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運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室影響的比較研究

2017-03-01 11:03饒志堅(jiān)常蕓王世強(qiáng)
關(guān)鍵詞:右心室膠原心室

饒志堅(jiān)常蕓王世強(qiáng)

1國(guó)家體育總局體育科學(xué)研究所(北京100061)

2上海體育學(xué)院運(yùn)動(dòng)科學(xué)學(xué)院(上海200438)

3湖南工業(yè)大學(xué)體育學(xué)院(株洲 412000)

運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室影響的比較研究

饒志堅(jiān)1,2常蕓1王世強(qiáng)3

1國(guó)家體育總局體育科學(xué)研究所(北京100061)

2上海體育學(xué)院運(yùn)動(dòng)科學(xué)學(xué)院(上海200438)

3湖南工業(yè)大學(xué)體育學(xué)院(株洲 412000)

目的:研究運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和纖維化的影響及它們之間的異同,并初步探討涉及的可能機(jī)理。方法:48只雄性SD大鼠,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照(Sed)組、中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(ME)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(IE)組,每組又分為8周組和16周組,共6組,每組8只。對(duì)照組自由活動(dòng),中強(qiáng)度組和大強(qiáng)度組分別以速度15.2 m/min、坡度5°和速度28 m/min、坡度10°的條件每天運(yùn)動(dòng)1小時(shí),每周運(yùn)動(dòng)5天。最后一次運(yùn)動(dòng)后,24小時(shí)內(nèi)記錄體重后使用心臟超聲檢測(cè)兩心室的舒張末期內(nèi)徑和舒張末期室壁厚度及射血分?jǐn)?shù)。采血后處死,迅速分離心臟。使用Elisa法檢測(cè)大鼠血清cTnI濃度,天狼星紅染色測(cè)定兩心室的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)。結(jié)果:在8周和16周時(shí),中強(qiáng)度組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠兩心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑都大于對(duì)照組。僅16周時(shí)大強(qiáng)度組左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑大于中強(qiáng)度組,其它中強(qiáng)度組和大強(qiáng)度組間左心室或右心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑無差異。隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度增加和運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間的推移,左心室及右心室舒張末期室壁厚度都有增加的趨勢(shì),但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后,大鼠兩心室的射血分?jǐn)?shù)都有低于對(duì)照組和中強(qiáng)度組的趨勢(shì),但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)16周后,兩心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)顯著低于對(duì)照組和中強(qiáng)度組。大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)8周或16周后,血清cTnI顯著高于對(duì)照組和中強(qiáng)度組,中強(qiáng)度組與對(duì)照組無差異。16周中強(qiáng)度組或大強(qiáng)度組兩個(gè)心室的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)大于8周時(shí)相應(yīng)的組。8周或16周大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組的右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)顯著大于相應(yīng)的對(duì)照組,且16周時(shí)大強(qiáng)度組右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)顯著大于中強(qiáng)度組;而左心室相應(yīng)的比較無差異。大鼠血清cTnI濃度與左心室和右心室收縮功能均負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.327,P=0.029和r=-0.582,P=0.000);大鼠血清cTnI濃度與左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)不相關(guān)(P=0.276),但與右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)中度正相關(guān)(r=0.597,P=0.000)。結(jié)論:1)16周中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)可導(dǎo)致左心室擴(kuò)張,且運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度越大擴(kuò)張程度越大;而右心室擴(kuò)張只需要8周中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng),但運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)右心室擴(kuò)張程度的影響不明顯。2)長(zhǎng)期(8周或16周)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)(中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度)使兩心室壁有變肥厚的趨勢(shì)。左心室肥厚和擴(kuò)張可能不是同步的:先肥厚再擴(kuò)張;但右心室肥厚和擴(kuò)張是同步的。3)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)引起兩心室收縮功能短暫性下降與心室損傷有關(guān),且右心室可能比左心室損傷更嚴(yán)重。中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)不會(huì)引起心室損傷,對(duì)心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)影響不大或無影響。4)長(zhǎng)期(8周或16周)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)增加,可能是右心室損傷后形成的心肌纖維化,但左心室未見;而16周時(shí)中強(qiáng)度組和大強(qiáng)度組兩心室的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)分別大于8周時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的組別,可能是8周之后的運(yùn)動(dòng)使兩心室的心肌細(xì)胞繼續(xù)肥大,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)也相應(yīng)增多,并不是纖維化。

運(yùn)動(dòng)心臟重塑;左心室;右心室;心肌纖維化;cTnI;運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度;運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間

