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遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)的臨床應(yīng)用實(shí)施方案及安全性的研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-14 04:02吳川杰
關(guān)鍵詞:腦小上肢缺血性

趙 潔 常 紅 吳川杰

首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,北京 100053

·綜述·

遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)的臨床應(yīng)用實(shí)施方案及安全性的研究進(jìn)展

趙 潔 常 紅△吳川杰

首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,北京 100053

遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)治療是通過(guò)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)隔非重要器官進(jìn)行短暫的、非致死性的缺血-再灌注,從而保護(hù)對(duì)缺血敏感的重要器官(如心、腦、腎等)的一種內(nèi)源性保護(hù)機(jī)制。本文對(duì)遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)的臨床應(yīng)用實(shí)施方案及安全性進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述,為臨床開(kāi)展該方面研究提供借鑒。

遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng);腦卒中;腦保護(hù);再灌注損傷;安全性

腦卒中已成為我國(guó)第一死亡原因疾病[1],并且具有高發(fā)病率、高致死率、高致殘率、高復(fù)發(fā)率的特點(diǎn),給家庭和社會(huì)帶來(lái)沉重負(fù)擔(dān)[2]。遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)治療(remote ischemic conditioning,RIC)是通過(guò)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)隔非重要器官進(jìn)行短暫的、非致死性的缺血-再灌注從而保護(hù)對(duì)缺血敏感的重要器官(如心、腦、腎等)的一種內(nèi)源性保護(hù)機(jī)制[3-4]。近30 a,科學(xué)家對(duì)缺血適應(yīng)的臨床應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了大量研究和探索,發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)心、腦、腎、肺等重要器官的保護(hù)性作用。其中缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)于腦保護(hù)的作用,在出血性卒中治療、急性缺血性卒中治療和缺血性卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防方面具有較好的療效,使得更多的腦卒中患者受益,由于其在臨床應(yīng)用中的重要價(jià)值及廣闊前景,眾多研究團(tuán)隊(duì)正在積極進(jìn)行臨床轉(zhuǎn)化研究,進(jìn)一步提高卒中患者的預(yù)后,并降低卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為了梳理遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)的臨床應(yīng)用實(shí)施方案及安全性的研究進(jìn)展,進(jìn)一步提高神經(jīng)科醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)缺血適應(yīng)的了解,現(xiàn)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)的臨床應(yīng)用實(shí)施方案及安全性方面綜述如下。

1 遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)實(shí)施方案

1.1缺血適應(yīng)實(shí)施的時(shí)間窗缺血適應(yīng)根據(jù)缺血干預(yù)與缺血損傷的時(shí)間關(guān)系可以分為缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)、缺血前適應(yīng)和缺血后適應(yīng)。缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)適用于具有腦血管病危險(xiǎn)因素的高危人群,作為腦血管一級(jí)預(yù)防的手段。缺血前適應(yīng)適用于出現(xiàn)了腦缺血的先兆癥狀或經(jīng)過(guò)影像學(xué)檢查顯示腦代謝或腦血流異常,但未發(fā)生或剛發(fā)生腦卒中/短暫性缺血發(fā)作的急救轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途中或搶救過(guò)程中。缺血后適應(yīng)適用于腦血管病發(fā)作后的二級(jí)預(yù)防。

1.2缺血適應(yīng)的實(shí)施部位缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)腦保護(hù)的研究起始于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P蜕?,因此,缺血適應(yīng)的實(shí)施部位經(jīng)歷了由原位靶器官到遠(yuǎn)隔器官(腦、心以外的非重要器官);從有創(chuàng)到無(wú)創(chuàng)的過(guò)程。在遠(yuǎn)隔器官實(shí)施的缺血適應(yīng)叫做RIC,其中四肢由于便于實(shí)施無(wú)創(chuàng)性缺血操作,對(duì)缺血耐受能力較強(qiáng),便于監(jiān)測(cè)缺血程度,因此是缺血適應(yīng)進(jìn)行臨床轉(zhuǎn)化的首選部位。研究表明[5-6],在肢體進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)隔缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)及后適應(yīng)對(duì)局部腦缺血和全部腦缺血能產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。

上肢和下肢都可以實(shí)施RIC,但由于動(dòng)脈硬化所致的血管病變是腦血管病最常見(jiàn)的病因,不少患者合并有下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊或下肢靜脈血栓[7],因此,雙下肢壓迫對(duì)于腦保護(hù)治療為目的的缺血適應(yīng)具有一定的局限性。

目前,臨床上最常采用RIC的部位是雙上肢。行雙上肢缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)具有以下優(yōu)勢(shì)。(1)雙上肢相對(duì)于腦是非常重要的遠(yuǎn)隔器官,同時(shí)很少合并動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性斑塊和深靜脈血栓,具有安全性。(2)雙上肢缺血適應(yīng)干預(yù)不影響股動(dòng)脈介入治療的同時(shí)進(jìn)行,更具可操作性[7]。Joseph等[8]利用上肢進(jìn)行RIC治療外傷性腦損傷病人,發(fā)現(xiàn)在預(yù)防繼發(fā)性損傷方面有效果。Wang等[9]也發(fā)現(xiàn),利用上肢進(jìn)行RIC能夠促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能的急性腦梗死的復(fù)蘇。

