□ 沈華宏

例說閱讀理解題的解題技巧

□ 沈華宏

很多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的同學(xué)在做閱讀理解題時(shí)，通常先看文章后面的問題，然后再帶著問題去讀短文。這種做法不僅可縮短閱讀時(shí)間，而且效果也會更好。閱讀理解題一般有以下幾種題型：

一、確定中心思想（大意）型

此類題主要測試同學(xué)們總結(jié)和歸納文章大意的能力。這種題型往往用下列句型進(jìn)行測試：The main idea of this passage is_____；The passage is mainly about_____；What’s the best title of this passage?等。這類題目的答案往往在主題句中。演繹型文章的主題句多位于段落開頭，歸納型文章的主題句一般在段落結(jié)尾，少數(shù)主題句也可在段落中間。若從主題句中找不到答案，則要經(jīng)過反復(fù)閱讀，進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。

二、辨認(rèn)重要事實(shí)型

這類題目大都可在短文中直觀地找到答案。其測試方式主要有：用“How many...”“Which of the following...”“How long...”等提出問題的試題，要求找出相關(guān)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、數(shù)字等；用“Which of the following state?ments is(not)true/mentioned/the cause?”提出問題的試題，要求判斷試題中的備選答案是否符合短文中的有關(guān)事實(shí)。

三、推理、概括型

推理判斷題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定的推理判斷，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。這類試題可分為三種情況：一是試題所提供的信息在短文中可直觀找到，順此往下讀，可以找到與備

選答案中的某一答案意思相近的敘述。二是試題所提供的信息是短文中的某些詞語或句子改寫的，不能直觀地找到。備選答案也往往是從不同角度改寫的，帶有干擾性，這樣首先要在文中找到試題信息，略讀一下，再回過頭來理解備選答案，把備選答案與文中有關(guān)信息分別比較，通過排除不合理的或與文中有關(guān)文字不相符的備選答案，來獲取正確答案。三是試題沒有提供可供聯(lián)系的信息，只要求回答問題或解釋原因。這種試題應(yīng)在對備選答案加以理解后，通過排除不合理答案使目標(biāo)變小，再經(jīng)判斷、推理、對比等方法，找到正確答案。

我們不妨以一篇閱讀理解文章為例，分析這些技能的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。

Brenda faced a challenge in Sunday School,though she was a experi?enced teacher.She just didn’t know how to deal with it in a good way. She had never taught a child quite like Cindy!

Cindy,you see,was different.She came from a broken fam ily.And she thought she was so bad that she could not be successful.In fact, Cindy needed care,and most of all,Cindy needed love!There just had to be a way of helping her.

Then one day Brenda asked Cindy if she could p lay a role in a Christmas program the children were planning to do.Cindy’s answer was:“Don’t you think you can find someone better than me?”

“Better than you?”came Brenda’s rep ly.“What makes you think there is anyone better than you?”

“Well,I’ve never been asked to do anything before because I’m not good.I won’t get the part right and then everyone will be mad at me for messing up(弄糟)their program,”came Cindy’s answer.

“Oh,Cindy,”said Brenda in a gentle voice.“I am so sorry that you think that,but you are so wrong.Don’t you realize how valuable you are?”

“No.”came a rep ly in a low voice because Cindy was now in tears.

“But Cindy,in my eyes,you are special and you can also do some?thing well like others,”Brenda said.

“Really?Do you think so really?Thank you,M iss Brenda!Nobody

has believed in me like you,then I’ll have a try.”said Cindy as she re?ceived a hug from her teacher for the first time!

這篇文章講述了一位好心的老師如何想辦法幫助一個(gè)自閉、自卑的學(xué)生找回自信,融入到大家庭里面去的故事。讓我們從下面幾個(gè)具體題目入手,了解如何解答閱讀理解中的推理、歸納題吧。

1.From the first paragraph we can infer(推斷)that_____.

本題的正確答案是：Brenda found it difficult to teach Cindy.

第一段說老師Brenda遇到了一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),還提到她是一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的老師,但像Cindy這樣的學(xué)生還是第一次遇到；另外Brenda還沒有找到好的辦法去處理這個(gè)問題。據(jù)此我們可以推斷：教育Cindy對于Brenda來說是一個(gè)很棘手的問題。

2.The second paragraph tells us that_____.

本題的正確答案是：Cindy didn’t have a happy life.本題是對段落大意的一個(gè)歸納。我們可以從以下兩個(gè)方面綜合得出上述結(jié)論：A.她父母離異（she came from a broken fam ily）;B.她缺乏關(guān)愛（Cindy needed care...Cindy needed love）。

3.When Brenda asked Cindy to p lay a role in a Christmas pro?gram,_____.

本題的正確答案是：Cindy wasn’t confident in herself.本題需要從現(xiàn)有的信息中做出合理的推斷。當(dāng)Brenda老師請Cindy出演圣誕節(jié)的一個(gè)角色的時(shí)候,Cindy的第一反應(yīng)是：難道你不能找到比我好些的人嗎?這句話表示Cindy很冷淡地拒絕了老師的邀請；其次當(dāng)老師勸說她,并說她是一個(gè)很有價(jià)值的人的時(shí)候,Cindy也是立即表示了反對(No)；而Cindy本人對于自己的看法是：我并不優(yōu)秀,我從來沒有被邀請做過任何事,且擔(dān)心做不好被別人笑話。這些都是她不自信的表現(xiàn)。

4.According to the passage,we can see that_____.

本題的正確答案是：Brenda succeeded in helping Cindy.本題是對文章主旨的歸納。要求學(xué)生深刻理解全文,弄清作者的寫作意圖,做出全面歸納,形成正確的結(jié)論。從文章最開始Brenda老師不知道怎樣幫助Cindy,到后來老師了解了Cindy的情況,積極開導(dǎo)她,熱情地邀請她參加圣誕演出,最后Cindy同意參加（then I’ll have a try）,說明老師的努力獲得了成功。