運(yùn)動(dòng)心臟重塑(Exercise-induced cardiac remodel?ing,EIRC)是指長(zhǎng)期參與運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)致心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生顯著性變化的過程[1]。這一過程被認(rèn)為是心臟對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)刺激的生理上的適應(yīng)性變化,與心肌疾病造成的心臟重塑有著本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別[2]。過去的研究主要集中在左心室,認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)心臟重塑的特征是左心室肥大,包括向心性肥大和離心性肥大,同時(shí)還伴隨著心臟收縮和舒張功能的變化[3]。隨著研究的深入,近年來發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)心臟重塑不局限于左心室[4-6]。運(yùn)動(dòng)方式(耐力訓(xùn)練或力量訓(xùn)練)會(huì)影響心臟重塑,耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)心輸出量持續(xù)升高,而外周阻力卻下降,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致心臟兩個(gè)心室及兩個(gè)心房的擴(kuò)張,維持收縮功能、增強(qiáng)舒張功能[4];相比之下,力量訓(xùn)練時(shí)心輸出量相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,但外周阻力增加,這將導(dǎo)致左心室肥厚,但對(duì)右心及左心房沒有影響[7]??梢娔土\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)引起心臟四個(gè)腔室的重塑,尤其是心房,大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的心房結(jié)構(gòu)重塑可能與耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員房顫發(fā)病率升高有關(guān)[8,9]。耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度對(duì)心臟有不同的影響,目前一致認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)期中低強(qiáng)度的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)有益于心臟健康,可用于預(yù)防多種心血管疾病[10,11],但大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心臟的影響引起廣泛而激烈的爭(zhēng)論[12-14]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,盡管大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)增加一些心臟疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但它帶來的有利方面超過這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[15-17];另一方面越來越多的證據(jù)表明長(zhǎng)期大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心臟造成損傷[18-25],主要是心房和右心室,人體和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究已證實(shí)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致心房[26]和右心室[27,28]纖維化,這些變化可能是誘發(fā)心律失常的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),但具體機(jī)制仍不清楚[29]。因此,相比左心室,大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)右室的影響可能更應(yīng)該引起研究者的關(guān)注。運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)心臟重塑的另一個(gè)重要因素,目前認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)期耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)引起心臟重塑,但長(zhǎng)期影響沒有進(jìn)行量化研究。本研究比較耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和纖維化影響的異同,初步探討不同影響的可能機(jī)制,為指導(dǎo)大眾參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象

48只8周齡雄性SD大鼠,體重220±8 g,購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司,許可證號(hào) SCXX(京)2012-0001。所有大鼠均以嚙齒類動(dòng)物普通飼料喂養(yǎng),飼養(yǎng)于國(guó)家體育總局體育科學(xué)研究所 ABSL-3級(jí)動(dòng)物房。大鼠常規(guī)分籠生活(4只/籠),自由飲食,室溫為20°C~25°C,相對(duì)濕度為55%~70%,飼養(yǎng)室晝夜循環(huán)為12/12(7:00~19:00)。

1.2 分組與運(yùn)動(dòng)方案

所有大鼠適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)3天后,進(jìn)行1周的適應(yīng)性跑臺(tái)訓(xùn)練,15分鐘/天,速度為15 m/min。隨后將大鼠隨機(jī)分為安靜(Sed,n=16)組、中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(ME,n=16)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)(IE,n=16)組,每組又分為8周和16周,共6組,每組8只。運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度參照Bedford方案[30],中強(qiáng)度組(最大攝氧量約58.4% ±1.7%VO2max)為:速度15.2 m/min,坡度5°;大強(qiáng)度組(最大攝氧量81.0% ±3.5%VO2max)為:速度28 m/min,坡度10°。大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)先以15 m/min的速度跑5 min,然后在隨后的5 min內(nèi)逐漸增到28 m/min直至運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束。大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率為5天/周,1次/天,1小時(shí)/次。

1.3 心臟超聲檢測(cè)

分別于8周、16周運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束后處死大鼠前進(jìn)行心臟超聲檢測(cè)。腹腔注射10%水合氯醛麻醉大鼠后,稱量體重(body weight),胸部去毛,將小動(dòng)物心功能分析儀的探頭(加拿大ULTRASONIX)置于大鼠胸前。記錄心率,測(cè)量左、右心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LVDd、RVDd)和舒張末期室壁厚度(LVPWd、RVWd),并計(jì)算它們的體重校正值(即LVDd/BW、RVDd/BW、LVPWd/BW、RVWd/BW);測(cè)量大鼠左、右心室舒張末期容積和收縮末期容積,并分別計(jì)算兩心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF和RVEF)。

