張前華
英語試題的設(shè)置除突出在語景中考查同學(xué)們的能力外,還體現(xiàn)在試題的設(shè)計方式上。對語法與詞匯的考查,主要的設(shè)題方式有以下幾種。
[在邏輯主語上設(shè)題]
動名詞,不定式帶上自己的邏輯主語,從而構(gòu)成動名詞或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。由于邏輯主語的使命,使動名詞或不定式與句子其他成分被分隔,從而增加了理解的難度。
解題策略 處掉邏輯主語,化繁為簡。
例1 How about the two of us __________ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take
C. taking D. to be taking
解析 C。如果能看出the two of us為邏輯主語,并將其處掉,則不難判斷選項C為正確答案,由于what (how) about后通常接名詞,代詞,動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
[在省略結(jié)構(gòu)上設(shè)題]
省略是現(xiàn)代英語快節(jié)奏發(fā)展的特點。命題者常把一完整結(jié)構(gòu)中的部分內(nèi)容,或從句,或介詞短語,或不定式等成分省略,而有時省略的成分能傳達一定的信息,在整個結(jié)構(gòu)中占有相當(dāng)?shù)姆至俊?/p>
解題策略 根據(jù)語言結(jié)構(gòu)和語景,補全省略部分,還原成完整句。
例2 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him __________.
A. not to B. not to do
C. not do it D. do not do
解析 A。根據(jù)tell sb. (not) to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu),可首先排除C、D項,再結(jié)合不定式的有關(guān)知識可排除B項。
例3 The research is so designed that once __________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun
解析 D。once begun可視為一固定表達,實際相當(dāng)于once it is begun,意思為“一旦開始”。選C項。又如:Once done we wont regret doing so.(once seen ,once remembered, ...)
[在插入語上設(shè)題]
如果在題干中增加插入語(如表示觀點,看法的詞語等),會打破句子原有的結(jié)構(gòu)和平衡,影響同學(xué)們的解題思路。
解題策略 去掉插入語,還原它的本來面目。
例4 What do you think made Mary so upset? __________ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost
C. Losing D. Because of losing
解析 C。由于do you think是插入語,處掉插入語,便知與what相對應(yīng)的名詞詞組是選項C,即動名詞詞組作主語,其他選均不具備此功能。
例5 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _________, of course, made the others unhappy.
A. who B. which
C. this D. what
解析 B。由于of course的使用,使非限定性定語從句與主句分割,增加了理解的難度。去掉該插入語,結(jié)合有關(guān)句法知識,不難判斷應(yīng)用which指代整個主句內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
[在被動結(jié)構(gòu)上設(shè)題]
同學(xué)們對主動結(jié)構(gòu)較為熟悉,而對被動結(jié)構(gòu)把握不大。命題者為了檢測同學(xué)們的應(yīng)變能力,往往有意避開主動結(jié)構(gòu),而以被動結(jié)構(gòu)來設(shè)題。
解題策略 將被動結(jié)構(gòu)還原成主動結(jié)構(gòu)。
例6 Charles Babbage is generally considered __________ the first computer.
A. to have invented B. inventing
C. to invent D. having invented
解析 A。consider一詞常有兩種搭配:一是consider doing sth.,一是consider sb.to do sth.,若將原題題干還原成主動結(jié)構(gòu):People generally consider Charle Babbage ...就不難看出本題題干屬于后一種搭配的語態(tài)變體,再結(jié)合時間概念,選A項。
例7 The ________ boy was last seen ________ near the East Lake.
A. missing; playing B. missing; play
C. missed; played D. missed; to play
解析 A。因為missing是“失蹤的“意思,而missed沒有這個意思,可以排除C,D項;再將被動結(jié)構(gòu)還原成主動結(jié)構(gòu):Someone last saw the missing boy __________ (playing/play) near the East Lake. 就不難選出playing為答案了。playing在此作賓語補足語,表示當(dāng)時動作正在進行。
[在固定結(jié)構(gòu)上設(shè)題]
為了提高試題的難度,命題者有時會把固定結(jié)構(gòu)拆開,放在不同的語言單位里。這就給同學(xué)們的正常思維制造了障礙。
解題策略 根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)中的中心詞聯(lián)想整個短語。
例8 In the dark street there werent a single person __________ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who
C. from who D. to whom
解析 D??疾槎ㄕZ從句中介詞加關(guān)系代詞的用法,解題的關(guān)鍵是同學(xué)們是否掌握了turn to sb. for help這一固定詞組。如能根據(jù)中心詞turn ... for help聯(lián)想到整個詞組,便可得出D為答案。
例9 Dont sit there ______ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do B. to do
C. doing D. and doing
解析 C。sit/stand/lie ... somewhere doing sth.是一固定結(jié)構(gòu),故選C項。
例10 looks forward every spring to _________ the flower-lined garden.
A. visit B. paying a visit
C. walk in D. walking in
解析 D。look forward to是固定搭配,其中to是介詞,后面應(yīng)接名詞或動名詞,命題者有意在這一短語中加上every spring,使這一固定結(jié)構(gòu)分開。只要根據(jù)中心詞look forward聯(lián)想到整個look forward to,并注意其中to是介詞,可選D項。
例11 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are _______ it.
A. against B. for
C. to D. with
解析 A。所填介詞與系動詞be構(gòu)成固定句型,意思是“反對”。be for意思是“支持,贊成”;be to意思是“到達”;be with意思是“和……在一起”,都與句意不符。
例12 The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home.
A. out of question B. out of order
C. out of sight D. out of place
解析 D。句意為:這套家具款式新潮,色澤明麗,與新式房屋和花園配套,但看起來與傳統(tǒng)的房子和花園不相稱。D項意思為“與……不相稱”,符合句意。A項意思為“毫無疑問”,B項意思為“次序顛倒”,C項意思為“看不見”,都與句意不符。
例13 ________ the consequences of the chemical leaks, the specialists havent given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.
A. With regard to B. As a result of
C. In spite of D. In addition to
解析 A。句意為:關(guān)于化學(xué)泄露所產(chǎn)生的后果,專家在拿到準確的數(shù)據(jù)之前,還沒有給出最后結(jié)論。with regard to意為“關(guān)于”;as a result of意為“由于……的結(jié)果”;in spite of意為“盡管”;in addition to意為“除……之外”。