□ 文/王英豪（四川外國語大學(xué)國際關(guān)系學(xué)院）

多方參與 助力重慶友城合作

□ 文/王英豪（四川外國語大學(xué)國際關(guān)系學(xué)院）

作為我國中西部地區(qū)唯一的直轄市，重慶具有優(yōu)越的地理區(qū)位和便利的交通條件。重慶是國家重點(diǎn)建設(shè)的長江上游地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，處于“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”和“長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶”的交匯處，同時(shí)又是西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的重要支撐點(diǎn)，對西部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與對外開放具有不容忽視的輻射和帶動作用。因此，重慶對外友城工作的開展不僅可以更好地服務(wù)于國家外交總體戰(zhàn)略，而且對于中西部地區(qū)的發(fā)展也具有積極意義。

一、重慶市友城工作的特點(diǎn)

1. 以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為依托，開展友城交流合作

當(dāng)前重慶市的對外交流工作側(cè)重于經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的引導(dǎo)，通過友城間合作項(xiàng)目的開展來進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)技術(shù)和人才的交流，使得友城合作有所依托、能夠落到實(shí)處。通過與發(fā)達(dá)國家的城市或其他具有自身特色的城市建立友好合作關(guān)系，借鑒其先進(jìn)成熟的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)，完善城市的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和服務(wù)職能建設(shè)，在引進(jìn)優(yōu)秀的投資的同時(shí)，鼓勵(lì)本地企業(yè)“走出去”，密切友城間的聯(lián)系。

2. 發(fā)揚(yáng)人道主義精神，援助友城抗災(zāi)救災(zāi)

隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展和綜合國力的增長，國際地位提高，在參與國際事務(wù)中的影響力更加顯著，許多國家對中國的期望也不斷上升。與之相對應(yīng)，中國城市（包括重慶）在友城交往中也能夠?yàn)楹献鞣教峁└嗟膸头雠c救濟(jì)，在堅(jiān)持“平等互利”原則的基礎(chǔ)上，積極為友城抗災(zāi)救災(zāi)和城市建設(shè)提供力所能及的幫助。2011年10月29日，在了解到友好城市泰國首都曼谷發(fā)生的洪澇災(zāi)害后，重慶市市長黃奇帆致信曼谷市長素坤潘親王，向?yàn)?zāi)區(qū)人民表示誠摯慰問。同時(shí)，重慶市向曼谷市捐贈500萬人民幣，以援助曼谷人民開展抗洪救災(zāi)的相關(guān)工作。

3. 動員社會力量參與，發(fā)揮友城活動作用

在政府專門機(jī)構(gòu)對友城的交流合作活動的組織和安排下，重慶市友城工作在行政系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部得到了有力的支持，活動的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量得到了較好的保障。對于特定領(lǐng)域的交流項(xiàng)目，重慶市政府還積極尋求高校和社會團(tuán)體的支持與配合，動員社會力量參與活動的開展與評估，使得友城間的交流合作活動能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)其最大價(jià)值。

4. 舉辦重要國際活動，增強(qiáng)城市對外影響

重慶市舉辦過多次重要的國際會議，提升了城市的影響力和知名度。2013年7月，重慶舉辦了中國—中東歐國家地方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會議，促成簽署雙邊合作協(xié)議25個(gè)；2014年2月，在重慶召開了“中俄兩河流域合作工作組第一次會議”，為加快中俄非毗鄰地區(qū)合作發(fā)揮了重要作用；2015年6月，重慶又承辦了亞歐互聯(lián)互通產(chǎn)業(yè)對話會。

2014年11月，重慶市榮獲第四屆“中法地方政府合作獎(jiǎng)”。時(shí)任重慶市政府外事僑務(wù)辦副主任龍舟發(fā)表演講。

二、引入多方參與的效用

隨著國內(nèi)社區(qū)制度逐漸完善，公民進(jìn)行社會參與的機(jī)會增加，開展社會活動的能力提升，形式更加多樣，并且在這種社會參與的過程中，公民的公共精神得到培育，公民性提高。

1. 有助于強(qiáng)化公民意識

當(dāng)代西方政治學(xué)家羅伯特D?帕特南指出：公民共同體的公民身份首先是由積極參與公共事務(wù)來標(biāo)示的—市民對于城市公共事務(wù)的自覺也應(yīng)當(dāng)通過這種方式培養(yǎng)。在友城工作中引入多方參與，有助于擴(kuò)大友城活動在市民社會中的影響力，引導(dǎo)市民親身參與力所能及的城市建設(shè)與維護(hù)活動，進(jìn)一步提高公民對“城市共同體”這一價(jià)值的認(rèn)同，促使其主動維護(hù)城市利益、建設(shè)城市形象。

