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基于Hilbert空間填充曲線的WSN移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)軌跡設(shè)計(jì)

2017-01-12 08:38:47李欣王亞娟
現(xiàn)代電子技術(shù) 2016年23期
關(guān)鍵詞:網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)

李欣++王亞娟

摘 要: 針對(duì)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)中部分節(jié)點(diǎn)不能被訪問(wèn)而導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)丟失率和能耗較高的問(wèn)題,提出了利用Hilbert空間填充曲線的WSN移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)軌跡設(shè)計(jì)方法。首先,利用依賴于網(wǎng)絡(luò)大小的Hilbert曲線分析移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的軌跡;然后,基于節(jié)點(diǎn)密度計(jì)算Hilbert曲線的階次以確定匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)軌跡的維度;最后,利用NS?2仿真評(píng)估該方法在網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋和可擴(kuò)展方面的有效性。仿真結(jié)果表明,隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)中節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)的增加,移動(dòng)節(jié)點(diǎn)覆蓋率降低,提出的基于密度的Hilbert曲線在網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋、數(shù)據(jù)包投遞率和平均能耗方面均優(yōu)于基于尺寸的Hilbert曲線。

關(guān)鍵詞: 數(shù)據(jù)傳輸率; Hilbert曲線; 移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn); 網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋; 無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)

中圖分類號(hào): TN92?34; TP393 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A 文章編號(hào): 1004?373X(2016)23?0017?05

WSN mobile aggregation node track design based on Hilbert space filling curve

LI Xin1, WANG Yajuan2

(1. Department of Computer Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi 830000, China;

2. Department of Information Security Engineering, Xinjiang Police College, Urumqi 830013, China)

Abstract: Since the data loss rate and energy consumption are high due to that some nodes in wireless sensor network (WSN) can′t be accessed, a novel approach of using Hilbert space filling curve to design the mobile aggregation node track for WSN is proposed. The Hilbert curve depending on the size of network is used to analyzed the mobile aggregation node track. The order of Hilbert curve is calculated based on node density to determine the dimension of the aggregation node track. The NS?2 simulation is used to evaluate the effectiveness of network coverage and scalability. The simulation results show that the mobile node coverage rate is reduced with the increase of the nodes quantity of the whole network, and the proposed Hilbert curve based on density is superior to the Hilbert curve based on size in the aspects of network coverage, packet transfer ratio and average energy consumption.

Keywords: data transfer ratio; Hilbert curve; mobile aggregation node; network coverage; wireless sensor network

0 引 言

無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)[1?2]已在許多領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用,然而,由于部分節(jié)點(diǎn)沒(méi)有被訪問(wèn)而導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)丟失,并引起傳輸延遲[3],因此,需要為移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)找到一種較好的軌跡設(shè)計(jì)方法,以有效的方式覆蓋整個(gè)區(qū)域[4?5]。

基于Hilbert空間填充曲線的研究,考慮了關(guān)于預(yù)先定義的移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的運(yùn)行模式,文獻(xiàn)[6]提出了移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)模型,節(jié)點(diǎn)可隨意改變以提高整體網(wǎng)絡(luò)的壽命。文獻(xiàn)[7]分析了網(wǎng)絡(luò)中匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)性和數(shù)據(jù)聚集,在研究中都提到有限的固定軌跡,如圓形和直線。文獻(xiàn)[8]分析了不受約束情況下的移動(dòng)模式,使用多個(gè)移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)減少控制開(kāi)銷(xiāo)和壽命。文獻(xiàn)[9]分析了使用匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)軌跡的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸延遲和網(wǎng)絡(luò)生命周期之間的權(quán)衡,并將其制定為一種優(yōu)化問(wèn)題。文獻(xiàn)[10]側(cè)重于基于剩余能量的簇首選擇,用于移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的改進(jìn),穩(wěn)定選舉協(xié)議。上述各方法均在一定程度上改善了移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)的性能,然而,由于部分節(jié)點(diǎn)未被訪問(wèn),導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)丟失和能量消耗較多,降低了WSN的壽命。

