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缺血性心律失常的危險評估方法

2017-01-12 16:47彭丁柳景華
中國介入心臟病學(xué)雜志 2017年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:心動過速心電心源性

彭丁 柳景華

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·綜述·

缺血性心律失常的危險評估方法

彭丁 柳景華

缺血性心臟病; 心律失常; 危險評估

心血管疾病死亡率居各類疾病死亡構(gòu)成的首位原因。其中最重要的就是缺血性心臟病,而缺血性心律失常更是最重要的死亡原因之一。本文旨在對缺血性心臟病患者發(fā)生心律失常的危險評估方法進(jìn)行綜述,幫助臨床醫(yī)師對高?;颊哌M(jìn)行篩選及預(yù)防。

1 缺血性心律失常概況

2014年中國心血管病報告提示,中國心源性猝死年發(fā)生率為41.8/10萬人[1]。在美國,每年心源性猝死事件為53.0/10萬人[2]。雖然缺乏全球數(shù)據(jù),但是心源性猝死的預(yù)防勢在必行。惡性心律失常是心源性猝死的主要原因,主要發(fā)生于急性或慢性心肌缺血患者[3-4]。心肌的慢性缺血和心肌梗死后心肌灰區(qū)的存在,造成心肌細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)外離子梯度變化而產(chǎn)生異常放電以及心肌細(xì)胞的去交感化是缺血性心律失常的主要病理基礎(chǔ)[5-6]。因此,對于缺血性心律失常的危險分層主要是針對缺血心肌和心臟電生理活動的評估。

2 缺血性心律失常的預(yù)防

植入式心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)除顫器(implantable cardiac defibrillator, ICD)用于心源性猝死的預(yù)防,可有效降低缺血性心臟病的死亡率[7]。穿戴式心律轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)除顫器主要用于不符合ICD植入條件的患者或ICD植入前的橋接治療,具有較高的除顫成功率,是抗心源性猝死的一種有效治療手段[8-9]。另外心臟再同步化治療可以改善心功能,減少ICD的使用,心臟再同步化治療后左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)恢復(fù)至45%以上的患者發(fā)生缺血性心律失常的風(fēng)險極低[10]。預(yù)防方法的多樣性有效降低了缺血性心律失常的發(fā)生率,因此,準(zhǔn)確評估篩選高?;颊?,積極防治,患者會更加獲益。

3 缺血性心律失常危險評估方法的臨床現(xiàn)狀

3.1 臨床評估策略——指南及專家共識

2014年歐洲血運(yùn)重建指南[11]指出,對于LVEF<35%的冠心病患者,要先評估患者剩余心肌缺血和血運(yùn)重建情況;血運(yùn)重建后,隨訪評估左心室重構(gòu)的逆轉(zhuǎn)6個月以上,再考慮植入ICD。

2015年歐洲室性心律失常指南[12]指出,對3 個月以上正規(guī)藥物治療,預(yù)期壽命在 1 年以上的癥狀性心力衰竭及LVEF ≤ 35%的缺血性心肌病(心肌梗死后6周以上)患者建議植入ICD。

2016年《室性心律失常中國專家共識》[13]指出,心肌梗死后少于40 d但存在不完全性血運(yùn)重建、已存在左心室功能異常、急性冠狀動脈綜合征后的室性心律失常超過48 h、合并多形性室性心動過速或心室顫動等情況,可考慮植入ICD。心肌梗死后6~12周需重新評估左心室功能,以確定是否需要預(yù)防性植入ICD。其中心肌梗死后左心室功能正常的存活者和無法解釋的暈厥患者應(yīng)行心室程序電刺激以及評估心源性猝死風(fēng)險。

3.2 現(xiàn)行的臨床評估策略的局限性

考慮到侵入性電生理檢查的適應(yīng)證及風(fēng)險,很多患者未進(jìn)行電生理檢查,因此臨床醫(yī)師多利用LVEF進(jìn)行評估并作為高?;颊吆Y選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。美國一項研究調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),LVEF特異度及敏感度不高,將其作為篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選出高危并植入ICD進(jìn)行預(yù)防的患者中有相當(dāng)比例的患者并未激發(fā)過ICD,或出現(xiàn)了不恰當(dāng)?shù)碾姄襞c植入器械的感染[14]。LVEF>35%患者的評估方法尚不完善,缺乏系統(tǒng)的危險分層標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。心肌梗死后早期患者的評估也依賴于臨床癥狀,缺乏系統(tǒng)且客觀的危險分層方法[15-17]。因此,對于現(xiàn)有評估方法的完善及補(bǔ)充很有必要。