2. 有助于拓展城市宣傳的方式方法

社會團(tuán)體作為由特定領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的積極公民組成的共同體，其內(nèi)部成員間本身具有基于相同或相似價(jià)值觀念所產(chǎn)生的信任基礎(chǔ)，更容易采取統(tǒng)一行動，共享某種新的價(jià)值觀念。在參與友城交流時(shí)，社會團(tuán)體更加注重技術(shù)、理念、知識等層面的文化交流，增進(jìn)友城之間的理解和認(rèn)同，更具有延續(xù)性和穩(wěn)定性。

積極開展社會組織的交往，也利于推動重慶對外開放，促進(jìn)友城市民全面了解重慶，建立更加完善的城市形象，提高城市影響力—一方面有助于國際友人從重慶的立體印象中，提取其基于自身文化背景的興趣點(diǎn)，從而自發(fā)自愿地去了解重慶；另一方面在這種交互性的傳播中，我們可以通過友城市民的反饋優(yōu)化、改良自身的宣傳體系與內(nèi)容，使其更能為友城市民接受、認(rèn)可。

3. 有助于建立健全友城互信機(jī)制

在多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家中，社會力量作為公民參與社會生活的主要平臺和維護(hù)自身權(quán)益的主要依靠力量，在民眾心中具有相當(dāng)高的公信力。通過推動社會力量參與友城活動，一方面有助于國內(nèi)的社會力量在交流活動中，學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)達(dá)國家社會力量的比較成熟的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、技能和比較完善的運(yùn)行機(jī)制，推動國內(nèi)的社會力量功能提升；另一方面也能夠有助于友城活動取得當(dāng)?shù)孛癖姷闹С趾驼J(rèn)可，使友城的合作交流項(xiàng)目可以在當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣α康呐浜吓c協(xié)助下進(jìn)行得更好。

4. 有助于提高社會資源的配置效率

在當(dāng)前的友城工作中，社會力量通常是間接參與，處于相對被動的位置。通過引入多方參與，能夠提高社會力量的積極性與資源配置效率，發(fā)揮其能動性對友城工作進(jìn)行完善。相對政府機(jī)構(gòu)而言，社會力量的人員構(gòu)成更加豐富，分布于各種領(lǐng)域；專業(yè)素質(zhì)更高，掌握特定的專業(yè)技能；輻射范圍更加廣泛，在各領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的影響范圍得以擴(kuò)展。引入多方參與友城活動，最直接的作用就是可以利用其專業(yè)知識與技能服務(wù)于友城活動，提高友城活動的質(zhì)量與效果。其次就是可以帶動各行業(yè)的人才了解友城，了解友城活動，利用龐大的專業(yè)背景來提升友城活動的影響力與號召力，吸引更多人才主動參與友城建設(shè)。

5. 有助于拓展友城工作的參與渠道

當(dāng)前社會參與友城工作的主要方式還是捐獻(xiàn)資金、提供資源（比如設(shè)備、場地）等比較基本的形式。通過鼓勵(lì)和引入多方參與友城工作，能夠釋放一些積存的社會資源，使得友城工作的參與渠道更加廣泛，參與方式更為多樣化。例如一些專業(yè)團(tuán)體或個(gè)人還可以通過承接外包服務(wù)、提供專業(yè)咨詢等方式來參與友好城市的交流合作活動。

三、多方參與友城工作

國際友好城市間締結(jié)的長期合作交往機(jī)制為多方參與對外交往活動提供了新的平臺。

1. 健全管理體制機(jī)制

在教育、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、體育項(xiàng)目、文化設(shè)施等專門領(lǐng)域中，重慶市政府應(yīng)組織成立相應(yīng)的專門機(jī)構(gòu)，進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一的指導(dǎo)和管理。這些組織可以只負(fù)責(zé)宏觀的管理，而不參與其具體事務(wù)的運(yùn)行。通過分派或外包的形式，將具體的交流與合作事務(wù)交給專業(yè)的社團(tuán)或個(gè)人進(jìn)行，政府部門只需要做好方向上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與管控，通過對活動參與者財(cái)務(wù)的管控和對組織管理人員的監(jiān)督等間接的方式推動社會力量的良好運(yùn)行，既減輕政府的行政壓力，又能夠推動項(xiàng)目運(yùn)行效率的提高。