1.4 取材

分別于8周、16周運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)束后,24小時(shí)內(nèi)處死取材。下腔靜脈采血后快速分離心臟,分別取左心室和右心室,并浸入4%的多聚甲醛固定液,用于石蠟包埋進(jìn)行天狼星紅染色。采取的血液樣本室溫放置30 min后3000轉(zhuǎn)離心15 min獲得血清,用于檢測(cè)血清cTnI。

1.5 EElliissaa法檢測(cè)血清ccTTnnII濃度

采用Life Diagnostics公司的大鼠血清cTnI Elisa檢測(cè)試劑盒,按照操作說明加入辣根過氧化物標(biāo)記的二抗、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品/樣品,溫育30 min后洗滌5×30 s,然后加入底物TMB,37℃顯色15 min(此時(shí)溶液呈藍(lán)色),最后加入終止液(此時(shí)溶液變?yōu)辄S色)。在Multiskan MK3酶標(biāo)儀(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)450 nm波長(zhǎng)處檢測(cè)OD值,通過繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線求出血清cTnI的濃度。

1.6 天狼星紅染色

取出固定好的心肌組織,脫水、包埋后進(jìn)行切片(厚度為6 μm),常規(guī)脫蠟至水,然后用苦味酸-天狼星紅飽和溶液(購(gòu)于北京普洛瑞斯生物公司)浸染15 min,常規(guī)脫水透明,中性樹膠封固后400倍鏡下攝取圖像。每組8個(gè)樣本,每個(gè)樣本隨機(jī)選取4個(gè)視野,采用圖像分析軟件(Image-Pro Plus 6.0)通過調(diào)節(jié)灰度值對(duì)膠原和非膠原區(qū)域進(jìn)行半定量分析,得出膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)(CVF,膠原面積與視野總面積的比值)。天狼星紅染液能與膠原纖維結(jié)合,反映膠原纖維的分布,即反映組織纖維化情況。

1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

所有數(shù)據(jù)用SPSS 22.0進(jìn)行分析處理,數(shù)據(jù)用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較用多因素方差分析,P<0.05認(rèn)為有顯著性差異,P<0.01認(rèn)為有非常顯著性差異。采用GraphPad Prism 6.0和SPSS作圖。

2 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

2.1 各組大鼠左右心室結(jié)構(gòu)與功能比較

2.1.1 心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑

8周或16周的中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)或大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后大鼠RVDd/BW顯著高于安靜組(P<0.05),見圖1。對(duì)于LVDd/BW而言,8周時(shí)中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組有高于安靜組的趨勢(shì),而在16周時(shí),中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.05)和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.01)的LVDd/BW顯著高于安靜組,且大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組的LVDd/BW也顯著高于中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.05),見圖2。

圖1 各組大鼠RVDd/BW比較

圖2 各組大鼠LVDd/BW比較

2.1.2 心室舒張末期室壁厚度

8周或16周時(shí),中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組的RVWd/BW都有高于安靜組的趨勢(shì);LVPWd/BW也有相同的變化趨勢(shì)。見圖3、圖4。

圖3 各組大鼠RVWd/BW比較

圖4 各組大鼠大鼠LVPWd/BW比較

2.1.3 各組大鼠左右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)比較

8周運(yùn)動(dòng)后,大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組RVEF有低于安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組的趨勢(shì);但16周運(yùn)動(dòng)后,大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組RVEF顯著低于安靜組(P<0.05)和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.01)。見圖5。

8周運(yùn)動(dòng)后大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組LVEF有低于安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組的趨勢(shì),而中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組LVEF顯著高于安靜組(P<0.05);16周運(yùn)動(dòng)后,大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組LVEF顯著低于安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.05)。見圖6。

圖5 各組大鼠RVEF比較

圖6 各組大鼠LVEF比較

2.2 各組大鼠左右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)比較

2.2.1 各組大鼠右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)比較

右心室天狼星紅染色如圖7所示,右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)如圖8所示。在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間相同的情況下,8周時(shí)大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)顯著高于安靜組(P<0.05);16周時(shí),大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組顯著高于安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.05)。在強(qiáng)度相同的情況下,8周和16周的安靜組間無顯著性差異;但16周的中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組都顯著高于8周的中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.05)。運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)右心室纖維化面積都有影響。

圖7 各組大鼠右心室天狼星紅染色結(jié)果(×400)

圖8 各組大鼠右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)比較

2.2.2 各組大鼠左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)比較

左心室天狼星紅染色如圖9所示,左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)如圖10所示。在時(shí)間相同的情況下(8周或16周),運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)沒有影響;運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度相同的情況下,左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而增加,安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組16周都顯著高于8周(P<0.05),而16周大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組非常顯著地高于8周大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.01)。

