高紅艷, 劉 娜, 李春霞, 盧榮增, 徐光華
(延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 感染病科, 陜西 延安 716000)
慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期自然轉(zhuǎn)歸相關(guān)影響因素的研究進(jìn)展
高紅艷, 劉 娜, 李春霞, 盧榮增, 徐光華
(延安大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院 感染病科, 陜西 延安 716000)
在慢性HBV感染自然史中,免疫耐受期是疾病發(fā)展的早期階段,對(duì)疾病的監(jiān)測(cè)及治療起決定性作用。國(guó)內(nèi)外最新慢性乙型肝炎指南對(duì)于免疫耐受期患者一致建議是定期隨訪,不予抗病毒治療。雖然處于慢性HBV者感染免疫耐受期的患者預(yù)后一般是良好的,但也有進(jìn)展為肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌以及肝功能失代償?shù)冉K末期肝病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過對(duì)影響慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期的自然轉(zhuǎn)歸相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行論述,為盡早幫助臨床判斷該期患者的病情趨勢(shì),確定啟動(dòng)抗病毒治療的最佳時(shí)機(jī)及個(gè)體化管理提供理論依據(jù)。
肝炎病毒, 乙型; 免疫耐受; 預(yù)后; 綜述
慢性HBV感染自然史過程復(fù)雜,嬰幼兒期感染 HBV 的自然史分為4個(gè)階段: 免疫耐受期、免疫清除期、低(非) 復(fù)制期和再活動(dòng)期[1]。這是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)歸過程,并不是所有患者均經(jīng)歷以上各期,各期也不是連續(xù)不變的。免疫耐受期處于自然史的最早階段,更好地了解這一階段的自然轉(zhuǎn)歸,也是抗HBV的第一步。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外最新慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)指南如我國(guó)《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015年更新版) 》[1]、世界衛(wèi)生組織[2]、亞太肝病學(xué)會(huì)[3]、美國(guó)肝病學(xué)會(huì)[4]以及歐洲肝病學(xué)會(huì)[5]指南中,免疫耐受期患者的管理均不推薦抗病毒治療,建議定期隨訪。在嬰幼兒時(shí)期感染HBV的患者,一般要經(jīng)歷長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)十年的免疫耐受期,僅5%可自發(fā)清除HBV[6],大部分患者則要經(jīng)歷常年定期的臨床監(jiān)測(cè),把握其從免疫耐受階段過渡到免疫清除期或其他階段的抗病毒治療時(shí)機(jī)。在出生時(shí)或兒童期感染的患者,從免疫耐受過渡到免疫清除階段的平均年齡為30歲[7]。
目前國(guó)內(nèi)外指南對(duì)于免疫耐受期的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基本相似,但略有不同。我國(guó)《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015年更新版)》[1]中的免疫耐受期定義為:血清HBsAg和HBeAg陽性,HBV DNA水平高,ALT正常,肝組織無明顯異?;蜉p度炎癥壞死,無或僅有緩慢肝纖維化的進(jìn)展。國(guó)外一些學(xué)者[8]建議免疫耐受期定義為:HBeAg陽性,ALT水平持續(xù)正常,HBV DNA>2×107IU/ml,肝穿刺活組織檢查顯示輕微的組織學(xué)變化。HBV DNA、血清 HBsAg、HBeAg與ALT已被公認(rèn)與CHB的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸密切相關(guān)[9],對(duì)以上指標(biāo)的動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸具有重要意義。HBV DNA水平、ALT水平和HBeAg狀態(tài)是進(jìn)展為肝硬化的最重要的決定因素[10],其中HBV DNA水平(>2000 IU/ml)、HBeAg狀態(tài)和肝硬化是肝細(xì)胞癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)鍵預(yù)測(cè)因子[11]。成人的HBV DNA水平>2000 IU/ml已被證實(shí)與肝硬化和肝癌的發(fā)病率逐漸升高有關(guān)。日本的一項(xiàng)研究[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平的HBV DNA、HBsAg水平與早期感染慢性化可能相關(guān)。而肝組織病理學(xué)檢查是反映肝臟病變最直接的指標(biāo)。本文主要從HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換、ALT、HBV DNA、肝組織病理學(xué)等實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo)對(duì)慢性HBV感染免疫耐受期自然轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響進(jìn)行綜述,幫助臨床判斷該期患者的病情趨勢(shì),為確定啟動(dòng)抗病毒治療的最佳時(shí)機(jī)及個(gè)體化管理提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換的定義是HBeAg的消失伴有抗-HBe出現(xiàn),往往與臨床緩解和轉(zhuǎn)型為不活動(dòng)的肝臟疾病有關(guān)[13]。HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換前可能是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的過程,并有可能最終過渡到HBsAg消失的理想的非活動(dòng)攜帶狀態(tài)。自發(fā)的HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換通常發(fā)生在90%以上<40歲的HBsAg陽性患者中[14],但處于免疫耐受期的患者以每年10%~15%的速度失去免疫耐受,并且進(jìn)展為免疫清除期經(jīng)常面臨著疾病進(jìn)展[7]。多種因素影響HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換,包括年齡、基因型以及發(fā)現(xiàn)病毒復(fù)制時(shí)的年齡。年齡<40歲、ALT升高、HBV 基因A型和B型患者HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生情況較高[15]。Chu等[16]通過隨訪240例HBeAg陽性患者發(fā)現(xiàn)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換的平均年齡為(31.3±7)歲,且從免疫耐受期進(jìn)展為肝硬化的發(fā)生率為5%。圍產(chǎn)期感染HBV的亞洲人有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的免疫耐受期,且HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率低。處于免疫耐受期的不同群體的病程可持續(xù)10~40年,自發(fā)和治療誘導(dǎo)的HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生情況(每年5%)都是少見的[3]。來自香港的隊(duì)列研究[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),441例46~55歲年齡段的HBeAg陽性患者經(jīng)過隨訪后約15%仍是HBeAg陽性,352例36~45歲年齡段的HBeAg陽性患者經(jīng)過隨訪約20%仍是HBeAg陽性。由此可見,HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換率與年齡有一定關(guān)系。
HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換與HBV基因型有一定的關(guān)系。有研究[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)B基因型患者比C基因型患者發(fā)生HBeAg血清轉(zhuǎn)換約早10年。多因素分析顯示ALT高水平、年齡>30歲、B基因型是自發(fā)的HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換的獨(dú)立影響因素。還有學(xué)者[9]報(bào)道D基因型與晚期血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換有關(guān);相反,A基因型與早期血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換有關(guān)。C基因型還與血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)的肝損傷程度有關(guān)[19]。與B基因型患者相比,C基因型患者HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換可能會(huì)延遲,HBV復(fù)制活躍期會(huì)更長(zhǎng)。正是由于這些不利的特點(diǎn),C基因型患者更容易進(jìn)展為晚期肝纖維化、肝硬化,甚至肝癌[20]。
在CHB患者中,HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換意味著臨床好轉(zhuǎn),肝病進(jìn)入靜止期,肝纖維化減輕,肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生率降低[21]。
動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)血清ALT水平對(duì)于慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期的隨訪及啟動(dòng)抗病毒治療是十分重要的。據(jù)報(bào)道[22],血清ALT水平在正常范圍內(nèi)的高值與一般人群的肝臟相關(guān)疾病死亡率的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)。目前對(duì)于免疫耐受期ALT水平的正常范圍仍有爭(zhēng)議。美國(guó)肝病學(xué)會(huì)指南[5]免疫耐受狀態(tài)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中ALT水平正常值定義為:男性≤30 U/L,女性≤19 U/L,而不是當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)驗(yàn)室的正常值。亞太肝病學(xué)會(huì)指南[3]則將ALT水平界定為40 U/L。ALT水平的變化可預(yù)測(cè)疾病進(jìn)展。ALT水平正常的HBeAg陽性者更有可能發(fā)生顯著的肝組織學(xué)病變[23-24]。而ALT水平持續(xù)正?;蜉p度異常的患者也會(huì)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的肝組織學(xué)改變[25]。有研究[26]報(bào)道,73 例ALT持續(xù)正常的HBeAg陽性患者,有40%發(fā)生了顯著肝纖維化。另外臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)警惕評(píng)估和監(jiān)測(cè)處于免疫耐受期的老年HBeAg陽性者,尤其是那些ALT水平高于正?;蜉p度升高或間歇升高的患者[27]。處于免疫耐受期的患者應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)ALT水平,必要時(shí)結(jié)合肝臟病理學(xué)進(jìn)一步明確肝臟病變程度有助于準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估病情進(jìn)展。