2. 搭建資源共享平臺

通過多方參與推動友城之間公共資源的交流與合作，搭建能夠通過技術(shù)手段實(shí)現(xiàn)的資源共享平臺，如醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、圖書館、博物館等城市公共資源。友好城市在開展經(jīng)濟(jì)合作項(xiàng)目后，盡量為隨行的工作人員提供起碼不低于所在城市的公共福利待遇，保障其基本的生活與發(fā)展需求，使友城間的交流合作能夠真正對兩地甚至多地的市民帶來益處。在這個(gè)過程中，可以鼓勵(lì)社會力量參與對資源的篩選、整合以及后續(xù)的技術(shù)對接，保障資源共享不會破壞地方生態(tài)。完善城市的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，通過借鑒友城的成熟經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建設(shè)具有重慶特色的現(xiàn)代化城市體系。

3. 加強(qiáng)文化交流

友好城市建立的目的是增進(jìn)友誼、促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作只是友城合作比較有效的形式之一，文化的交流同樣不可或缺。鼓勵(lì)多方參與友城間的交流，優(yōu)化當(dāng)前由政府和企業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的格局，加大社會力量參與的比重。相對企業(yè)間的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作而言，社會力量的交往對于物質(zhì)條件的要求更加簡單，側(cè)重于知識、經(jīng)驗(yàn)的交流，更為注重“人”的作用?？梢砸龑?dǎo)友城的社會力量對重慶一些尚不夠開放的區(qū)域進(jìn)行了解。通過承接國際交流活動、學(xué)術(shù)會議加快基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，推動次級行政區(qū)域的對外開放，展示友城的獨(dú)特風(fēng)貌，豐富市民的文化生活。

4. 建立地方優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)

重慶作為一座山城，城市的空間結(jié)構(gòu)更為立體，可開發(fā)的空間更加廣闊，形式更為多樣，是交通、建筑等領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新試驗(yàn)的理想場地，可以動員社會力量多方參與建立相關(guān)的創(chuàng)新孵化基地，形成具有地方特色的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢。更可以以此為基礎(chǔ)開展宣傳活動，組織潛在的社會團(tuán)體與學(xué)術(shù)組織參與相關(guān)的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作賽事或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新展會，既向世界展示重慶，提升城市的知名度；又能夠吸引相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的人才來到重慶，豐富城市的文化生活。

在對外友好城市工作中引入的多方參與，并不是粗放式的參與，而是在政府相關(guān)政策指導(dǎo)下，配合政府的大政方針進(jìn)行的細(xì)化項(xiàng)目組合。多方參與活動應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量建立在合乎規(guī)定的體系范圍內(nèi)，對于現(xiàn)有資源及利用資源開展的活動進(jìn)行查漏補(bǔ)缺，為政府主導(dǎo)的對外活動提供輔助作用。在政府主導(dǎo)的活動無法兼顧或不能全面實(shí)現(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢，進(jìn)行功能上的支持。

School of International Relations,Sichuan International Studies University Master graduate student,YingHao Wang

As the only municipality in the central and western regions of China, Chongqing has excellent geographical location and convenient traffi c conditions. It is located at the junction of the Silk Road Economic Zone and the Yangtze River Economic Zone. It is also the central hub of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. That provide a good economic base in foreign cooperation.It is also an important supporting point of the western development strategy, and it can not ignore the radiation and leading role Chongqing play for the economic development and opening to the outside world in the central and western regions. Therefore, the work of Chongqing Foreign Sister City is not only to serve the overall strategy of national diplomacy, but also has positive signifi cance for the development of the central and western regions.

Characteristics of the work about foreign sister city in Chongqing

1. To rely on economic construction, to carry out exchanges and cooperation between the Friends of the city

At present, Chongqing's urban diplomacy focuses on the guidance of economic cooperation and promotes the exchange of technology and talents through the cooperation projects between the two cities, which makes the cooperation between the two cities be carried out. Through the establishment of friendly and cooperative relations with cities in developed countries or other cities with their own characteristics, drawing on their advanced and mature development experience, perfecting the city's infrastructure and service functions, while encouraging the introduction of good investment,to help local enterprises "go out". Close contact between friends.