圖9 各組大鼠左心室天狼星紅染色結(jié)果(×400)

圖10 各組大鼠左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)比較

2.3 各組大鼠ccTTnnII濃度比較

大鼠血清cTnI濃度如圖11所示。在運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度相同的情況下,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間對(duì)大鼠血清cTnI濃度沒有影響;在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間相同的情況下,大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組大鼠血清cT?nI濃度顯著高于安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組(P<0.01),而安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組之間沒有差異。

圖11 各組大鼠血清cTnI濃度比較

2.4 心肌損傷與左右心室功能的關(guān)聯(lián)性分析

大鼠血清cTnI濃度與RVEF中度負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.582,P=0.000),見圖12;與LVEF低度負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.327,P=0.029),見圖13。

圖12 血清cTnI濃度與RVEF的相關(guān)性

圖13 血清cTnI濃度與LVEF的相關(guān)性

2.5 心肌損傷與左右心室纖維化的關(guān)聯(lián)性分析

大鼠血清cTnI濃度與左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)無相關(guān)(P=0.276),但與右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)(CVF)中度正相關(guān)(r=0.597,P=0.000)。見圖14。

圖14 血清cTnI濃度與右心室CVF的相關(guān)性

3 分析與討論

3.1 運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室結(jié)構(gòu)的不同影響

長(zhǎng)期耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可引起心室向心性肥厚和離心性肥厚,即心室舒張末期室壁增厚及心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑增大[4]。運(yùn)動(dòng)員左心室擴(kuò)張的結(jié)論來自于一項(xiàng)大樣本研究[31],該研究分析了1309名運(yùn)動(dòng)員的心臟形態(tài),發(fā)現(xiàn)40%的運(yùn)動(dòng)員左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑達(dá)到54 mm,14%的運(yùn)動(dòng)員超過60 mm,其中耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員左心室擴(kuò)張程度最大,值得注意的是運(yùn)動(dòng)員心臟重塑過程中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了左心室肥厚和左心室擴(kuò)張,這可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)心臟重塑和病理性心臟重塑的區(qū)別之一。與左心室相似,耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員的右心室也大于普通人,一項(xiàng)大樣本對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員右心室大于力量運(yùn)動(dòng)員和普通人[32]。但有學(xué)者指出耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員心臟大于普通人,可能并不是運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練的效果,而是因?yàn)樗麄冃呐K本來就大,因而運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)好,進(jìn)而被選為運(yùn)動(dòng)員。為排除這一說法,有學(xué)者對(duì)不經(jīng)常運(yùn)動(dòng)的普通人進(jìn)行了1年的耐力訓(xùn)練,在訓(xùn)練結(jié)束時(shí)他們獲得完成馬拉松的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,其心臟形態(tài)與優(yōu)秀耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員相似,但他們的最大攝氧量卻仍然低于耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員,表明耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)確實(shí)可以使心臟變大[33]。更有趣的是,在心臟重塑過程中,左心室肥厚和左心室擴(kuò)張并不是同步的,在訓(xùn)練初期僅有左心室的質(zhì)量增加,而左心室舒張末期容積未見增加,直到訓(xùn)練的6~9個(gè)月之后左心室舒張末期容積才增加,漸漸恢復(fù)到訓(xùn)練之前的左心室質(zhì)量容量比;相比之下右心室的質(zhì)量和容量變化是比較均衡的,基本保持質(zhì)量容量比不變。

本研究結(jié)果顯示SD大鼠經(jīng)過8周中強(qiáng)度和大強(qiáng)度的耐力訓(xùn)練,右室舒張末期內(nèi)徑就已經(jīng)顯著地大于對(duì)照組;而左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑在8周中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度訓(xùn)練后出現(xiàn)了增加的趨勢(shì),但到16周才表現(xiàn)出顯著性的增加。有趣的是,大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)增加右心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑的效果似乎并不比中強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)好;而對(duì)于左心室而言,16周大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑顯著大于16周中強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)。對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象的解釋可能是:運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)左心室離心性肥大(即心臟擴(kuò)張)的影響較大,而對(duì)右心室離心性肥大的影響并不明顯。另一種解釋是:考慮到左心室存在肥厚和擴(kuò)張的不同步性,中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心臟的刺激較低,在8周時(shí)就完成了左心室的肥厚和擴(kuò)張重塑,并恢復(fù)到訓(xùn)練前的質(zhì)量容量比;而大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)心臟刺激較大,8周之后的大強(qiáng)度訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)致左心室繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張,但中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)刺激不夠,不會(huì)導(dǎo)致心室繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張。筆者認(rèn)為更有可能是后者。本研究結(jié)果還顯示8周或16周中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后,兩心室的厚度都有增加的趨勢(shì),且運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度越大,心室壁增加越多,表明運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度可能對(duì)左右心室肥厚都有影響。