4 ICD植入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)改良——高危患者再分類

4.1 異常電生理評估

缺血性心律失常是心臟異常電生理活動的體現(xiàn)。體表心電檢查是一種有效評估風(fēng)險的檢查方法。碎裂性QRS波代表異常心室去極化過程。多項國內(nèi)外研究證實了碎裂性QRS波的存在是缺血性心律失常發(fā)生的重要危險因素[18-19]。對于接受ICD植入的患者,是否存在碎裂性QRS波可作為ICD植入患者進(jìn)一步危險分層的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[20-21]。而胸前導(dǎo)聯(lián)出現(xiàn)碎裂性QRS波合并左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯則意味著發(fā)生心律失常的風(fēng)險更高,需要強(qiáng)化該類患者的ICD使用[22]。T波頂點(diǎn)至T波終末的時間(T peak-T end interval,TpTe)反映心電復(fù)極化的過程,可利用常規(guī)12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖進(jìn)行測量。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在ICD植入患者中使用TpTe>100 ms作為高危患者評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時,其敏感度為75%,特異度為48%,可將LVEF>35%患者的特異度將升高到 61%[23]。近年來,代表去極化及復(fù)極化角度的QRS-T角也被證實與心源性猝死有關(guān),多項研究也肯定了其對缺血性心律失常的預(yù)測價值[24-27]。在符合ICD植入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者中,可以使用2D-QRS-T 夾角>90°為閾值篩選高?;颊撸潢栃灶A(yù)測價值為94%[24]。另外,將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)心電圖轉(zhuǎn)換為三維心電向量圖后可以得到3D-QRS-T,當(dāng)使用3D-QRS-T夾角>100°為高危篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時,陽性預(yù)測價值升高到98%[25]。各導(dǎo)聯(lián)上每一次心臟舒張期心電波形平均梯度變化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的平均值(regional restitution instability index, R2I2)和峰值心電恢復(fù)斜率(peak ECG restitution slope, PERS)是目前危險評估的新方法之一。有研究證明上述兩項指標(biāo)可以預(yù)測缺血性心臟病患者發(fā)生室性心動過速的風(fēng)險[28]。隨后針對ICD植入患者的前瞻性研究表明,PERS和R2I2是兩個獨(dú)立的室性心律失?;蛐脑葱遭赖娘L(fēng)險預(yù)測因素,聯(lián)合使用這兩項指標(biāo),即R2I2≥1.03 且 PERS≥1.21作為篩選高危患者的方法,可以得到80%的陽性預(yù)測價值和95%的特異度[29]。值得注意的是,這兩種方法需要使用高分辨率心電圖才可獲得。

4.2 缺血面積評估

超聲斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)是最近幾年超聲技術(shù)發(fā)展的新方向。平均左心室整體縱向收縮期峰值應(yīng)變(global longitudinal strain,GLS)與心肌梗死面積有關(guān),以及到達(dá)縱向收縮期峰值應(yīng)變時間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mechanical dispersion,MD)用于反映心肌變形程度。多項研究證實了上述兩項指標(biāo)在預(yù)測缺血導(dǎo)致的心律失常時優(yōu)于LVEF,均是獨(dú)立危險預(yù)測因素[30-32]。有研究報道在目前推薦ICD植入的患者中,MD>70 ms的患者為高?;颊撸涿舾卸葹?5%,特異度為92%[32]。還有一些初步研究利用最新的影像學(xué)方法評估壞死心肌面積,進(jìn)而協(xié)助評估缺血性心律失常的風(fēng)險。其中,有研究提出心臟核磁共振可以準(zhǔn)確評估心肌梗死及梗死灶周圍休眠心肌的面積,而2年的隨訪時間里發(fā)生室性心律失常的患者和無不良事件組之間梗死面積比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[33]。Rijnierse等[34]利用正電子發(fā)射計算機(jī)斷層顯像技術(shù)(positron emission tomography,PET)結(jié)合CT技術(shù)評估心肌血流受損程度,并認(rèn)為可用于評估患者缺血性心律失常發(fā)生風(fēng)險。另外,利用PET定量分析心肌的去交感神經(jīng)支配面積也被認(rèn)為是心律失常的獨(dú)立影響因素,可有效預(yù)測心律失常的發(fā)生。

5 心肌梗死患者早期(<40 d)評估方法補(bǔ)充

5.1 體表心電檢查

體表心電檢查同樣是心肌梗死后早期篩選心律失常高危患者的重要檢查方法。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用3D-QRS-T 角>112°作為心肌梗死早期患者的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn),行ICD植入,特異度為78%,敏感度為64%,陰性預(yù)測價值為98%。而低?;颊咴陔S后30個月的隨訪時間里,心源性猝死小于1%。當(dāng)2D-QRS-T角>123°,可以得到相近結(jié)果[35]。24 h心電監(jiān)測是心肌梗死早期患者評估缺血性心律失常風(fēng)險的方法之一。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對于LVEF<50%的患者延長心電監(jiān)測時間至7 d,可以提高發(fā)現(xiàn)室性心律失常的敏感度,進(jìn)而早期發(fā)現(xiàn)高危患者,進(jìn)行ICD植入預(yù)防心源性猝死[36]。有研究證明,在7 d的心電監(jiān)測過程中,非持續(xù)性室性心動過速持續(xù)時間≥4次心臟搏動時,缺血性心律失常發(fā)生率明顯增加;等于3次心臟搏動時,其預(yù)后與未發(fā)生室性心動過速組差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[37]。微伏級T波電交替(microvolt T-wave alternans,MTWA)已被多項研究證實與心律失常有關(guān),可用于危險評估[38-39]。隨后的Meta分析指出,MTWA對預(yù)測LVEF值<40%患者的缺血性心律失常具有重要意義,MTWA非陰性組發(fā)生嚴(yán)重心律失?;蛐脑葱运劳鍪录娘L(fēng)險是陰性組的2倍[40]。

