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中國七大水系沉積物中典型重金屬生態(tài)風險評估

2017-03-05 05:01陽金希張彥峰祝凌燕
環(huán)境科學研究 2017年3期
關鍵詞:海河珠江水系

陽金希,張彥峰,祝凌燕

南開大學環(huán)境科學與工程學院,環(huán)境污染過程與基準教育部重點實驗室,天津 300350

中國七大水系沉積物中典型重金屬生態(tài)風險評估

陽金希,張彥峰*,祝凌燕

南開大學環(huán)境科學與工程學院,環(huán)境污染過程與基準教育部重點實驗室,天津 300350

為評價國內水系重金屬生態(tài)風險,根據(jù)2000—2015年國內外文獻報道,選擇中國七大水系——長江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系的沉積物,以Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等5種典型重金屬為研究目標,對其質量分數(shù)及分布特征進行了系統(tǒng)分析;并利用生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法對5種重金屬的淡水水體沉積物質量基準值——TEL(臨界效應濃度)和PEL(可能效應濃度)進行了更新.結果表明:Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的新TEL分別為56.2、2.58、47.3、79.9和35.4 mg kg,新PEL分別為141、19.6、200、461和78.6 mg kg.七大水系以珠江水系沉積物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的濃度最高,海河水系和黃河水系次之,而長江水系、遼河水系、松花江水系和淮河水系沉積物中重金屬濃度較低.通過比較生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法更新的沉積物質量基準值與實際沉積物重金屬濃度,評價中國重點水系沉積物生態(tài)風險所得結論與國內外研究結果基本一致.研究顯示,重金屬對中國七大水系沉積物的污染大多處于生態(tài)風險較小或風險不確定的水平,其中僅有1.15%~7.60%的采樣點重金屬生態(tài)風險較高;七大水系以珠江水系沉積物生態(tài)風險最高,其5種重金屬質量分數(shù)最高,并且超過各自PEL的采樣點占比在4.41%~26.8%之間;其次,海河水系沉積物也存在一定的重金屬生態(tài)風險,其Cu、Zn和Ni的質量分數(shù)較高,超過各自PEL的采樣點分別占14.1%、15.2%和14.8%.

七大水系;沉積物;典型重金屬;風險評價

重金屬作為一類重要的環(huán)境污染物,通過各種途徑進入水體并分布在水相、沉積物、生物體中,表現(xiàn)出不同的環(huán)境地球化學行為和生物毒性效應[1-2].研究表明,重金屬在沉積物中的含量比上覆水高很多倍[3-4],成為水體污染的內源,持續(xù)危害水體生態(tài)環(huán)境[5].US EPA(美國國家環(huán)境保護局)已將水體沉積物重金屬作為評價水體環(huán)境的重要指標[6].

中國水體沉積物重金屬污染備受關注.朱青青等[7]運用潛在生態(tài)風險指數(shù)法對中國主要水系沉積物中重金屬分布特征及來源進行了分析;張靜等[8]通過與沉積物背景值比較的方法總結了中國北方河流沉積物中重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀.這些方法在一定程度上揭示了環(huán)境污染狀況,但仍存在主觀性[9]或未能考慮生態(tài)效應[5]等不足.為了科學評價沉積物污染,歐美等早在20世紀就提出了沉積物質量基準的概念并進行研究[10],而相平衡分配法和生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法是國際上最常用的兩種推導沉積物質量基準的方法[11].在此背景下,課題組系統(tǒng)開展了相關研究,運用這兩種方法獲得了中國淡水流域中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等的沉積物質量基準閾值,并對所推導的基準值進行了驗證[12-16].

