閆躍

推理判斷題是指那些針對文章所隱含的內(nèi)容、作者未言明的觀點或含蓄表達(dá)的態(tài)度所設(shè)置的問題，主要考查概括、歸納、比較、推理等綜合能力，要求同學(xué)們在理解文章字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上，解讀文章的深層內(nèi)涵。我們按推斷題的類型來分別看看它們的解題策略。

1. 推斷隱含意義

例1 （2015新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷） But not everyone is happy. Owain James， the president of the National Union of Students（NUS）， argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.

31. How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon？

A. Hes puzzled. B. Hes worried.

C. Hes surprised. D. Hes annoyed.

解析 B。根據(jù)本段第一句可知，Owain James對“間隔年”的做法并不認(rèn)同。他認(rèn)為這種現(xiàn)象反映的是學(xué)生的資金困難，他們不得不走出校門賺錢以使自己完成學(xué)業(yè)。而面對這種現(xiàn)象的普遍化，可以推斷，Owain James是“感到憂慮的”。

例2 （2014新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷） In 1897， the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons， but by then， no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.

27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan？

A. It was ignored by the public.

B. It was declared too late.

C. It was unfair.

D. It was strict.

解析 B。密歇根州雖然頒布了法律禁止捕殺旅鴿，但在這之前的十年已經(jīng)見不到成群的大只旅鴿，說明該項法律初衷雖好，但頒布時已經(jīng)為時已晚。

點撥 推斷隱含意義的這類題干中通常含有infer，suggest，imply，conclude等標(biāo)志性詞語，正確選項的意思必須忠實于原文，但不能照搬原文，否則就變成了事實細(xì)節(jié)，而不是經(jīng)過推斷而得出的結(jié)論；同時也不能按照自己的常識主觀臆斷，比如在上面的例2中，同學(xué)們?nèi)菀赘鶕?jù)自己的生活認(rèn)知，認(rèn)為法律一般都是“嚴(yán)厲的”而誤選D，但該法律是否嚴(yán)厲文中并沒有相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)予以佐證。

2. 推斷觀點態(tài)度

例3 （2015新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷） Sometimes this technique would not work， and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound. I actually began to build up my arm muscles shaking my set … At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist， and it stopped working altogether. My trip to the repair shop cost me $62， and the set is working well now， but I keep expecting more trouble.

24. How does the author sound when telling the story？

A. Curious B. Anxious

C. Cautious D. Humorous

解析 D。作者更換頻道不能消除電視噪音時，就把它拿起來搖晃。本來是一件很吃力的事，但他說這樣反而鍛煉了手臂的肌肉。搖晃解決不了問題，作者最終采取用拳頭敲擊的方法，但適得其反，噪音倒是沒了，但電視完全壞掉了。雖然最終拿到店里修好了，但作者還是一直等它不久后將出更多的麻煩。可以看出，電視噪音雖然令人惱火，但作者的講述語氣卻輕松詼諧。

例4 （2012全國卷Ⅰ） The law of overlearning explains why cramming for an examination， though it may result in a passing grade， is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming， a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination， but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.

71. What is the authors opinion on cramming？

A. It leads to failure in college exams.

B. Its helpful only in a limited way.

C. Its possible to result in poor memory.

D. It increases students learning interest.

解析 B。根據(jù)上段可知，作者并不完全否定突擊式學(xué)習(xí)，這種方法對學(xué)生通過考試還是有幫助的，但作者同時認(rèn)為，對于大學(xué)課程的學(xué)習(xí)，這種方法并不令人滿意，因為靠這種方法學(xué)的東西很容易遺忘。綜合來說，突擊式學(xué)習(xí)的作用“有限”。

點撥 推斷觀點態(tài)度的這類題干中通常含有think，sound，attitude，opinion，view等標(biāo)志性詞語；備選項中也通常包含一些評價性的詞語，如：objective，neutral，positive，negative，indifferent，sarcastic，critical，optimistic，pessimistic。解題時注意文中形容詞、副詞、動詞及所舉的例子的感情色彩，才能推斷出作者的言外之意。

3. 推斷寫作目的

例5 （2013新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷） Ive made living looking for the best deals and exposing the worst tricks ...I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted when it comes to shoes， clothes for my children， and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer， and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.

59. What does the author want to tell us？

A. How to expose bad tricks.

B. How to reserve airline seats.

C. How to spend money wisely.

D. How to make a business deal.

解析 C。作者認(rèn)為既然花了錢，那么就理應(yīng)得到對等的價值，這絕不是什么羞恥的事。而且作者花錢是有選擇性的，對于衣服、鞋子和價格昂貴的餐館，作者是比較吝嗇的，但對于發(fā)型、家具等價值持久的東西，作者花起錢來卻不猶豫。作者想要告訴讀者怎樣像她一樣明智地花錢。

例6 （2012全國卷Ⅱ） ADDIS ABABA， Ethiopia—One of the worlds most famous fossils—the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974—will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States， officials said Tuesday.

53. The author writes this text mainly to .

A. introduce a few U.S. museums

B. describe some research work

C. discuss the value of an ape-man

D. report a coming event

解析 D。根據(jù)will go on an exhibition tour abroad可知，一塊來自埃塞俄比亞的化石將在美國巡展，該化石世界聞名，這也是它首次在國外巡展。下文緊接著對這塊化石作了介紹并告知了這次巡展的天數(shù)和具體地點。由此可知，該文的目的是讓讀者知曉一件即將來臨的巡展事件。

點撥 推斷寫作目的這類題干中通常含有purpose，（in order） to，intend，mean，want to等標(biāo)志性詞語。它考查的可能是整篇文章的寫作目的，也可能是某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖。一般來說，我們可以根據(jù)文體類別初步推斷出寫作目的。

4. 推斷文章出處

例7 （2012全國卷Ⅱ） You may think that sailing is a difficult sport， but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind ...

48. Where can you probably find the text？

A. In a popular magazine

B. In a tourist guidebook

C. In a physics textbook

D. In an official report

解析 A。這一段講的是學(xué)習(xí)帆船運(yùn)動的總體要求，即學(xué)習(xí)者不一定要強(qiáng)壯，但要靈敏迅速，并且要了解風(fēng)向的基本規(guī)則。全文采取總分結(jié)構(gòu)，下面緊接著講的是帆船在風(fēng)向不同時的具體操作方法，語言平易，所以文章應(yīng)來自一本與運(yùn)動有關(guān)的大眾雜志。

點撥 這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容、表述對象、語言特點著手來判斷其出處。