本文提出利用Hilbert空間填充曲線[4]的WSN移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)軌跡設(shè)計(jì)方法,在移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)和傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)之間,曲線形狀覆蓋整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),空間填充曲線的嚴(yán)格定義允許傳感器預(yù)先知道軌跡。仿真并分析了各種節(jié)點(diǎn)密度下本文方法的性能,驗(yàn)證了其有效性。

4 結(jié) 語(yǔ)

本文利用Hilbert曲線提出了一種WSN移動(dòng)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)軌跡設(shè)計(jì)方法,實(shí)現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)絡(luò)的有效覆蓋,動(dòng)態(tài)曲線階次隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)密度的變化而變化。仿真結(jié)果表明,由于僅在高階曲線的情況下遍歷時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),本文方法的傳輸延遲不能最小化,但相比基于尺寸的Hilbert曲線階次,數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸率可提高20%以上??傮w而言,提出的基于密度的Hilbert曲線在網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋、數(shù)據(jù)包傳輸率和平均能耗方面均優(yōu)于基于尺寸的Hilbert曲線。

仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明了本文方法有較好的可擴(kuò)展性,未來(lái)會(huì)將其應(yīng)用于其他的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境,并擴(kuò)展用于處理高密度節(jié)點(diǎn)的軌跡設(shè)計(jì)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] 張巖.非變換簇的WSN分簇路由算法[J].現(xiàn)代電子技術(shù),2015,38(18):26?29.

[2] 張希偉,戴海鵬,徐力杰,等.無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中移動(dòng)協(xié)助的數(shù)據(jù)收集策略[J].軟件學(xué)報(bào),2013,24(2):198?214.

[3] XU P, TIRTHAPURA S. Optimality of clustering properties of space?filling curves [J]. ACM transactions on database systems, 2014, 39(2): 10?16.

[4] CHEN H L, CHANG Y I. All?nearest?neighbors finding based on the Hilbert curve [J]. Expert systems with applications, 2011, 38(6): 7462?7475.

[5] 蔣暢江,石為人,唐賢倫,等.能量均衡的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)非均勻分簇路由協(xié)議[J].軟件學(xué)報(bào),2012,23(5):1222?1232.

[6] VLAJIC N, STEVANOVIC D, SPANOGIANNOPOULOS G. Strategies for improving performance of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee WSNs with path?constrained mobile sink(s) [J]. Computer communications, 2011, 34(6): 743?757.

[7] DI FRANCESCO M, DAS S K, ANASTASI G. Data collection in wireless sensor networks with mobile elements: a survey [J]. ACM transactions on sensor networks, 2011, 8(1): 7?14.

[8] KADAM S N, BORSE M S. A proactive data reporting protocol for wireless sensor networks [J]. International journal of modern trends in engineering and research, 2014, 9(2): 21?29.

[9] XU Z C, LIANG W F, XU Y L. Network lifetime maximization in delay?tolerant sensor networks with a mobile sink [C]// Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 8th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems. Canberra: IEEE, 2012: 9?16.

[10] WANG J, ZHANG Z, XIA F, et al. An energy efficient stable election?based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks [J]. Sensors, 2013, 13(11): 14301?14320.

[11] 毛科技,范聰玲,葉飛,等.基于支持向量機(jī)的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)定位算法[J].計(jì)算機(jī)研究與發(fā)展,2014,51(11):2427?2436.

[12] KASHI S S, SHARIFI M. Connectivity weakness impacts on coordination in wireless sensor and actor networks [J]. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, 2013, 15(1): 145?166.

[13] AHLAWAT A, MALIK V. An extended vice?cluster selection approach to improve V leach protocol in WSN [C]// Procee?dings of 2013 Third International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies. Sonepat: IEEE, 2013: 236?240.

[14] 張方嬌.WSN環(huán)境下的黑洞攻擊檢測(cè)方法設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[D].北京:北京郵電大學(xué),2014.

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