畢華興,張建軍
(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持學(xué)院,100083,北京;2.北京林果業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境功能提升協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,102206,北京;3.山西吉縣森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家野外科學(xué)觀測(cè)研究站,100083,北京;4.水土保持國家林業(yè)局重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(北京林業(yè)大學(xué)),100083,北京)
適用于測(cè)釬法的土壤侵蝕最低模數(shù)閾值探討
畢華興1,2,3,張建軍1,3
(1.北京林業(yè)大學(xué)水土保持學(xué)院,100083,北京;2.北京林果業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境功能提升協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,102206,北京;3.山西吉縣森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家野外科學(xué)觀測(cè)研究站,100083,北京;4.水土保持國家林業(yè)局重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(北京林業(yè)大學(xué)),100083,北京)
測(cè)釬法具有布設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)施靈活、選材方便、成本低廉的優(yōu)點(diǎn),在土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),特別是生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)工作中應(yīng)用廣泛,但在實(shí)際使用中具有局限性。根據(jù)測(cè)纖法可測(cè)量的精度及其測(cè)定原理,從理論上推算適用測(cè)釬法的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值,對(duì)提高土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)精度具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。結(jié)果表明:使用測(cè)纖法進(jìn)行土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),月度、季度和年度的監(jiān)測(cè)值可適用的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值分別為1 452、484和121 t/(km2·a),低于該閾值,監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)精度不能保證。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果,建議在土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)中,土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度低于此閾值的地區(qū)或時(shí)段,宜采用其他監(jiān)測(cè)方法,以確保土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果的精確性。
測(cè)釬法;土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè);精度;最低閾值
測(cè)釬法是利用一組測(cè)釬測(cè)量坡面土壤侵蝕厚度的設(shè)施,適用于分散的土狀堆積物形成的穩(wěn)定坡面的土壤流失觀測(cè)[1],被廣泛使用[2]。從應(yīng)用的實(shí)踐成果看,測(cè)釬法具有實(shí)施靈活、選材方便、布設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單、成本低廉的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但同時(shí)也存在監(jiān)測(cè)精度不高、受人為活動(dòng)擾動(dòng)頻繁、易受破壞等缺點(diǎn)[1,3],在土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)中具有局限性。為了探討測(cè)釬法在土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),尤其是生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)中的適用條件,筆者根據(jù)測(cè)纖法的實(shí)際測(cè)量精度以及其測(cè)量原理,從理論上推算出適用測(cè)釬法的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值,對(duì)提高土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)精度具有現(xiàn)實(shí)的指導(dǎo)意義。
1.1 測(cè)釬法布設(shè)方法
根據(jù)坡面條件,將直徑0.5~1 cm、長50~100 cm的測(cè)釬(可以是竹、木、鐵、鋼釬,如果是竹、木釬要用油漆做防腐處理),按一定距離分上中下、左中右縱橫各3排、共9根布設(shè)在坡面上,測(cè)釬沿坡面垂直方向打入至與坡面水平面平齊,在測(cè)釬頂部涂上紅漆并編號(hào)登記。測(cè)釬法布設(shè)示意圖見圖1。
圖1 測(cè)纖法示意圖Fig.1 Sketch of soil erosion monitoring with chain pin method
1.2 測(cè)釬法可測(cè)量精度
使用測(cè)纖法在實(shí)際土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)過程中,在坡面布設(shè)的測(cè)釬與坡面接觸的部位,即測(cè)釬出露高度觀測(cè)的終點(diǎn)處,既不是水平面,也不是與坡面相平行的一個(gè)斜面,通常是不規(guī)則的凸凹形面。受周邊土壤影響也會(huì)導(dǎo)致測(cè)釬根部土壤疏松,受徑流沖刷后很容易在測(cè)釬根部形成凹坑,使測(cè)量終點(diǎn)存在不確定性,增加測(cè)釬讀數(shù)的不確定性,最終會(huì)影響土壤侵蝕量的測(cè)量精度[1,3]。在上述條件下,基于肉眼可觀測(cè)到的測(cè)纖高度的變化值在毫米之間,故本研究將測(cè)釬法可測(cè)量精度最大值定為毫米級(jí)。
1.3 土壤侵蝕量測(cè)定方法
將土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段分為月度、季度和年度分別進(jìn)行研究,通過觀測(cè)測(cè)纖頂部與距地面的高差確定土壤侵蝕厚度,監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段內(nèi)的土壤侵蝕量計(jì)算公式[4]為
式中:W為監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段內(nèi)土壤侵蝕量,m3;H為監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段內(nèi)土壤侵蝕厚度,mm;S為水平投影面積,m2;θ為坡面坡度,(°)。
1.4 土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值確定方法
一定監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段內(nèi),當(dāng)9根測(cè)纖高度的變化量全為0時(shí),即侵蝕厚度為0,侵蝕量也為0,說明未產(chǎn)生水土流失。定義其中任何一根測(cè)纖侵蝕厚度為1、其他8根測(cè)釬侵蝕厚度為0時(shí),該樣方內(nèi)可測(cè)量到的土壤侵蝕量為最小土壤侵蝕量,所對(duì)應(yīng)的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)為其最低閾值。
根據(jù)該定義,用肉眼可觀測(cè)到一定時(shí)段內(nèi)(如月、季度、年)發(fā)生土壤侵蝕的最低測(cè)量結(jié)果為9根測(cè)纖中其中任何一根測(cè)纖的高度變化量為1、其他8根為0。按此計(jì)算,整個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)樣方內(nèi)平均土壤侵蝕厚度為1/9=0.11 mm。監(jiān)測(cè)樣方的單位水平投影面積按1m2計(jì)算,則1 km2可計(jì)量出的最小侵蝕量體積為0.11mm×1 km2=110 m3,其質(zhì)量可根據(jù)土壤體積和土壤密度計(jì)算得出。