在慢性HBV感染自然史的背景下,血清HBV DNA水平獨(dú)立于ALT水平、HBV基因型和HBeAg狀態(tài),與肝硬化和肝細(xì)胞癌的發(fā)生緊密相關(guān)[10]。一項(xiàng)超過3000例的隊(duì)列研究[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),HBV DNA是慢性HBV感染者肝硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展最有力的預(yù)測(cè)因素。一些大規(guī)模的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究[28-30]發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)正常的血清ALT水平和HBV DNA≤20 000 IU/ml與較低水平的肝臟炎癥壞死和肝纖維化有關(guān)。而與HBV DNA水平<2000 IU/ml相比, HBV DNA閾值為200 000 IU/ml與明顯的肝組織疾病有顯著的相關(guān)性。但閾值范圍2000~20 000 IU/ml和20 000~200 000 IU/ml之間與嚴(yán)重肝纖維化沒有顯著的相關(guān)性[30]。有研究[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)基線血清HBV DNA>104拷貝/ml和HBV DNA>106拷貝/ml的患者發(fā)生肝硬化的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別為2.3[95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI):1.6~3.5]和9.3(95%CI:6.5~13.1)。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,持續(xù)高水平的HBV復(fù)制增加了肝硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但高血清HBV DNA水平在年輕(<30歲)HBV感染者單一時(shí)間點(diǎn)的預(yù)后意義還不清楚。持續(xù)高載量的HBV DNA,患者不易發(fā)生HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換,且進(jìn)展為終末期肝病如肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌以及肝功能失代償?shù)目赡苄愿蟆?/p>
肝組織病理學(xué)檢查目前仍然是確定自然史階段、監(jiān)測(cè)疾病進(jìn)展以及評(píng)估肝臟嚴(yán)重活動(dòng)度和纖維化病變程度的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。有學(xué)者[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未行肝活組織檢查增加了HBeAg陽性慢性 HBV感染者免疫狀態(tài)的誤判率,因此在條件允許的情況下,應(yīng)積極行肝組織病理學(xué)檢查明確病變程度。處于免疫耐受期的慢性HBV感染者病情基本穩(wěn)定,預(yù)后一般良好,但也可能進(jìn)展為肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌以及肝功能失代償?shù)冉K末期肝病。來自臺(tái)灣的一項(xiàng)研究[16]通過隨訪240例免疫耐受期的患者(平均年齡27.6歲),發(fā)現(xiàn)只有5%進(jìn)展為肝硬化,隨訪了10.5年沒有肝癌的發(fā)生。來自香港的配對(duì)肝活組織檢查研究[24]顯示,57例處于免疫耐受期的成人在初始肝活組織檢查時(shí)很少或沒有肝組織學(xué)纖維化(中位纖維化Ishak分期1),超過5年纖維化進(jìn)展率亦非常低。處于免疫耐受期的患者ALT水平持續(xù)正常和HBV DNA高水平的部分患者有顯著的肝臟炎癥壞死和(或)肝纖維化等肝組織病理學(xué)異常,且明顯的肝組織病理學(xué)異常發(fā)生率可能隨著年齡逐漸增加。所以目前建議30歲以上的慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期應(yīng)積極行肝組織病理檢查以明確肝臟炎癥及纖維化程度[33]。有學(xué)者[34-36]對(duì)處于免疫耐受期的慢性HBV感染者進(jìn)行肝組織病理學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),并非所有患者一直處于免疫耐受期階段,其中部分患者發(fā)生了肝纖維化進(jìn)展。Wong等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)74例免疫耐受期的患者在超過42個(gè)月的隨訪中,肝纖維化進(jìn)展率為4.2%。因此,在臨床上應(yīng)建議免疫耐受期的患者積極隨訪,監(jiān)測(cè)病情進(jìn)展,必要時(shí)行肝組織病理學(xué)檢查明確肝臟病變。