3.2 運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室功能的不同影響

不同強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)兩個(gè)心室收縮功能的影響可能并不相同,且兩個(gè)心室的收縮功能與心室擴(kuò)張及心室肥厚之間的關(guān)系目前尚無定論。許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后左心室收縮功能(用LVEF評(píng)價(jià))變化很小或沒有變化[34],此外,早前多項(xiàng)小樣本研究同樣也發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員和非運(yùn)動(dòng)員的左心室收縮功能都很正常且沒有差別[35,36]。然而,運(yùn)動(dòng)員左心室EF下降也屬正常,分析147名自行車運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)現(xiàn)[37],其中11%的運(yùn)動(dòng)員EF小于52%。一篇meta分析(納入23項(xiàng)研究共294名受試者)發(fā)現(xiàn)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后LVEF下降2%[34]。LVEF下降的報(bào)道見于未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練的人運(yùn)動(dòng)中等時(shí)間(≤3小時(shí))后和運(yùn)動(dòng)員完成超耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)(≥10.5小時(shí))后,LVEF分別下降5.5%和4%[34]。經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練的運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)中等時(shí)間(小于3小時(shí))和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間(小于6小時(shí))后LVEF不會(huì)下降,但運(yùn)動(dòng)超過6小時(shí)后則LVEF會(huì)下降[38-40]。LVEF恢復(fù)到運(yùn)動(dòng)前的水平通常要在運(yùn)動(dòng)后48小時(shí)[41]。本研究在運(yùn)動(dòng)后24小時(shí)內(nèi)檢測(cè)心室EF結(jié)果顯示,8周中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后大鼠LVEF高于對(duì)照組,但16周中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后兩者沒有差異;而大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后大鼠的LVEF有低于對(duì)照組和中強(qiáng)度組的趨勢(shì),直到16周才出現(xiàn)顯著性差異。這表明中強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)能使LVEF升高或不產(chǎn)生變化,而大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可使LVFE下降,且隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)年限的增加下降越多。運(yùn)動(dòng)后LVEF下降的機(jī)制仍不清楚,但可能與以下幾個(gè)因素有關(guān):1)心臟收縮功能不變,血量減少可降低心臟前負(fù)荷[34];2)血量不變,運(yùn)動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致心肌功能障礙[42,43];3)運(yùn)動(dòng)后左心室收縮力和絕對(duì)收縮力峰值下降,運(yùn)動(dòng)后心血管對(duì)兒茶酚胺的反應(yīng)下降[44],可能使β-腎上腺素受體敏感性下降[45],這能解釋左心室收縮力和絕對(duì)收縮力峰值下降;4)急性心肌損傷及氧化應(yīng)激增加[46]??赡苁嵌喾N因素共同導(dǎo)致LVEF下降。

與左心室相似,大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后右心室收縮功能(用RVEF評(píng)價(jià))也會(huì)逐漸下降[40,47-53],而且隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)水平的提高右心室收縮功能的下降會(huì)加劇[54]。本研究的結(jié)果也顯示,大鼠大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后RVEF有低于對(duì)照組和中強(qiáng)度組的趨勢(shì),16周大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后這一趨勢(shì)顯著;而中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)RVEF的影響不明顯。雖然本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后LVEF和RVEF都下降了,但長(zhǎng)時(shí)間耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)右心室功能的急性影響可能比左心室要大,靜息時(shí)右心室壁的壓力要小于左心室,因?yàn)榉蝿?dòng)脈收縮壓小于主動(dòng)脈收縮壓;運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)右心室壓力的增加顯著高于左心室,因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)肺動(dòng)脈壓升高比主動(dòng)脈壓升高的多。運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)左心室和右心室的這種不同影響還未被廣泛地認(rèn)識(shí)到,但有一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員和非運(yùn)動(dòng)員從靜息狀態(tài)到最高水平運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),右心室壁收縮末期壓力的變化(125%)顯著高于左心室壁收縮末期壓力(14%)的變化[55]。此外,大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)肺動(dòng)脈壓急劇升高也有可能導(dǎo)致右心室功能損傷更嚴(yán)重,有研究報(bào)道耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)肺動(dòng)脈血壓升高程度(182%)顯著地高于收縮壓的變化(35%)[56]。這兩個(gè)因素可能同樣可以用于解釋為什么運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)左、右心室結(jié)構(gòu)重塑有不同影響。

