柴新麗 王 帆 劉彥隆 楊 玲 康毅敏 李存保
(1.內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué),呼和浩特,010110;2.北京回龍觀醫(yī)院,北京,100096;3.溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,溫州,325035)
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脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障礙中的作用機(jī)制
柴新麗1,2王 帆2劉彥隆3楊 玲1,2康毅敏1李存保1
(1.內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué),呼和浩特,010110;2.北京回龍觀醫(yī)院,北京,100096;3.溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,溫州,325035)
目前,糖尿病患病人數(shù)逐年增加,伴隨著糖尿病的發(fā)生,睡眠也發(fā)生相應(yīng)的改變。研究表明,脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障礙中發(fā)揮著重要作用,本文就脂肪因子在糖尿病睡眠障礙的作用機(jī)制做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的綜述。
脂肪因子;糖尿?。凰哒系K
糖尿病是一組由于胰島素分泌缺陷和/或胰島素作用障礙所致以高血糖為主要特征的慢性內(nèi)分泌代謝疾病,因較高的發(fā)病率和死亡率,并導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量下降而引起公眾的關(guān)注[1]。美國(guó)睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)基于腦電圖、肌電圖和眼電圖將睡眠分為非快眼動(dòng)睡眠期(Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep,NREM)和快眼動(dòng)睡眠期(Rapid Eye Movement Sleep,REM),而NERM期又可以分為1、2、3、4期,其中第3、4期稱為慢波睡眠(Slow Wake Sleep,SWS)[2]。睡眠障礙是指正常的睡眠節(jié)律被打亂或睡眠時(shí)間的改變以及在睡眠過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的異常行為,如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(Obstructive Sleep Apnoea,OSA)、不寧腿綜合征、失眠癥和覺(jué)醒障礙等[3]。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)90%的美國(guó)成年人主觀認(rèn)為自己存在睡眠問(wèn)題,而糖尿病患者更容易出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙[4]。睡眠不佳是Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn),包括難以入睡、維持困難、易覺(jué)醒和嗜睡等[5]。同時(shí),Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生改變。研究表明,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的REM期增加,SWS期減少[2]。
脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的激素稱為脂肪因子,作用于多種細(xì)胞和器官來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)代謝的平衡[6]。脂肪因子包括Apelin、瘦素(Leptin)、脂聯(lián)素(Adiponectin)、抵抗素(Resistin)以及細(xì)胞因子如腫瘤壞死因子α(Tumor Necrosis Factor α,TNF-α),白細(xì)胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)等,近來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些因子與糖尿病之間存在緊密的聯(lián)系,并且在睡眠中也扮演了重要的角色,本文就在糖尿病睡眠障礙中發(fā)揮作用的脂肪因子做簡(jiǎn)單的綜述。
1.1 Apelin Apelin是脂肪組織細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和分泌的77個(gè)氨基酸殘基多肽,分布在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),如下丘腦。Apelin是血管緊張素樣蛋白質(zhì)J(Angiotension Receptor-like protein J receptor,APJ)的配體。Apelin在人體發(fā)揮不同的生物學(xué)作用,如保持體液平衡、食物攝入、細(xì)胞增殖和血管生成[7]。研究表明,糖尿病患者血清Apelin水平明顯升高[8]。對(duì)高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的胰島素抵抗(Insulin Resistance,IR)小鼠模型,靜脈注射Apelin,小鼠糖耐量明顯改善,對(duì)正常小鼠快速靜脈注射Apelin,小鼠血糖水平降低[9]。Apelin通過(guò)APJ、AMP依賴的蛋白激酶(AMPK)和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞NO合成酶(eNOS)對(duì)胰島素敏感性產(chǎn)生影響。Apelin也通過(guò)激發(fā)APJ和血管緊張素I來(lái)抑制核因子-Κβ(NF-Κβ)的表達(dá),使NF-Κβ表達(dá)下調(diào),抑制TNF-α介導(dǎo)的IR[10]。