建立系統(tǒng)的臨床參數(shù)評(píng)估框架是實(shí)現(xiàn)慢性HBV感染者個(gè)體化診治的基礎(chǔ),而目前國(guó)內(nèi)外指南中對(duì)于免疫耐受期的各個(gè)參數(shù)(HBsAg、HBeAg、ALT、HBV DNA等)均無明確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在慢性HBV感染自然史中,處于免疫耐受期的患者在臨床上屬于觀察的對(duì)象,可以發(fā)生HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換進(jìn)入免疫清除期,也可以進(jìn)展為肝硬化、肝癌及肝功能失代償?shù)冉K末期肝病。因此,建議免疫耐受期患者每3~6個(gè)月進(jìn)行血常規(guī)、生化、病毒學(xué)、AFP、B 超和無創(chuàng)肝纖維化等檢查[1],必要時(shí)行肝活組織檢查,若符合抗病毒治療指征,應(yīng)及時(shí)啟動(dòng)治療。根據(jù)HBeAg血清學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換、ALT、HBV DNA、肝組織病理學(xué)等變化規(guī)律預(yù)測(cè)免疫耐受期自然轉(zhuǎn)歸,一方面對(duì)臨床醫(yī)師評(píng)估免疫耐受期患者的病情進(jìn)展有更好的指導(dǎo)意義,對(duì)啟動(dòng)抗病毒治療的最佳時(shí)間提供理論依據(jù);另一方面根據(jù)相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)因素為慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期的精準(zhǔn)診療和規(guī)范化管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。如何通過免疫耐受期的臨床參數(shù)構(gòu)建來預(yù)測(cè)免疫耐受期自然轉(zhuǎn)歸仍需大量的隨訪研究。
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引證本文:GAO HY, LIU N, LI CX, et al. Research advances in influencing factors for natural prognosis of patients with chronic HBV infection in immune tolerance phase[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(8): 1572-1575. (in Chinese) 高紅艷, 劉娜, 李春霞, 等. 慢性HBV感染者免疫耐受期自然轉(zhuǎn)歸相關(guān)影響因素的研究進(jìn)展[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(8): 1572-1575.
(本文編輯:朱 晶)
Research advances in influencing factors for natural prognosis of patients with chronic HBV infection in immune tolerance phase
GAOHongyan,LIUNa,LIChunxia,etal.
(DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,AffiliatedHospitalofYan′anUniversity,Yan′an,Shaanxi716000,China)
In the natural history of chronic HBV infection, immune tolerance phase is the early stage of disease progression and plays a decisive role in disease monitoring and treatment. The latest CHB guidelines in China and foreign countries recommend regular follow-up for patients in immune tolerance phase, instead of antiviral therapy. Although patients with chronic HBV infection in immune tolerance phase tend to have a good prognosis, they may also have the risk of progression to end-stage liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver function decompensation. This article elaborates on the influencing factors for natural prognosis of patients with chronic HBV infection in immune tolerance phase and provides a theoretical basis for clinical judgment of patient′s conditions, determination of the most appropriate timing for the initiation of antiviral therapy, and individualized management.
hepatitis B virus; immune tolerance; prognosis; review
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.08.035
2017-03-13;
2017-04-12。
延安市惠民計(jì)劃(2014HM-09)
高紅艷(1989-),女,主要從事慢性肝病防治研究。
徐光華,電子信箱:yaxugh@163.com。
R512.62
A
1001-5256(2017)08-1572-04