由于國內通過沉積物質量基準的方法進行污染評價的報道較為分散[17-18],缺少對七大水系的綜合全面評價.綜上,該研究根據(jù)新收集到的數(shù)據(jù)對課題組前期提出的沉積物質量基準值進行更新,并應用新基準值對中國重點水系水體沉積物重金屬污染進行系統(tǒng)的風險評估.針對七大水系——長江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系,選擇Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni 5種典型重金屬,研究其在各水系沉積物中的濃度及分布特點,并通過沉積物中重金屬含量與沉積物質量基準比較的方法對其生態(tài)風險進行評價,以期對中國重點水系沉積物中重金屬污染控制提供理論依據(jù).

1 研究方法

1.1 沉積物質量基準值的估算

以生物效應數(shù)據(jù)為基礎的生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法(biological effect database approach,BEDA)是國際上最為廣泛接受的沉積物質量基準推算方法之一[19].根據(jù)統(tǒng)計方法的不同將其分為單值基準法、雙值基準法和三軸圖法3類.其中,雙值基準法避免了單值基準因統(tǒng)計方法過于簡單而不準確的問題,并且可以根據(jù)評價目標選擇基準值[11].該方法定義的基準值用兩個數(shù)值來表示,即臨界效應濃度(threshold effect level,TEL)和可能效應濃度(probable effect level,PEL).推算過程大致分為生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立、水體沉積物重金屬質量基準值TEL和PEL的確定以及對TEL和PEL的檢驗及討論等步驟[13].課題組[13]前期應用生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法推算了中國淡水水體沉積物重金屬質量基準值.但為了更準確評估沉積物質量基準,有必要補充沉積物對底棲生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),并不斷進行更新[20].在前期研究的基礎上,通過重金屬對中國本土底棲生物的毒性研究以獲得毒性效應閾值,同時查閱各種相關文獻,補充淡水水體沉積物中重金屬的化學與生物數(shù)據(jù),增加相關生物效應數(shù)據(jù)74個、無生物效應數(shù)據(jù)11個,并對5種重金屬Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的TEL和PEL進行了重新估算.表1列出了相關重金屬生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫中的數(shù)據(jù)量及基準值的更新結果.

1.2 數(shù)據(jù)收集

通過查閱中國重點水系沉積物重金屬的相關文獻,以中國知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、Web of science為文獻檢索來源,以“重金屬”和“沉積物”為主要檢索詞,搜集2000—2015年來國內外公開發(fā)表的關于中國七大水系(長江水系[21-30]、黃河水系[31-38]、遼河水系[39-44]、松花江水系[45-54]、海河水系[55-66]、淮河水系[67-78]和珠江水系[18,79-86])水體沉積物中5種重金屬含量的數(shù)據(jù),包括Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的采樣點位數(shù)共1 576個.數(shù)據(jù)的搜集和篩選遵循以下原則:①數(shù)據(jù)來源為各水系干流及其主要支流;②文獻中重金屬主要來源于各水系表層沉積物;③所測定的含量為重金屬總量(以干質量計),單位為mg kg.符合相關原則的濃度數(shù)據(jù)共2 564個.各類數(shù)據(jù)點分布:Cu 583個、Cd 503個、Pb 584個、Zn 565個、Ni 329個.

1.3 統(tǒng)計方法

各水系沉積物重金屬濃度數(shù)據(jù)的分析及作圖采用軟件Origin 8.5完成.

1.4 沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風險評估

根據(jù)單因素試驗結果如表7所示,5個蒸汽噴射時間條件下鴨肉b*有顯著差異(p<0.05),b*在2~4s內隨蒸汽噴射時間延長而增加,在4~6s內隨蒸汽烤制時間的延長b*先減小后增大;鴨皮的亮度值L*在2~6s內隨蒸汽噴射時間的延長先增大后減??;在2~4s范圍內鴨肉彈性隨蒸汽噴射時間的延長先減小后增大,在4~6s范圍內鴨肉彈性波動規(guī)律與2~4s相同;鴨皮彈性隨蒸汽噴射時間的延長先減小后增大,在4~6s范圍內鴨皮彈性先增大后減小。

沉積物生態(tài)風險評估是在生物毒性基礎上對沉積物中污染物是否對底棲生物構成潛在威脅的一種評估和判斷[87].由生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法推導出的TEL是判定“有”或“無”明顯效應的污染物濃度分界線.當污染物濃度低于TEL時,認為污染物對水體生物沒有顯著危害.PEL則是判定危害“可能”或者“經?!卑l(fā)生的污染物濃度分界線,污染物濃度超過PEL時,認為污染物經常對生物造成不利影響.若沉積物中化學物質的濃度介于二者之間,表示不確定是否會產生負面生物效應[88].