3.3 運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室纖維化的不同影響

長(zhǎng)期大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)能引起心肌纖維化,如本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可導(dǎo)致大鼠心房纖維化[26],Aschar-Sobbi等人[8]也發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可引起小鼠心房纖維化,并增加了房顫的易感性。但大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)左右心室纖維化的影響似乎還沒有一致的結(jié)論,部分原因可能是纖維化的檢測(cè)方法及判定方法不一致。如Benito等人[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)制大鼠大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)16周后,用天狼星紅染色發(fā)現(xiàn)右心室出現(xiàn)心肌纖維化,但左心室并沒有出現(xiàn);一項(xiàng)案例報(bào)道對(duì)猝死耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)行驗(yàn)尸,采用天狼星紅染色發(fā)現(xiàn)該運(yùn)動(dòng)員左右心室都出現(xiàn)纖維化,但主要在左心室[57];Breuckmann等人[58]采用核磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)102名運(yùn)動(dòng)員中12人出現(xiàn)心肌纖維化,且左右心室都出現(xiàn);另一項(xiàng)研究同樣采用MRI技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)39名運(yùn)動(dòng)員中5名出現(xiàn)心肌纖維化,但主要出現(xiàn)在在室間隔[54];還有一項(xiàng)相似的小樣本研究采用MRI技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)12名老運(yùn)動(dòng)員中6名出現(xiàn)纖維化,主要出現(xiàn)在室間隔和左心室[59]。采用MRI技術(shù)檢測(cè)纖維化的原理是使用釓對(duì)比劑,若在MRI下出現(xiàn)延遲釓增強(qiáng)(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE),則表明出現(xiàn)心肌纖維化,因?yàn)獒弻?duì)比劑不能滲入細(xì)胞內(nèi),但可以滲透到細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中。但有學(xué)者指出釓對(duì)比劑雖然能進(jìn)入細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中[60],但同樣可以進(jìn)入水腫和炎癥區(qū)域[61,62],因此出現(xiàn)LGE并不能判定一定是纖維化[63]。此外,釓對(duì)比劑進(jìn)入細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)需要一定的時(shí)間,因此檢測(cè)時(shí)間不同也會(huì)影響檢測(cè)結(jié)果,而且釓對(duì)比劑進(jìn)入集中型的替代性纖維化可能容易些,但要進(jìn)入彌散性纖維化需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。可見用LGE評(píng)定心肌纖維化的可信性和準(zhǔn)確性可能有待提高。而天狼星紅染色是判斷纖維化的經(jīng)典方法,天狼星紅染液能與膠原纖維較好地結(jié)合,反映膠原纖維的分布。

本研究通過天狼星紅染色發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間相同的情況下,不同強(qiáng)度的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)左心室纖維化影響不明顯。但運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度相同,隨著時(shí)間的推移左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)顯著增加。中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象可能由于隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間的增加導(dǎo)致左心室心肌細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步的肥大,使細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)相應(yīng)增多。有趣的是第16周對(duì)照組左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)也高于8周,這可能是由于年齡增加導(dǎo)致膠原纖維積累,但這種現(xiàn)象一般出現(xiàn)在老齡人身上[64],且Benito等人[27]的研究中4周、8周和16周安靜組左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)并未出現(xiàn)顯著差異,因此還需更多的研究來解釋本實(shí)驗(yàn)出現(xiàn)的這一現(xiàn)象。

此外,本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示不同強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)右心室纖維化的影響與左心室有較大的不同。主要表現(xiàn)在相同時(shí)間的情況下,大強(qiáng)度耐運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后大鼠右心室膠原容積顯著大于對(duì)照組,同樣也大于中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組,但可能因?yàn)橹袕?qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)使右心室細(xì)胞肥大,其膠原容積也相應(yīng)增多,因此與大強(qiáng)度組的差異并不顯著;而16周時(shí)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)顯著大于對(duì)照組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組。這表明大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)能導(dǎo)致右心室纖維化,且隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間的推移纖維化面積越大。在右心室同樣也發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度相同的情況下,隨著時(shí)間的推移右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)增加,但8周對(duì)照組與16周對(duì)照組間并沒有顯著性差異。這一現(xiàn)象是由于隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間的推移,右心室心肌細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步肥大,引起細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)相對(duì)增多。

3.4 運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間對(duì)左右心室有不同影響的可能機(jī)制

傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為,耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)引起心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能改變是單純的生理過程,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)血液動(dòng)力刺激導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞肥大,當(dāng)血液動(dòng)力因素去除后這些改變可以得到逆轉(zhuǎn)[65]。這一理論認(rèn)為當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員停訓(xùn)后心臟可恢復(fù)到訓(xùn)練前的大小。然而,Pelliccia等人[66]跟蹤調(diào)查40名優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)現(xiàn),停訓(xùn)后他們的心臟確實(shí)變小了,但1/5的運(yùn)動(dòng)員心臟仍然保持較大狀態(tài),且他們心臟的平均內(nèi)徑大于普通人的平均內(nèi)徑。這表明多年訓(xùn)練后心臟發(fā)生的變化可能是永久性的。La等人[29]認(rèn)為這種慢性重塑是心臟重復(fù)損傷的結(jié)果。cTnI是心肌損傷的特異性生物標(biāo)志物,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),8周或16周大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后大鼠血清cTnI顯著高于安靜組和中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組,而中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)組和安靜組之間沒有差異,表明大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可引起心肌損傷,但中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)不會(huì)。大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)引起心肌細(xì)胞釋放cTnI的機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能與以下幾個(gè)原因有關(guān):1)機(jī)械應(yīng)力和氧自由基等因素增加了心肌細(xì)胞膜的通透性[67,68],cTnI能穿過細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入血液;2)依據(jù)年齡的不同心肌細(xì)胞以每年0.5%~1%的速率更換[69],而耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可加速這一過程[70,71],使死亡細(xì)胞釋放cTnI到血液中;3)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞壞死[72],壞死的心肌細(xì)胞也能向血液中釋放cTnI。其它研究也報(bào)道大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后血清cTnI濃度升高,但很少有研究檢測(cè)cTnI濃度變化與心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能之間的關(guān)系。僅有一項(xiàng)研究[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清cTnI的增加與左心室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)指數(shù)的增加相關(guān)(r=0.77,P<0.001),另一項(xiàng)研究[28]報(bào)道了cTnI濃度增加與右心室功能障礙相關(guān)(r=0.49,P<0.02)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示血清cTnI與左心室和右心室收縮功能相關(guān)(r=-0.327,P=0.029和r=-0.582,P=0.000)。但這些相關(guān)并不能證明它們之間的因果關(guān)系,而且與cTnI增加相關(guān)的心室功能障礙是暫時(shí)的。此外,本實(shí)驗(yàn)還檢測(cè)了血清cTnI與左、右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示cTnI與左心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)不相關(guān),但與右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)相關(guān)(r=0.597,P=0.000)。結(jié)合本實(shí)驗(yàn)所有結(jié)果及他人的研究,筆者認(rèn)為一次大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)左、右心室都造成一定的損傷,但這種損傷是暫時(shí)的,在短時(shí)間內(nèi)(48小時(shí)~1周內(nèi))可恢復(fù),但由于運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)右心室壁壓力變化高于左心室壓力的變化,且肺動(dòng)脈壓的變化大于主動(dòng)脈壓的變化,因此右心室的損傷可能大于左心室,所以左心室能比右心室更早地修復(fù)好,一次運(yùn)動(dòng)可能對(duì)兩個(gè)心室都不會(huì)有長(zhǎng)期影響,但若長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)行大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng),則右心室可能因沒有足夠的時(shí)間來修復(fù)導(dǎo)致反復(fù)損傷,而左心室需要的修復(fù)時(shí)間短,故而可及時(shí)恢復(fù)。右心室反復(fù)損傷可能是大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)造成右心室纖維化的原因之所在,而左心室損傷較小且可及時(shí)恢復(fù),因此大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)后左心室并未出現(xiàn)纖維化。中強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)未造成心肌損傷所以沒有引起心室纖維化。而本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)16周中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)和大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)后左、右心室的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)都分別顯著高于8周時(shí)的心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù),這可能是8周之后中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)仍然能促進(jìn)心肌細(xì)胞肥大,使細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)也相對(duì)變大,膠原纖維增多,并不是真正的心肌纖維化。

4 總結(jié)

1)16周中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)可導(dǎo)致左心室擴(kuò)張,且運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度越大,擴(kuò)張程度越大;而右心室擴(kuò)張只需要8周中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng),但運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)右心室擴(kuò)張程度的影響不明顯。

2)長(zhǎng)期(8周或16周)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)(中強(qiáng)度或大強(qiáng)度)使兩心室壁有變肥厚的趨勢(shì)。左心室肥厚和擴(kuò)張可能不是同步的:先肥厚再擴(kuò)張;但右心室肥厚和擴(kuò)張是同步的。

3)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)引起兩心室收縮功能短暫性下降與心室損傷有關(guān),且右心室可能比左心室損傷更嚴(yán)重。中強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)不會(huì)引起心室損傷,對(duì)心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)影響不大或無影響。

