.

5. It is ordered that no smoking is allowed in public places.

6. Had you listened to your mother， you would have been all right now.

7. But for your timely help， I would be in the traffic jam for a long time.

8. They met for the first time， but they talked happily as if they were good friends for a long time.

9. Would you need any help， you could always phone me at the office.

10. Without the greenhouse effect， the Earth were about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.

（三）語篇填空

Over years I have been wishing I 1.__________ （be） a bird flying freely in the clear and clean sky. However， the earth is becoming warmer and warmer and it is human activity that has caused this global warming. People suffer more from the natural disasters， pollution， global warming and so on. If only we 2.__________ （can breathe） clean and fresh air every day！

What do you suggest that we 3.__________ （do） to save our earth？ When everything is out of order， it looks as if the world 4.__________ （end）. It is high time that some effective measures 5._________ （take） to stop the damage to the earth， otherwise， the earth 6._________

（destroy） by human beings.

It is obvious that it is the efforts people make that make it possible for the environment to become clean. The main focus of effort must be to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions now. In our daily life， we should try to save electricity， water and gas； we should also start recycling. Whats more， if everyone

7._________ （take） public transportation in the future， there 8._________ （be） less pollution in the air and the environmental problems

9.__________（improve）. I do desire that one day the earth 10._________ （become） as beautiful as before.