2. Carry forward the humanitarian spirit, aid friend city disaster relief

With the progress of China's economic development and the growth of comprehensive national strength, the international status has increased, the influence on participating in international affairs has become more prominent, and the expectation of many countries to China has also been on the rise. Correspondingly, Chinese city(include Chongqing) can also provide more assistance and relief to the partners in the friendly exchanges.On the basis of principle of "equality and mutual benefit", the Chinese cities (including Chongqing) actively contribute to the disaster relief and post - disaster reconstruction to provide help within its capacity.October 29, 2011, in that Thailand's capital city of Bangkok after the fl oods, Chongqing Mayor Huang Qifan sent a letter to Bangkok Mayor Sukun Pan Prince, to the people of disaster areas to express his sincere condolences. At the same time, Chongqing City donated 5 million yuan to the city of Bangkok to assist the people of Bangkok to carry out fl ood relief work.

3. Mobilize the participation of social forces, to carry out the excellent activities about sister friends

Under the organization and arrangement of the sister city’s exchanges and cooperation activities by the special government agencies, the work of sister city in Chongqing within the administrative system has been strongly supported, the number and quality of activities has been guaranteed. For specific areas of communication projects, the Chongqing Municipal Government also actively seek the support and cooperation of colleges and universities and social groups, mobilize social forces to participate in the implementation and evaluation of activities so, the exchanges and cooperation between the sister city can achieve maximum of value.

4. Hold important international activities, and enhance the city'sexternal infl uence

Chongqing has held a number of important international conferences, to enhance the city's infl uence and visibility. In July 2013, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs jointly held the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Local Leaders' Meeting, which led to the signing of 25 bilateral cooperation agreements. In February 2014, the fi rst meeting of the Working Group on Sino-Russian Mesopotamia cooperation,played an important role in speeding up the cooperation between China and Russia noncontiguous areas.In June 2015, Chongqing hosted the Asia-Europe interconnection industry dialogue.

Effectiveness of the introduction of multi-party participation

With the gradual improvement of the domestic community system, citizens have got more opportunities to participate in social activities and have elevated the capacity to carry out these activities in a diverse way. And in this process of social participation, the public spirit of the citizens get nurtured,the citizenship get improved.

1.Strengthening civic awareness

Contemporary Western political scientist Robert D. Putnam points out that citizenship is fi rst marked by active participation in public affairs, and that public awareness of urban public affairs should be fostered in this way. The introduction of multiparticipation in the work of the Sister City will help expand influence of the activities in civil society.Guiding the public to participate in activities of city construction and protection can further broaden the infl uence in social communities and boost citizens’ recognition of the concept of “city community”, at the same time, which can also promote citizens to safeguard actively the interests of the city and to build its image.

2.Expanding the ways and means of the city propaganda

As a community of positive citizens in a given field, social groups themselves have a basis of trust based on the same or similar values, making it easier to act together and share a new set of values. When participating in the friendly exchange, the social groups pay more attention to the cultural exchange of technology, idea, knowledge and so on.So as to enhance the understanding and recognition between the two cities and make them more sustainable and stable.

Actively carrying out the exchanges of social organizations is also conducive to promoting the opening up of Chongqing and to promoting a comprehensive understanding of Chongqing. The establishment of a more perfect image of the city is helpful to improve the city's infl uence - on the one hand to help international friends from the three-dimensional impression of Chongqing. Based on their own cultural background and interest, they can spontaneously learn Chongqing.On the other hand, in this interactive communication, we can feedback through the public of foreign city to optimize and improve our own propaganda system and content.To make it more acceptable for the friendly city people.

3.Establishing a sound mechanism for mutual trust between the sister city

In most developed countries, social forces, as the main platform for citizens to participate in social life and the main force to safeguard their rights and interests, have a very high credibility in the hearts of the people. The promotion of social forces to participate in the activities of the sister city, on the one hand,is to help domestic social forces to learn more mature experience, skills and relatively perfect operating mechanism from the developed countries social forces to promote themselves.On the other hand it can also help friendly city activities to obtain the support and approval of the local people, so that the friendship and cooperation projects can be better with the assistance of the local social forces.