調(diào)查表明,一些糖尿病患者伴有OSA,血漿高胰島素水平增加OSA的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而OSA患者夜間低氧,覺(jué)醒等可增加Ⅱ型糖尿病患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。OSA的特點(diǎn)是反復(fù)發(fā)作的部分或完整的上呼吸道阻塞,導(dǎo)致氧飽和度下降和睡眠紊亂[12]。糖尿病患者呼吸暫停指數(shù)(AHI)較高[13]。OSA患者血漿Apelin水平與AHI具有相關(guān)性[14]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺氧條件下的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)表達(dá)Apelin,同時(shí)缺氧的小鼠模型也存在Apelin的表達(dá),表明Apelin與OSA之間存在復(fù)雜聯(lián)系。OSA患者的缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1(HIF-1)途徑可以被激活,在低氧條件下,機(jī)體可以通過(guò)HIF途徑誘導(dǎo)心肌/內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中Apelin表達(dá)。同時(shí)OSA患者交感神經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)過(guò)度興奮,而交感神經(jīng)興奮使下丘腦中APJ mRNA表達(dá)上調(diào)[15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Apelin可直接導(dǎo)致呼吸暫停和膈神經(jīng)張力下降30%[16],表明Apelin水平增高可能導(dǎo)致呼吸暫停的發(fā)生,造成睡眠紊亂。以上結(jié)果顯示,Apelin在糖尿病睡眠障礙中發(fā)揮重要的作用。
1.2 Leptin Leptin是第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)β細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生影響的脂肪因子,發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體能量平衡的作用。Leptin影響體內(nèi)胰島素分泌[17-18]。糖尿病患者血漿Leptin水平降低[19]。對(duì)Leptin基因缺失的ob/ob小鼠,靜脈注射Leptin,血清葡萄糖水平降低[20]。應(yīng)用鏈脲佐菌素和煙酰胺誘導(dǎo)小鼠的糖尿病模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)血清Leptin水平減少[21]。Leptin可以通過(guò)以下幾個(gè)通路影響胰島素分泌:1)直接抑制前胰島素原mRNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄,抑制胰島素的分泌;2)通過(guò)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2影響葡萄糖的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);3)通過(guò)抑制CAMP/PKA通路來(lái)影響鈣通路,從而影響胰島素的分泌[22]。
糖尿病患者維持入睡困難,易覺(jué)醒,睡眠時(shí)間減少。睡眠剝奪時(shí),年輕男性血清Leptin濃度下降[23]。Spiegel等人連續(xù)6 d縮短11名男性睡眠時(shí)間(4 h),發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠對(duì)Leptin的分泌有重要的促進(jìn)作用[24]。腦橋核(PPN)調(diào)節(jié)覺(jué)醒和REM,Leptin可以直接降低PPN的活性,影響睡眠[25]。Leptin受體基因敲除的動(dòng)物覺(jué)醒次數(shù)和REM期睡眠減少,Leptin抵抗增加夜間覺(jué)醒次數(shù)和REM期睡眠[26]。這都表明,Leptin在糖尿病睡眠障礙中發(fā)揮重要的作用。
1.3 TNF-α TNF-α是一種炎性遞質(zhì),參與炎性反應(yīng)及免疫反應(yīng)。Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清TNF-α水平顯著增高[27]。人空腹血漿TNF-α的水平與IR存在一定的關(guān)聯(lián)[28]。研究表明,TNF-α改變細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)的胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑??筎NF-α抗體改善肥胖嚙齒動(dòng)物體內(nèi)胰島素敏感性,用高脂飲食飼養(yǎng)缺乏TNF-α基因的小鼠,沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致IR的發(fā)生[29]。這些都表明,阻止TNF-α的活性,可提高胰島素的敏感性。目前TNF-α對(duì)胰島素信號(hào)通路的影響尚不清楚,其可能機(jī)制是,TNF-α促使脂肪細(xì)胞釋放游離脂肪酸,導(dǎo)致游離脂肪酸增高,激活抑制因子如細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)抑制物(Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling,SOCS),c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal Kinase,JNK),抑制胰島素信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),造成IR[30],干擾糖代謝。
國(guó)外橫斷面研究顯示,部分Ⅱ型糖尿病患者主訴嗜睡[31]??扇苄訲NF-α受體是人腦脊液的正常組成部分并且抑制睡眠[32]。TNF-α可以直接作用于基底前腦和下丘腦視前區(qū)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)睡眠[33]。靜脈注射TNF-α的動(dòng)物變得嗜睡,對(duì)兔子靜脈注射TNF-α,發(fā)現(xiàn)SWS期時(shí)間增加[34],小鼠腹腔注射TNF-α,NREM期增加[35]。缺乏TNF受體的小鼠的NREM期減少[36]。這些都表明TNF-α參與睡眠的調(diào)節(jié)。環(huán)氧化酶-2(COX-2)具有調(diào)節(jié)睡眠的作用[37],TNF-α可誘導(dǎo)COX-2的表達(dá)[38]。TNF-α可以激活NF-Κβ,NF-Κβ是調(diào)節(jié)睡眠的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵酶,抑制NF-Κβ的活性可以減少NREM睡眠[39]。這些都表明TNF-α在糖尿病睡眠障礙中發(fā)揮作用。