由此,通過對中國七大水系沉積物重金屬含量與對應基準值進行比較,分別統(tǒng)計各水系沉積物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni低于TEL、高于PEL及介于二者之間所占的采樣點百分比,運用餅圖直觀顯示沉積物中重金屬濃度與基準值比較的結果,描述不同重金屬在不同水系的生態(tài)風險.

2 結果與討論

2.1 沉積物質量基準值的更新結果及對比

通過補充沉積物中重金屬對底棲生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),對沉積物質量基準值進行更新,更新后的數(shù)值相比原始值略有變化,但變化不大.其中,Pb的TEL保持不變,Cu、Zn、Ni的TEL及Cd、Zn、Ni的PEL略有增大,Cd的TEL和Cu、Pb的PEL略有減?。唧w數(shù)值如表1所示.

2.2 沉積物中重金屬的質量分數(shù)及分布特征

5種重金屬在各水系沉積物中的質量分數(shù)分布見表2、圖1.

重金屬w(Cu)在各水系的范圍為1.51(海河水系)~829 mg kg(珠江水系).濃度幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>海河水系>長江水系>黃河水系>淮河水系>遼河水系>松花江水系.w(Cd)在各水系的范圍為nd(黃河水系)~76.0 mg kg(珠江水系),幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>黃河水系>長江水系>遼河水系>海河水系>淮河水系>松花江水系.w(Pb)的范圍為4.60(淮河水系)~2 352 mg kg(珠江水系),幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>黃河水系>海河水系>長江水系>遼河水系>淮河水系>松花江水系.w(Zn)在各水系的范圍為7.60(遼河水系)~4 203 mg kg(海河水系),幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>海河水系>長江水系>松花江水系>黃河水系>淮河水系>遼河水系.w(Ni)的范圍為3.20(遼河水系)~249 mg kg(海河水系).由于所收集的黃河水系沉積物中w(Ni)的數(shù)據(jù)較少,暫未對其作討論.除黃河水系外,Ni濃度的幾何均值由高到低為珠江水系>海河水系>長江水系>淮河水系>遼河水系>松花江水系.

林文杰等[89]研究表明,珠江水系某些支流沉積物中Cu、Cd、Pb等重金屬均超過GB 15618—1995《土壤環(huán)境質量標準》二級標準限值,并且以Cu和Cd的污染為首[18].究其原因,是因為電子廢物的處理處置對當?shù)丨h(huán)境造成了嚴重的污染[90].重金屬污染除與一定的生活污染和工業(yè)污染等有關外,還可能受到污染事件的影響[91].總之,珠江水系較高濃度的重金屬與工業(yè)廢水和生活污水大量排入[7]有關.

除珠江水系外,海河水系中 w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Ni)和黃河水系中w(Cd)最高,并且重金屬w(Pb)在這兩個水系沉積物中均較高.海河水系和黃河水系中Pb污染較為普遍,可能與北方的燃煤習慣有一定關系[8].此外,天津市是以制造業(yè)、紡織、輕工業(yè)、鋼鐵等傳統(tǒng)產業(yè)為主的老工業(yè)基地[7],海河干流重金屬質量分數(shù)普遍偏高,可能與其流經天津市區(qū)有關.

