黃冠靈,黃 懷,2*
(1. 廣東藥科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院, 廣州 510006;2.廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)專科醫(yī)院神經(jīng)康復(fù)二科,廣州 510010)
干細(xì)胞移植治療脊髓損傷的研究
黃冠靈1,黃 懷1,2*
(1. 廣東藥科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院, 廣州 510006;2.廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)??漆t(yī)院神經(jīng)康復(fù)二科,廣州 510010)
脊髓損傷是一種由外傷、感染、缺血或相關(guān)病變累及引起的難治性中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,具有極高的致殘率和致死率。傳統(tǒng)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)藥物、理療及對(duì)癥治療效果欠佳,已有動(dòng)物研究和臨床試驗(yàn)證明干細(xì)胞移植是一項(xiàng)有望修復(fù)脊髓損傷的策略。研究干細(xì)胞治療脊髓損傷的修復(fù)機(jī)制、現(xiàn)狀及最新進(jìn)展可為脊髓損傷開辟全新的治療思路。
干細(xì)胞;脊髓損傷;移植
脊髓損傷(SCI)是由各種原因引起的脊髓結(jié)構(gòu)、功能的損害,造成損傷平面以下脊髓功能障礙,包括運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙、感覺(jué)功能障礙、括約肌功能障礙及自主神經(jīng)功能障礙等,給患者及家庭、社會(huì)帶來(lái)巨大痛苦和沉重負(fù)擔(dān),而現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療水平及條件仍無(wú)法完全治愈SCI。隨著近年來(lái)干細(xì)胞技術(shù)的興起和再生醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展,干細(xì)胞移植成為治療SCI等中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害的新希望[1]。
1.1 神經(jīng)元替代途徑 干細(xì)胞可分化成神經(jīng)元,替代原始損傷細(xì)胞,重建SCI的運(yùn)動(dòng)和感覺(jué)的傳導(dǎo)通路[2]。Emg?rd M等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)移植后神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞可向膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化,在損傷急性期和亞急性期均可見神經(jīng)元數(shù)目增加,并伴有運(yùn)動(dòng)功能改善,提示干細(xì)胞移植在脊髓損傷中有促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元增值再生及提高運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的作用。
1.2 神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)途徑 干細(xì)胞分化成神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)軸突髓鞘再生,分泌生長(zhǎng)因子,提供神經(jīng)元再生及突觸形成的微環(huán)境。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除了分泌營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子外,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的營(yíng)養(yǎng)作用可能還受到一氧化氮、核因子KB和吲哚胺等調(diào)控下的信號(hào)通路的影響[4]。
1.3 損傷抑制途徑 干細(xì)胞移植可通過(guò)抑制局部細(xì)胞凋亡及調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng),抑制炎癥因子產(chǎn)生,降低痛覺(jué)敏感度,縮小損傷空洞,起到抑制炎癥損傷、緩解疼痛和促進(jìn)神經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能恢復(fù)的作用[5-7]。
2.1 移植途徑 主要有如下4種:腰椎穿刺蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔注射法、靜脈輸注法、手術(shù)切開探查直視下脊髓內(nèi)注射(損傷部位原位移植)、CT 引導(dǎo)下脊髓損傷部位上下兩端內(nèi)穿刺細(xì)胞移植法等[8]。蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔注射為目前常用的技術(shù)之一,且具有損傷小、遷移效率高、避免二次損傷等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而越來(lái)越受到重視[9]。
2.2 移植時(shí)機(jī) 研究表明,干細(xì)胞移植過(guò)程中一氧化氮發(fā)揮了重要作用[10],王欣等[11]證明SCI 后脊髓內(nèi)iNOS 的表達(dá)量與神經(jīng)元凋亡密切聯(lián)系,這個(gè)規(guī)律對(duì)干細(xì)胞移植的最佳時(shí)間窗選擇起到的作用不言而喻。
脊髓損傷的研究一直是神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域的難點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)[12],SCI過(guò)程中的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)破壞和微觀變化也逐漸得到認(rèn)識(shí)[13-15]。干細(xì)胞具有替代神經(jīng)元、營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)、抑制損傷等作用機(jī)制也得到認(rèn)可,目前綜合干預(yù)仍是大多數(shù)患者的選擇,仍存在以下問(wèn)題有待解決:1)不同分期與損傷部位的SCI所對(duì)應(yīng)的干細(xì)胞療法缺乏統(tǒng)一的參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn); 2)干細(xì)胞在治療SCI過(guò)程中分化與凋亡的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路及其相關(guān)作用機(jī)制尚未完全明確,且干細(xì)胞的存活及分化效率仍有待進(jìn)一步提高;3)干細(xì)胞移植時(shí)間窗的選擇,移植方式及相關(guān)療程等仍需要大量循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的支持。
干細(xì)胞移植研究為脊髓損傷開辟了全新的治療思路,具有重大的理論意義和臨床價(jià)值。針對(duì)干細(xì)胞移植研究中的種種難題,仍需要大樣本的隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)南到y(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)及不斷的臨床探索,從而使得脊髓損傷的治療手段實(shí)現(xiàn)重大突破。
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Stem cell transplantation in the treatment of spinal cord injury
HUANG Guanling1, HUANG Huai1,2*
(1.Graduate School of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China;2. Second Department of Neurological Rehabition, Neurology Specialty Hospital, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou M ilitary Command, Guangzhou 510010, China)
Spinal cord injury(SCI)is an intractable disease of central nervous system, caused by traumatic assault, infection or allied lesions, w ith an extremely high rate of disability and fatality. While the effect of conventional neurotrophic drugs, physical treatments and heteropathy are unfavorable, the application of stem cell transplantation to SCI may be a prom ising therapeutic strategy that has been proved by a few animal studies and clinical trials. To study the repair mechanism of stem cells for spinal cord injury,present situationand the latest progress can open up a new treatment for spinal cord injury.
stem cell; spinal cord injury; transplantation
R392.4
A
2095-6258(2017)03-0481-02
2016-10-04)
10.13463/j.cnki.cczyy.2017.03.0046
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目“臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞移植治療脊髓損傷大鼠的時(shí)間窗優(yōu)化及對(duì)iNOS表達(dá)的影響”(2015A030313610);廣州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“高壓氧對(duì)大鼠脊髓損傷后GTP蛋白家族調(diào)控的線粒體凋亡通路的影響”(201504282301550)。
黃冠靈(1991-),男,碩士研究生,主要從事神經(jīng)損傷的干細(xì)胞治療研究。
*通信作者:黃 懷,男,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,電話-18802013888,電子信箱-huanghuai1999@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然基金面上項(xiàng)目(81574084,81273856);安徽省自然基金面上項(xiàng)目(1608085MH230)。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:李 丹(1990 -),男,碩士研究生,主要從事中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論研究。
*通信作者:王 莖,男,教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,電話-13955189703,電子信箱-wangjing2161@126.com