1.4 IL-6 IL-6是具有多種生物學(xué)作用的炎癥因子,可以作為預(yù)防糖尿病的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)。健康成年人胰島素的敏感性與血漿IL-6水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[40]。糖尿病患者血漿IL-6水平顯著增高[41]。IL-6可以增強(qiáng)胰島素的敏感性,增強(qiáng)對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取和代謝[42]。小鼠靜脈注射IL-6,降低胰島素對(duì)肝葡萄糖的代謝和骨骼肌葡萄糖的攝取[40]。IL-6可以影響β細(xì)胞的功能。SOCS3升高可以導(dǎo)致IR,對(duì)肥胖的小鼠抑制SOCS3的表達(dá)改善IR的程度[43]。IL-6誘導(dǎo)SOCS3表達(dá)上調(diào),干擾胰島素受體(IR)或胰島素受體底物(IRS-1)導(dǎo)致IR及其靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄[40,42],從而干擾糖代謝,導(dǎo)致代謝紊亂。
有許多證據(jù)表明IL-6參與睡眠調(diào)節(jié)。人血漿IL-6的濃度在白晝最低,夜晚最高,表現(xiàn)出睡眠-覺(jué)醒的節(jié)律。IL-6的分泌量與主觀睡眠質(zhì)量,SWS量呈負(fù)相關(guān),與覺(jué)醒時(shí)間呈正相關(guān)[44]。調(diào)查顯示,有48.2%的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者存在失眠現(xiàn)象[45]。失眠患者血清IL-6濃度增加[46]。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),病理?xiàng)l件下IL-6水平升高與白天過(guò)度嗜睡存在關(guān)聯(lián)。血漿IL-6增加,導(dǎo)致SWS減少[47]。表明,IL-6在糖尿病睡眠障礙中發(fā)揮作用。
其它一些脂肪細(xì)胞因子也參與糖尿病與睡眠障礙的發(fā)生發(fā)展。Adiponectin含有244個(gè)氨基酸,由脂肪組織產(chǎn)生,具有抗糖尿病,抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和抗炎的屬性[48]。小鼠注射Adiponectin能夠刺激胰島素的分泌[49]。Adiponectin球狀C末端片段能夠降低血漿葡萄糖濃度,增加肌肉脂肪酸氧化,Adiponectin可以激活A(yù)MPK,抑制乙酰輔酶A羧化酶(ACC)[50],但是在臨床中缺乏證據(jù)證明Adiponectin與人體胰島素的關(guān)系,其機(jī)制目前還不清楚,需要更多的研究來(lái)探索Adiponectin與β細(xì)胞之間的關(guān)系。
Resistin屬于抵抗素樣分子家族,Resistin的受體仍然不明確[51]。Resistin在人類與嚙齒類動(dòng)物糖代謝中起著重要的作用。Ⅰ型糖尿病患者血清Resistin的水平顯著增高[52]。肥胖小鼠注射抗Resistin抗體,小鼠的糖耐量和胰島素作用增強(qiáng)[53]。這些都表明Resistin對(duì)葡萄糖的代謝存在影響。
Adiponectin,Resistin都參與OSA的發(fā)生發(fā)展,重度OSA患者血漿的Adiponectin水平降低[54],OSA患者夜間缺氧,引起Adiponectin轉(zhuǎn)錄的變化,影響Adiponectin的表達(dá)[55],TNF-α對(duì)Adiponectin有抑制作用,而OSA患者促進(jìn)TNF-α的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致Adiponectin水平下降[56]。OSA可以激活外周血白細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)Resistin的產(chǎn)生,使OSA患者體內(nèi)血清Resistin水平較高[57]。
糖尿病睡眠障礙對(duì)患者的睡眠質(zhì)量和生活質(zhì)量造成了嚴(yán)重的影響,導(dǎo)致糖尿病患者睡眠障礙的原因是多方面的,是各種因素相互作用的結(jié)果。糖尿病可以造成患者睡眠質(zhì)量下降,引起睡眠障礙,而睡眠障礙又會(huì)加重患者的病情,因此在治療糖尿病時(shí),不但要重視血糖的控制,同時(shí)重視糖尿病患者的睡眠問(wèn)題,對(duì)造成糖尿病睡眠障礙的機(jī)制進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的探究,為臨床治療提供理論依據(jù),改善糖尿病患者的睡眠質(zhì)量。
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Mechanism of adipokines in diabetes sleep disorders
Chai Xinli1,2,Wang Fan2,Liu Yanlong3,Yang Ling1,2,Kang Yimin1,Li Cunbao1
(1.InnerMongoliaMedicalUniversity,Huhhot,010110;2.BeijingHui-Long-GuanHospital,Beijing,100096;3.CollegeofPharmaceuticalSciences,Wenzhou,325035)
In morden society,the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased recently.Accompanied by the diabetes,sleep has also undergone a series of changes,The previous studies have shown that adipokines play an important role in diabetes related sleep disorders.This review focuses on the role of adipokines in diabetes related sleep disorders.
Adipokines;Diabetes;Sleep disorders
李存保,E-mail:licunbao5159@sina.com
R587.1;R338.63
A
2095-7130(2016)05-280-285