2.3 各水系沉積物重金屬生態(tài)風險評估

圖2為5種重金屬在七大水系沉積物中質量分數(shù)與基準值比較的結果.由圖2可見,重金屬Cu在海河和珠江水系中分別有29.3%、35.0%采樣點的質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間,超過PEL的采樣點分別占14.1%、26.8%,而其在長江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、淮河水系等水體沉積物中的質量分數(shù)較低.重金屬Cd除在黃河水系沉積物中有15.8%采樣點的質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間、珠江水系中有10.2%采樣點的值高于PEL外,在其他水系90%以上采樣點的質量分數(shù)均低于其TEL.重金屬Pb在黃河水系中有11.5%采樣點的質量分數(shù)高于PEL,海河水系有30.1%的采樣點在TEL~PEL之間,而珠江水系則分別有54.1%和10.2%的采樣點其質量分數(shù)處于TEL~PEL之間及高于PEL,在其余水系中沉積物中質量分數(shù)低于TEL的采樣點占絕大多數(shù).重金屬Zn在各水系沉積物中的分布差異較大,其中其在長江水系、黃河水系、遼河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間的采樣點分別占64.8%、40.3%、12.5%、37.0%、53.3%、33.1%和61.5%,并且海河和珠江水系中高于PEL的采樣點分別占15.2%、25.3%.重金屬Ni在長江水系中有37.5%的采樣點的質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間,沒有出現(xiàn)高于PEL的樣點,松花江水系中僅有8.33%的采樣點質量分數(shù)超過PEL,海河水系則有29.6%采樣點的質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間且14.8%的采樣點高于PEL,在珠江水系有66.2%采樣點的質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間且4.41%的樣點高于PEL,在遼河和淮河水系中采樣點的質量分數(shù)均較低.

總體看來,5種重金屬質量分數(shù)<TEL(負面生物效應較少發(fā)生)的采樣點占40.4%~90.5%,在TEL~PEL(不確定是否發(fā)生負面生物效應)之間的采樣點占8.35%~46.0%,>PEL(負面生物效應經常發(fā)生)的采樣點占1.15%~7.60%.由此,中國重點水系5種重金屬基本未達到嚴重污染的程度,主要處于風險較小和風險不確定的范圍內.這與朱青青等[7]運用潛在生態(tài)風險指數(shù)法的研究結果存在一定差異,其研究表明,中國主要水系表層沉積物中重金屬Cd屬于輕微到極強生態(tài)危害,其中大部分樣點屬于強至極強生態(tài)危害.這可能與收集數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)量、質量及評價方法不同有關.但從各水系來看,重金屬在珠江水系中采樣點質量分數(shù)處于生態(tài)風險不確定范圍或產生嚴重生態(tài)風險的比例最大:5種重金屬質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間的采樣點分別占35.0%~66.2%不等,并且每種重金屬質量分數(shù)高于PEL采樣點在4.41%~26.8%之間.NIU等[18]通過計算平均可能效應濃度商數(shù)得出,珠江流域已被嚴重污染且重金屬毒性較高,與該研究結果有一定相似性.海河水系沉積物中除Cd外,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的的質量分數(shù)在TEL~PEL之間、超過PEL的采樣點分布也占有一定比例.其他水系重金屬質量分數(shù)整體較低.這與朱青青等[7]對中國主要水系表層沉積物中重金屬的復合污染狀況評價結果較一致,即綜合污染狀況以海河干流和珠江干流最為顯著[7].因此相比于其他水系,珠江水系重金屬質量分數(shù)最高,風險最大,尤以Zn、Cu顯著.其次是海河水系,Cu、Zn、Ni質量分數(shù)較高,風險較大.

