楊紅+王煒
形容詞和副詞是兩類重要的英語詞類,在每年的高考中均有考查。下面結合高考真題,分別對其考點進行歸納。
一、復合形容詞的構成
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點。
1. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?(2016年全國I卷,A篇)
2. The lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy.
3. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future belongs to the well-educated.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及復合形容詞的構成。復合形容詞指的是由幾個詞共同組成并起形容詞作用的詞,其構成形式主要有:形容詞+名詞+ed、形容詞+名詞、形容詞/副詞+v.-ing、形容詞+形容詞、副詞+過去分詞、名詞+ v.-ing、名詞+過去分詞、名詞+形容詞、數(shù)詞+名詞(+ed)、數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞(old, long, high, deep, tall等)。
【溫馨提醒】
●復合形容詞中單詞與單詞之間通常要有連字符。
●復合形容詞中的名詞只能用原形。
●復合形容詞在句子中通常只作定語,較少作表語或補語。
●復合形容詞前通常還有冠詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、名詞所有格、形容詞性物主代詞等修飾語。
【即時演練】根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子。
1. 事實上,一幅玫瑰色的畫是為假期產(chǎn)業(yè)的長遠發(fā)展而畫的。
Indeed, a rosy picture is painted for the ____________future of the holiday industry.
2. 欣慰的是,她看到一個老人正劃著一條樣子古老的船朝她過來。
With relief, she saw an old man rowing an____________boat towards her.
【Keys】1. long-term 2. ancient-looking
二、形容詞的句法功能
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的句法作用。
1. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.(2016年全國II卷,D篇)
2. John was dismissed last week because of his casual attitude towards his job.
3. It isnt socially acceptable for parents to leave children unattended at that age.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及形容詞的句法功能。
●作定語:一般放在被修飾詞的前面。
●作表語:常跟在be, feel, get, turn, become, prove等系動詞后。注意:asleep, afraid, awake, alone, aware, alive, ablaze, alike等以a開頭的形容詞僅能用作表語。
●作補語:在make, keep, get, find, wish, leave, see, consider等動詞后,作補足語說明賓語或主語的性質、狀態(tài)、特征、現(xiàn)狀或某一動作的結果等。
●(短語)作狀語:可看作是“being+形容詞”結構的省略,一般用逗號將其與句子的其余部分隔開,位于句首、句末或句中,表示時間、原因、條件、方式、強調或伴隨狀況等,意義上相當于一個狀語從句。
【即時演練】指出畫線部分的形容詞在句子中所作的成分。
1. Ive been building a new car with a team from Queensland University.
2. The group painted hundreds of bicycles white.
3. The artist was born poor, and poor he remained all his life.
【Keys】 1. 定語 2. 補語 3. 狀語;表語
三、形容詞作定語時的位置
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點。
1. If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.(2016年全國I卷,A篇)
2. With the world changing fast, we have something new to deal with all by ourselves every day.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及形容詞作定語時的位置問題。形容詞作定語一般位于名詞前。但以下情況中,形容詞作定語需要后置:
●形容詞修飾由every-,some-,any-,no-加body, one, thing等構成的復合不定代詞時。
●形容詞短語作定語時(其功能相當于一個定語從句)。
●中間用and, or 或but連接的兩個意義相近或相反的成對的形容詞作定語時。
●形容詞else作定語修飾不定代詞或疑問代詞時。
●形容詞比較等級結構作定語修飾名詞時。
●“基數(shù)詞+表示時間或度量單位的名詞+形容詞”結構作定語修飾名詞時。
【即時演練】根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子。
1. 市長懸賞5000美金給任何能活捉或打死那只老虎的人。
The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5000 to anyone who can capture the tiger____________.
2. 如果有人讓你替別人照看行李,請馬上通知警察。
If asked to look after luggage for ____________, inform the police at once.
【Keys】1. alive or dead 2. someone else
四、多個形容詞作前置定語修飾同一個名詞的排列順序
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點。
Its a charming small French clock, made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及形容詞排序問題。當多個形容詞修飾名詞時,排列的順序口訣為“限定描繪大長高,形狀年齡和新老;顏色國籍跟材料,作用類別往后靠”。
【即時演練】根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子。
這個漂亮的西班牙小姑娘是琳達的表妹。
The____________girl is Lindas cousin.
【Keys】 pretty little Spanish
五、形容詞、副詞比較等級的用法
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點。
1. Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand, even more so.
2. Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening.