4)長(zhǎng)期(8周或16周)大強(qiáng)度耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)致右心室膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)增加,可能是右心室損傷后形成的心肌纖維化,但左心室沒有;而16周時(shí)中強(qiáng)度組和大強(qiáng)度組兩心室的膠原容積分?jǐn)?shù)分別大于8周時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的組別,可能是8周之后的運(yùn)動(dòng)使兩心室的心肌細(xì)胞繼續(xù)肥大,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)也相應(yīng)增多,并不是纖維化。

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A Comparative Study on Effects of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Left and Right Ventricular

Rao Zhijian1,2,Chang Yun1,Wang Shiqiang3
1 China Institute of Sports Science,Beijing 100061,China
2 Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China
3 College of Physical Education,Hunan University of Technology,Zhuzhou 412000,China

Corresponding Author:Chang Yun,Email:changyun@ciss.cn

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of exercise intensity and duration on the structure,func?tion and fibrosis of the left and right ventricular,and to discuss the potential mechanism in these pro?cesses.MethodsForty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sedentary(Sed)group,a moderate exercise(ME)group and an intensive exercise(IE)group,each of 16.Rats in Sed group were not given any training,while those in ME group and IE group run on treadmill at the speed of 15.2 m/min with the slope gradient of 5°and 28 m/min with the slope gradient of 10 degree 1 hour per day,5 days per week.Eight and 16 weeks after the training,we recorded the body weight and measure end-diastolic diameter,end-diastolic wall thickness,and ejection fraction of both ventricu?lars using the ultrasonic testing.All rats were then sacrificed after blood sampling.Elisa was used to measure serum cTnI concentration,and sirius red staining was applied to evaluate collagen volume frac?tion of both ventriculars.ResultsEight or sixteen weeks after the training,the average bi-ventricular end-diastolic diameter of ME and IE rats was bigger than Sed group.There were no differences in end-diastolic diameter of both ventricular between ME group and IE group after sixteen-week training,but the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of IE group was greater than ME group.As exercise in?tensive increased and time accumulated,the end-diastolic wall thickness of both ventriculars increased but without statistical significance.At sixteen-week intervention,the bi-ventricular ejection fraction of IE rats was significantly lower than Sed and ME groups,while there was a decreasing trend eight weeks earlier without significant differences.After 8 or 16 weeks of training,the serum cTnI was signifi?cantly higher in IE rats than Sed group or ME group,but there was no significant differences between ME group and Sed group.After 16 weeks’exercises,the average bi-ventricular collagen volume frac?tion of ME or IE group was greater than that after 8 weeks’exercises.The average collagen volume fraction of the right ventricular was greater than Sed group at the same time points,and after sixteenweek training the right ventricular collagen volume fraction in IE group was significantly greater than ME group.However,there were no significant differences in the measurement of the left side among dif?ferent groups.The serum cTnI was negatively correlated with the left and right ventricular systolic func?tion(r=-0.327,P=0.029 and r=-0.582,P=0.000).Moreover,it was positively correlated with the right ventricular collagen volume fraction moderately,but had no correlation with the left ventricular col?lagen volume fraction.Conclusion(1)Sixteen-week moderate and intensive exercise result in left ventric?ular dilation,and the dilation increases with the increase of the exercise intensity.Only 8 weeks’exer?cise at the same intensity can lead to right ventricular dilation,but exercise intensity has little influ?ence on the right ventricular dilation.(2)Long-term moderate or intensive endurance exercises may cause bi-ventricular hypertrophy potentially.The left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation may not be synchronous with hypertrophy followed by dilation,while the right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation is synchronous.(3)The temporary decrease in bi-ventricular systolic function after intensive endurance exercise may be caused by ventricular injury,with more serious injury in the right ventricular than in the left.Moderate exercises don’t cause ventricular injury,thus there is little or no influence on ejec?tion fraction.(4)Long-term(8 or 16 weeks)moderate or intensive endurance exercises can increase the right ventricular collagen volume fraction,which may indicate cardiac fibrosis following right ventricular injury but not in the left ventricular.The bi-ventricular collagen volume fraction at sixteenth week in ME and IE rats are greater than corresponding rats at eighth week.It may result from the hypertrophy of bi-ventricular cardiomyocyte after 8-week training,followed by increase in the extracellular matrix but not cardiac fibrosis.

exercise-induced cardiac remodeling,left ventricular,right ventricular,myocardial fibro?sis,cTnI,exercise intensity,exercise duration

2016.09.01

國(guó)家體育總局體育科學(xué)研究所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)費(fèi)(16-21)

常蕓,Email:changyun@ciss.cn

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