3 結論

a)在整個研究范圍內,沉積物中重金屬生態(tài)風險較高的采樣點僅占1.15%~7.60%,說明除少數(shù)區(qū)域外,重金屬對中國七大水系均未造成嚴重污染,大多處于生態(tài)風險較小或風險不確定水平.

b)5種重金屬在表層沉積物中的質量分數(shù)均以珠江水系最高,相比而言,珠江水系沉積物重金屬尤其是Zn、Cu在中國七大水系中具有最高的生態(tài)風險:這兩種重金屬超過PEL的比例分別占25.3%、26.8%;其次,海河水系沉積物中重金屬存在一定風險且以Cu、Zn、Ni為主,這3種重金屬在該水系中的質量分數(shù)僅低于珠江水系,并且它們在海河水系中超過PEL的采樣點分別占14.1%、15.2%、14.8%.

c)運用生物效應數(shù)據(jù)庫法推導并更新沉積物質量基準值,通過與實際沉積物重金屬濃度比較來評價中國重點水系沉積物的生態(tài)風險,所得結論與國內外研究結果基本一致.但由于所收集的重金屬數(shù)據(jù)在各水系存在采樣點分布不均等原因,使其生態(tài)風險評估結果存在一定的不確定性.因此,未來應建立更加科學的沉積物污染數(shù)據(jù)收集規(guī)范,而采用更加合理的生態(tài)風險評估方法等也是今后的重點研究方向.

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Pollution and Risk Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in River Sediments of Seven Major Watersheds in China

YANG Jinxi,ZHANG Yanfeng*,ZHU Lingyan
Key Laboratory of Processes and Environmental Criteria,Ministry of Education,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China

In order to evaluate the ecological risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments,according to the data reported in the literatures over the past 16 years(2000 to 2015),the concentrations and distributions of five typical heavy metals(i.e.,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn)in the sediments of seven major watersheds in China,including Yangtze River,Yellow River,Liaohe River,Songhua River,Haihe River,Huaihe River and Pearl River,were systematically analyzed.The sediment quality guidelines,including the threshold effect levels(TEL)and probable effect levels(PEL),for the five heavy metals were updated based on the biological effect database.TELs and PELs of Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni were 56.2,2.58,47.3,79.9,35.4 mg kg and 141,19.6,200,461,78.6 mg kg respectively.The concentrations of Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni in the sediments of the Pearl River were the highest among the seven rivers,followed by the Haihe and Yellow Rivers.The concentrations of heavy metals in the Yangtze River,Liaohe River,Songhua River and Huaihe River were relatively low.Comparing the heavy metal concentrations with the corresponding sediment quality guidelines,the ecological risks of the five heavy metals in the river sediments were evaluated,and the results were basically identical with the domestic and foreign research.The results indicated that the ecological risks of heavy metals in most of the river sediments were relatively low or not clear.Among all of the investigated river sediments,1.15%-7.60%displayed relatively high risk of heavy metals.The sediments of the Pearl River displayed the highest ecological risks,given that the concentrations of the five heavy metals were the highest and 4.41%-26.8%of the sampling sitesexceeded the PELs,which was followed by Haihe River.The concentrations of Cu,Zn and Ni in the sediments of Haihe River were relatively high,and 14.1%,15.2%and 14.8%of the sampling sites exceeded their corresponding PELs.

watersheds;sediment;typical heavy metals;risk assessment

X82

1001-6929(2017)03-0423-10

A

10.13198 j.issn.1001-6929.2017.01.61

陽金希,張彥峰,祝凌燕.中國七大水系沉積物中典型重金屬生態(tài)風險評估[J].環(huán)境科學研究,2017,30(3):423-432.

YANG Jinxi,ZHANG Yanfeng,ZHU Lingyan.Pollution and risk assessment of typical heavy metals in river sediments of seven major watersheds in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3):423-432.

2016-06-17

2016-10-25

國家水體污染控制與治理科技重大專項(2012ZX07501-003-04);國家公益性行業(yè)(農業(yè))科研專項(201503108)

陽金希(1992-),女,四川宜賓人,yangjinxi@mail.nankai.edu.cn.

*責任作者,張彥峰(1977-),男,河南安陽人,副教授,主要從事環(huán)境化學研究,zhangyf@nankai.edu.cn

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