3. The new Library of Birmingham(LoB)will be the most visible sign of the way the city is accepting the digitalization of everyday life.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及比較等級問題。
●兩者相比,當A=B時,肯定形式用“as + adj./adv.原級+ as”或者“as + adj./adv.原級+(a/an+) n.+ as”來表示相比較兩者的情況一樣。
●兩者相比,當A≠B時,否定形式用“not so/as + adj./adv.原級+ as”或者“not so/as +adj.原級+(a/an+) n.+ as”來表示相比較兩者的情況不一樣,前者不如后者。
●當雙方比較,A>B時,用“比較級/more +than”結構。當A不及B的程度時,用“l(fā)ess + adj./adv.原級 +than”結構。
●表示“兩者中較……的那個人或事物”時,用“the+比較級+of the two...”或“of the two…the+比較級”結構。
●“the+ adj./adv.最高級(+名詞)+表示范圍的短語或從句” 結構是三者或三者以上中程度最高的比較方式。
【溫馨提醒】
●“the+比較級……, the+比較級……”結構表示后者隨著前者的變化而變化,意為“越……就越……”,前者相當于一個條件句,因此,要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
●“比較級+ and+比較級” 結構表示事物自身情況的逐漸增減,意為“越來越……”,單音節(jié)adj./adv.用“-er+and +-er”,多音節(jié)adj./adv.用“more and more” 或“l(fā)ess and less”。
【即時演練】根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子。
1. 銷售經(jīng)理是一個職位,在這個職位上,交流能力和銷售技巧一樣重要。
Sales director is a position where communication ability is just____________sales skills.
2. 在這兩件外套中,為了省出錢來買書我會選擇便宜的。
Of the two coats,Id choose____________one to spare some money for a book.
3. 我們越憤怒就越有可能走向我們憤怒的事物。
________________________we are,________________________we are to move towards the object of our anger.
【Keys】 1. as important as 2. the cheaper
3. The angrier; the more likely
六、形容詞、副詞比較等級的修飾語
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點。
1. Its said that the power plant is now twice as large as what it was.
2. Youre driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more slowly?
3. H. B. Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin is only the most famous example.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及比較等級修飾語問題。
● “as + adj.原級+ as”結構前可用 almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite, …times, twice, 倍數(shù),分數(shù),百分數(shù)等修飾,表示程度。
●用a little, a bit, a little bit, slightly等修飾比較級,表示“稍微”“一點”;用much, far, by far, a lot, a good deal, a great deal, rather等修飾,表示“……得多”;用even, still修飾比較級,表示“更……”;用倍數(shù),分數(shù),百分數(shù)等修飾比較級,表示程度。
●最高級可用(by) far, much, nearly, about, almost, not quite, by no means, very, next, only及序數(shù)詞等修飾,表示程度或順序。
【即時演練】根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子。
1. 然而,現(xiàn)在作為一個公眾人物,比以前更困難。
Being a public figure today, however, is____________than it used to be.
2. 隨著風越刮越大,火蔓延得越來越遠。
The fire spread________________________,with the wind blowing________________________strongly.
【Keys】1. a lot more difficult 2. farther and farther; more and more
七、副詞的位置
【典例】注意例句中畫線部分的用法特點。
1. You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.(2016年全國I卷,A篇)
2. So I am always conscious of time.(2016年全國I卷,C篇)
3. With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
【考點解讀】上述考例中畫線部分涉及副詞的位置問題。
●程度副詞一般都放在它所修飾的詞的前面。enough用作程度副詞,可用來修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞等,放在被修飾語之后。
●also, very, even, just, only, not, nearly, especially, exactly, simply, rather, quite等副詞可以修飾名詞及名詞同位語,通常放在被修飾名詞的前面。
●here, there, nearby, downstairs, upstairs, above, tomorrow, today等表示地點、時間的副詞,雖然不能前置修飾名詞,但可以后置修飾。
●always, seldom, often, never, rarely 等頻度副詞通常都放在實義動詞前面,情態(tài)動詞、助動詞或動詞be后面。
【即時演練】根據(jù)漢語提示,完成句子。
1. 我們只有100美元,怎么也不夠買一臺新電腦。
We only had $100 and that was nowhere near____________to buy a new computer.
2. 艾倫是個仔細的司機,但是在我所有的朋友當中,他的車開得最不仔細。
Alan is a careful driver, but he drives the____________of my friends.
【Keys】1. enough 2. least carefully
八、小試牛刀
(一)單句填空
1. However, in the long run what is really ____________(effect)would be the sharing of knowledge.
2. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks____________(friend)to people greeting him.
3. After the long journey, the three of them went back home,____________(hunger)and tired.
4. Besides giving help to the countries____________(concern), there is also the build-up of friendships to consider.
5. They have found that the sun often causes footprints in the snow to become____________(large).
6. Nowadays a lot of adults go to evening schools for____________(far)education.
7. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his____________(well-known) one.
8. My hand writing is not half____________good as yours.
9. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier ____________it used to be.
10. Of the two sisters,Betty is_____________younger one,and she is also the one who loves to be quiet.
(二)語法填空
Xiong Chaozhong, born on Oct.3, 1982 in Wenshan, Yunnan, is a 1.55-metre-tall Chinas 1 (profession) boxer.
Xiong used to be a miner 2 (work) very hard for a living for many years,which made him very 3 (strength). He began his boxing career in 2006. Two years 4 (late) he took part in a boxing competition for the first time.
After his 6-years training, the boxer won the World Boxing Council (WBC) minimum-weight competition 5 (hold) at the Kunming Gymnasium(體育館) on November 24, 2012, becoming Chinas first international boxing champion. As a result he is regarded as “Little Tyson” in China.
As is said, 6 success was a good start to him. Now, inspired by the achievement, Xiong makes up his mind to win 7 (many) titles in the future.
Xiong has set an excellent example to
8 of us. His story tells us that we should try our 9 (good) to overcome any 10 (difficult) in life.