5.2 電生理檢查

電生理檢查使用程序性電刺激誘發(fā)室性心動過速的方法多用于評估心肌梗死后左心室功能正?;颊叩男脑葱遭里L(fēng)險[41]。Zaman等[42]指出,對于ST段抬高心肌梗死后早期嚴(yán)重心功能衰竭(LVEF≤30%或LVEF≤35% 合并心力衰竭癥狀)的患者行電生理檢查,可誘發(fā)室性心動過速患者心律失常事件發(fā)生率高達(dá)33%,而未誘發(fā)室性心動過速患者3年的心律失常事件發(fā)生率與LVEF>40%患者差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。隨后的研究則建議對初級介入治療后早期LVEF ≤35%且可誘發(fā)室性心動過速的患者進(jìn)行ICD植入,預(yù)防心源性猝死[43]。在后續(xù)關(guān)于心肌梗死患者早期的程序性電刺激的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),第二次誘發(fā)陽性患者發(fā)生室性心律失常的風(fēng)險高于第一次誘發(fā)陽性患者[44]。另外,第三及第四次誘發(fā)陽性的患者遠(yuǎn)期發(fā)生室性心動過速的風(fēng)險與第一次誘發(fā)陽性相近[45]。這也提示臨床醫(yī)師對多次刺激才誘發(fā)室性心動過速的患者不能放松警惕。

5.3 超聲心動圖

Thakkar等[46]指出,急性ST段抬高心肌梗死介入治療后早期,LVEF ≤40%合并右心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(RVEF)≤35%的患者在電生理檢查中更易誘發(fā)室性心動過速。這可能意味著RVEF的減低對于評估遠(yuǎn)期缺血性心律失常的發(fā)生有預(yù)測價值。另外,在一項納入988例急性心肌梗死患者的前瞻性研究中,研究者利用超聲斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)測量了入院4 h內(nèi)的GLS及MD,并證實心源性猝死組與無不良事件組或者其他死因組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,對致命性室性心律失常有預(yù)測意義[32]。

6 心肌梗死穩(wěn)定期(6~12周)評估方法補(bǔ)充

超聲斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)測量GLS可以發(fā)現(xiàn)很細(xì)小的心肌功能變化,與心臟射血分?jǐn)?shù)(EF)相比更加敏感,尤其在EF>35%的患者,該值越低患者發(fā)生心律失常的風(fēng)險越高,術(shù)后40 d評估MD>75 ms結(jié)合GLS <-16%作為閾值,其陽性預(yù)測價值為21%,顯著優(yōu)于單獨(dú)使用EF>35%[30]。心臟磁共振成像評估梗死范圍相較超聲心動圖更加準(zhǔn)確。Yalin等[47]通過對LVEF>35%患者梗死面積的分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)梗死周圍組織面積和左心室質(zhì)量的比值在是否發(fā)生心律失常的兩組患者中存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,可以作為評估方法進(jìn)一步研究的方向。Exner等[48]則報道了在LVEF<50%患者中,存在T波電交替及心率變異現(xiàn)象的患者為高?;颊?,敏感度55%,特異度86%。

7 結(jié)語

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,檢查手段的多樣性讓臨床醫(yī)師有了更多選擇,其中值得注意的是大多數(shù)研究都是基于LVEF值的危險分層提出的更加系統(tǒng)的評價方法。就目前的研究來看,考慮到費(fèi)用及可行性,超聲斑點(diǎn)追蹤技術(shù)及體表心電檢查是最可行的臨床評估手段,對于缺血性心臟病各階段的患者均可有效進(jìn)行危險分層,可在一定程度上幫助臨床醫(yī)師篩選高?;颊?。然而對于缺血性心律失常的患者,危險分層從來不是單一檢查手段可以完成,綜合分析超聲心動圖、體表心電圖、實驗室檢查的結(jié)果,確立評分體系可能是評估缺血性心律失常的更優(yōu)手段。

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10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2017.06.008

國家自然科學(xué)基金(81570388);國家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃(973計劃)課題(2015CB554404);北京市自然科學(xué)基金項目(7142048)

100029 北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科 北京市心肺血管疾病研究所

柳景華,Email:liujinghua@vip.sina.com

R541.7

2017-01-09)

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