1.3缺血適應(yīng)的實(shí)施參數(shù)在臨床實(shí)踐中,缺血期多采用血壓計(jì)袖帶來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)短暫肢體缺血適應(yīng),但實(shí)施的參數(shù)不盡相同。缺血適應(yīng)實(shí)施的壓力應(yīng)高于受試者收縮壓20 mmHg,為了便于臨床操作現(xiàn)常采用的壓力為180~200 mmHg。England等[10]對(duì)急性缺血性卒中患者采用RIC方案是將袖帶的壓力調(diào)整為高于患者收縮壓20 mmHg,阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min作為一個(gè)循環(huán),共持續(xù)4個(gè)循環(huán),結(jié)果證實(shí)該方法安全且對(duì)神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)具有一定的效果。Ru-Juan 等[11]觀察缺血性腦血管疾病患者實(shí)施RIC的效果,用雙臂式血壓計(jì)在雙上肢上施加180~200 mmHg的壓力,同樣是阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min作為一個(gè)循環(huán),每次5個(gè)循環(huán),1次/d,持續(xù)6個(gè)月,結(jié)果顯示采用該參數(shù)的缺血適應(yīng)治療可降低卒中復(fù)發(fā)率并有改善腦血流的作用。有研究探索人體短暫肢體缺血的持續(xù)時(shí)間、操作次數(shù)以及上下肢間的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)下肢阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,2個(gè)循環(huán)就可阻止缺血再灌注所致的內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,而上肢需要阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,3個(gè)循環(huán)才能達(dá)到此作用[12]。目前,臨床實(shí)施方案主要有兩種:其一是多頻次短時(shí)間阻斷[13-19]:(1)阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,共3次循環(huán);(2)阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,共4次循環(huán);(3)阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,共5次循環(huán);(4)阻斷/開(kāi)放各10 min,共3次循環(huán)。其二是單次長(zhǎng)時(shí)間阻斷[20],即10 min或15 min阻斷后繼以再灌注。RIC中5~10 min的缺血時(shí)間已經(jīng)公認(rèn)。而采用何種治療方法更為安全、有效,至今仍無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

2 遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)腦保護(hù)治療的安全性

RIC研究經(jīng)過(guò)近60年的發(fā)展,逐漸受到國(guó)內(nèi)外神經(jīng)科醫(yī)生及相關(guān)從業(yè)人員的關(guān)注,前期大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究證實(shí)了缺血適應(yīng)的安全性及有效性。為了促進(jìn)缺血適應(yīng)在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用,國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)團(tuán)隊(duì)也在積極證實(shí)其在臨床轉(zhuǎn)化中的安全性和有效性。Kharbanda 等[21]通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,在上肢進(jìn)行RIC可以減少缺血再灌注造成的組織損傷,對(duì)受壓側(cè)上肢的內(nèi)皮功能和循環(huán)血液中的嗜中性粒細(xì)胞無(wú)明顯不良影響。對(duì)健康受試者的研究[22-23]發(fā)現(xiàn)重復(fù)肢體缺血再灌注進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)隔肢體缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)人體外周血壓、心率、中心動(dòng)脈壓無(wú)不利影響。Meng等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),該療法對(duì)80歲以上的人群具有安全性,在血壓、心率、局部皮膚完整性、血漿肌紅蛋白方面無(wú)不良影響,且不會(huì)誘發(fā)腦出血。Konstantinov等[25]在健康受試者中發(fā)現(xiàn),RIC可能抑制遠(yuǎn)隔臟器缺血再灌注損傷時(shí)的炎性反應(yīng),從而減輕過(guò)度灌注損傷,保護(hù)臟器功能。眾多研究證實(shí)了缺血適應(yīng)的臨床轉(zhuǎn)化對(duì)人體的安全性,為了進(jìn)一步探究其臨床適用范圍,近年來(lái)應(yīng)用缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)腦保護(hù)的治療主要聚焦于以下方面。