4.Improving the allocation effi ciency of social resources

In the current work of the sister city, social forces are usually indirect, in a relatively passive position. Through the introduction of multi-party participation,we can enhance the enthusiasm of the social forces and resource allocation efficiency, play its initiative to improve the work of the sister city. Relative to government agencies, the social forces constitute a richer, distributed in various fi elds; higher professional quality, master the specific expertise; radiation range is more extensive, in all areas of influence to expand.The most direct role is to use their professional knowledge and skills to serve the sister city activities to improve the quality and effect of these activities. The second is to promote the talent of the industry to understand the sister city, to understand the sister city activities.The use of large professional background to enhance the infl uence of the sister city activities and appeal to attract more talent to take the initiative to participate in the sister city building.

5.Expanding the participation of the Friends of the city work channels

At present, the main way for social forces to participate in the work about sister city is to donate funds,provide resources (such as equipment, venues) and other more basic forms.By encouraging and introducing multi-party participation in the work of the sister city, releasing some of the accumulated social resources, making the work about sister city more extensive channels of participation, more diversifi ed way of participation. For example, some professional groups or individuals can also participate in the exchange and cooperation activities of sister cities through undertaking outsourcing services and providing professional consultation.

Multi-party participation in the work about sister city

The international long-term cooperation mechanism between the sister cities provides a new platform for the multi-parties to participate in the activities of foreign exchanges.

1.Improving the management system and mechanism

In education, health care, sports, cultural facilities and other specialized areas, the Government should organize the establishment of appropriate specialized agencies, conduct unified guidance and management. These organizations can only be responsible for macro-management, rather than participate in the operation of its specific affairs. Through the form of distribution or outsourcing, the specifi c communication and cooperation programs are assigned to the professional community or individuals.The government departments only need to do a good job in the direction of leadership and control, through the activities of participants in financial control or management of the organization supervision and other indirect ways to promote the good functioning of social forces, both to reduce the administrative pressure of the government, but also to promote the project to run more effi cient.

2.Building a platform to sharing resource

Promoting public resources exchanges and cooperation between the sister city through the multi-participation, and building a platform for sharing resources through technical means.Such as medical institutions, libraries, museums and other urban public resources. After carrying out economic cooperation projects between the two cities, we should provide the staff members with at least not less than the original city's public welfare benefi ts.To ensure their basic living and development needs, the exchanges and cooperation between the two cities could benefi t more people. In this process,we can encourage social forces to participate in the selection of resources, integration and followup technical docking, to ensure the sharing of resources will not damage the local culture. Improving the city's infrastructure construction, by drawing on the experience of the sister city to build a modern city system with Chongqing characteristics.

3.Strengthening cultural exchanges

Sister City is established to enhance friendship and promote common development, economic cooperation is only one of the more effective forms of friendship, cultural exchanges are also indispensable. Encouraging the parties to participate in the exchanges between sister city to optimize the current government and business-led pattern, increase the proportion of social forces to participate in. Compared with the economic cooperation between enterprises, the material conditions of the requirements for the communication of social forces is more simple, focusing on the exchange of knowledge and experience, paying more attention to the role of "people". Social forces can be encouraged to carry out foreign exchange activities in the subadministrative areas (especially those areas where friendshipcity relations are not yet established), and guide the social forces of the sister cities to understand some of the less open areas in Chongqing. Through the international exchange activities or the academic conference can speed up infrastructure construction, promote the opening of the secondary administrative region and show the unique style of the foreign sister city to rich people's cultural life.

4.Establishing local advantage industry

As a mountain city, the spatial structure of the city is more threedimensional. The space for development is more extensive and diverse. It is an ideal site for innovation experiment in transportation and construction. It can mobilize social forces to establish relevant incubation bases.With the formation of local technical advantages. It also can be used as a basis for promotional activities, to organize social groups and academic organizations of potential involved in the relevant art exhibitions or technological innovation exhibition. To show the world Chongqing, to enhance the city's visibility, to attract relevant personnel to Chongqing. Enrich cultural life of the city, improve the academic atmosphere.

In the work of foreign friendly cities, the introduction of multiparty participation is not extensive participation, but under the guidance of relevant government policies, with the government's major policy guidelines for refinement of the project portfolio. Multi-participatory activities should be built within the framework of a defi ned system. They should be supplemented by leakage of resources for existing activities and utilization of resources, providing assistance to government-led external activities. When the activities led by government cannot take all areas into account, multi-party participation can play its own advantages in a functional way.

Multi participation, strengthen cooperation between the Chongqing and Its Sister Cities