2.1遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄患者的安全性癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄可顯著增加卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在亞洲人群中有42%~50%的卒中源于癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄[26-27]。多項(xiàng)臨床研究顯示經(jīng)皮腔內(nèi)血管成形術(shù)、支架置入及抗血小板治療并不能降低中風(fēng)發(fā)生率[28-30]。因此,尋找更為適合顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄患者的腦保護(hù)有效措施十分必要,多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)了遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)于顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的患者進(jìn)行腦保護(hù)治療的安全性及有效性。Sijie 等[31]的一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)單側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈狹窄患者及健康志愿者進(jìn)行200 mmHg壓力,阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,5個(gè)循環(huán)的RIC,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)單側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈狹窄患者及健康志愿者的心率、血壓、大腦中動(dòng)脈平均流速均無(wú)顯著變化,且受試者對(duì)RIC訓(xùn)練耐受性較好,隨著訓(xùn)練時(shí)長(zhǎng)的增加,受試者的痛感降低。Meng 等[32]對(duì)68例癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分組,結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組90 d、300 d的卒中復(fù)發(fā)率顯著低于對(duì)照組(5%vs23.3%;7.9% vs 26.7%)。該研究證實(shí)了上肢遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄患者具有顯著的腦保護(hù)效果。對(duì)中國(guó)人顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄繼發(fā)腦缺血損傷的臨床單中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究中,結(jié)果顯示,高齡患者(年齡≥80歲)具有很好的耐受性和依從性,在連續(xù)30 d的治療中對(duì)患者血壓、皮膚及皮下組織無(wú)不利影響,且有輕微降低血壓的作用;該方法同樣降低了≥80歲高齡患者腦缺血事件(腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作)復(fù)發(fā)率[33]。

2.2對(duì)顱外動(dòng)脈狹窄的安全性頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)(CAS)廣泛應(yīng)用于頸動(dòng)脈疾病的治療,但栓塞是圍術(shù)期常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥[34-35]。栓塞可引起缺血性腦血管從而導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能損傷或認(rèn)知障礙,雖然合用雙抗治療,術(shù)中實(shí)施抗凝及栓塞保護(hù)裝置,以減少栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而,新的腦部病變及其臨床后果(即中風(fēng)或短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作)仍然較高。因此,迫切要替代治療策略。Zhao等[36]采用缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)治療儀(專(zhuān)利號(hào)N200820123637.X)治療頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病人,給予患者200 mmHg壓力,阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,5個(gè)循環(huán)的RIC。結(jié)果顯示該方法療效安全,無(wú)不良反應(yīng),且可能會(huì)減少頸動(dòng)脈狹窄繼發(fā)的腦組織損傷。該研究提出了遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)治療能夠使顱外動(dòng)脈狹窄患者受益的可能性,但何種實(shí)施方案更加適合顱外動(dòng)脈狹窄患者,以及RIC治療對(duì)顱外動(dòng)脈狹窄的神經(jīng)保護(hù)益處需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。

2.3對(duì)腦小血管病認(rèn)知障礙患者的安全性腦小血管病是由腦內(nèi)的小動(dòng)脈、微動(dòng)脈、毛細(xì)血管及小靜脈引起的一系列腦血管病[37],其臨床表現(xiàn)主要為血管性認(rèn)知障礙及癡呆,腦小血管病占缺血性腦血管病的25%[38],45%的癡呆患者起因于腦小血管病[39]。由于腦小血管病的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不十分明確,預(yù)防和治療效果尚不理想[40-42]。Taomian 等[43]對(duì)腦小血管疾病病人實(shí)施雙上肢RIC,給予阻斷/開(kāi)放各5 min,5個(gè)循環(huán),2次/d,持續(xù)1 a,結(jié)果顯示病人左側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈血流加速,頭暈評(píng)價(jià)量表分?jǐn)?shù)降低,白質(zhì)病變體積減小,因此,RIC可能使更多的腦小血管病患者受益。

2.4對(duì)動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的安全性動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)在動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage aSAH)中應(yīng)用具有安全性[44]。使用RIC保護(hù)aSAH患者預(yù)防遲發(fā)性缺血性神經(jīng)功能缺損(DIND)的理論依據(jù)源于大量研究證實(shí)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂后會(huì)經(jīng)歷血管痙攣和DIND這一明確的時(shí)間過(guò)程。隨后Koch等[45]首次對(duì)34例aSAH患者進(jìn)行了RIC的Ⅰb期臨床試驗(yàn),結(jié)果證明,RIC對(duì)aSAH 患者安全可行,為下一步臨床試驗(yàn)提供了依據(jù)。Laiwalla 等[46]證實(shí)了aSAH患者在神經(jīng)血管和腦代謝變化方面的缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)安全性和可行性。Gonzalez 等[47]對(duì)76例aSAH患者行下肢遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng),結(jié)果未發(fā)生深靜脈血栓或肢體損傷,無(wú)人發(fā)生DIND。眾多研究說(shuō)明遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)對(duì)aSAH是安全可行的。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)腦保護(hù)在神經(jīng)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究及臨床轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用越加廣泛,相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的藥物治療及手術(shù)治療具有更加安全無(wú)創(chuàng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。目前針對(duì)遠(yuǎn)隔缺血適應(yīng)臨床轉(zhuǎn)化治療方案目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)于RIC腦保護(hù)臨床轉(zhuǎn)化的應(yīng)用范圍是否可以進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,使更多患者受益有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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10.3969/j.issn.1673-5110.2017.21.029

首都臨床特色應(yīng)用研究與成果推廣項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):Z171100001017027)

△通信作者:常紅,碩士。研究方向:神經(jīng)科護(hù)理。Email:changheng19791111@126.com

R743.3

A

1673-5110(2017)21-0107-04

(收稿2017-07-25)

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