不同監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段土壤侵蝕模數(shù)計(jì)算結(jié)果見表1。根據(jù)土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值確定方法得出,如果測(cè)纖法用于每月的土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),則該地區(qū)的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值為1 452 t/(km3·a),如果測(cè)纖法用于每季度的土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),則該地區(qū)的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值為484 t/(km3·a),如果測(cè)纖法用于每年度的土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),則該地區(qū)的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值為121 t/(km3·a)。某地區(qū)如果土壤侵蝕模數(shù)大于最低閾值,則可考慮采取測(cè)釬法進(jìn)行土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),否則監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)精度不足,監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果不可信。
表1 監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段內(nèi)測(cè)纖法可測(cè)量的土壤侵蝕量Tab.1 Measurable soil erosion using chain pinmethod in different monitoring periods
只有當(dāng)某地區(qū)(或某建設(shè)項(xiàng)目)在監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)段內(nèi)土壤侵蝕模數(shù)大于最低閾值,才可考慮在該時(shí)段采取測(cè)釬法進(jìn)行土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè),否則監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)精度不足,監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果不可信,宜采用其他監(jiān)測(cè)方法進(jìn)行土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)。
生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)過程中要求提供監(jiān)測(cè)季報(bào)和年報(bào),所以,每季度至少要對(duì)本季度的土壤流失量進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),然后根據(jù)1年內(nèi)4個(gè)季度的監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)值,推算出全年的土壤侵蝕量。為此,生產(chǎn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)中常用的測(cè)纖法具有局限性,僅適宜應(yīng)用于土壤侵蝕模數(shù)大于484 t/(km3·a)的區(qū)域,否在測(cè)纖法不能應(yīng)用于該類地區(qū)或該時(shí)段內(nèi)的土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)。
筆者對(duì)在廣泛使用的土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)方法—測(cè)纖法提出了適用性界定,認(rèn)為測(cè)纖法有其適宜的使用地域和時(shí)段。通過概化各種基礎(chǔ)條件,從理論上推算出測(cè)纖法適宜應(yīng)用的區(qū)域,并給出使用測(cè)纖法的最低土壤侵蝕模數(shù)背景閾值。如果土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度低于此閾值,測(cè)纖法不僅失去了其簡(jiǎn)單易行的優(yōu)點(diǎn),并且變得不可使用。建議在以后的土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)中,一定要根據(jù)土壤侵蝕背景值,選擇適宜的監(jiān)測(cè)方法,在土壤侵蝕強(qiáng)度比較小的地域或時(shí)段,宜采用其他監(jiān)測(cè)方法以確保土壤侵蝕監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。
本研究采用的土壤密度是不同土壤類型全球數(shù)據(jù)的概化,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用過程中應(yīng)根據(jù)各地區(qū)的實(shí)際情況采取當(dāng)?shù)叵鄳?yīng)的土壤密度,以確定本地區(qū)使用測(cè)纖法的土壤侵蝕模數(shù)最低閾值。
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M inimal threshold value of soil erosion modulus for soil erosion monitoring by chain pin method
Bi Huaxing1,2,3,Zhang Jianjun1,3
(1.College of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,100083,Beijing,China;2.Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees,102206,Beijing,China;3.Ji County Station,Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network(CNERN),100083,Beijing,China;4.Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation(Beijing Forestry University),100083,Beijing,China)
[Background]Chain pin method possesses the advantages of simple setting,flexible,convenient in material selection and low cost,thus has been widely used in soil erosion monitoring,especially in production and construction project soil erosion monitoring.However,there are a lot of disadvantages in the practical application of it,such as the monitoring accuracy is not high,the results are affected by anthropogenic disturbances frequently,and it is vulnerable to destruction.Moreover,there are limitations of using it in soil erosion monitoring.In order to investigate the scope of applying chain pin approach in soil erosion monitoring,especially for production and construction projects,and to obtain the applicable conditions for soil erosion monitoring using chain pin method,authors focus on theoretically calculating the minimal threshold of soil erosion modulus according to the measurement accuracy and principle of the chain pins,which has practical significance in increasing measurement precision of soil erosion monitoring.[Methods]The study was conducted on a slope with 9 rods evenly distributed.First of all,according to the actual situation,we determined the measured minimal height of chain pins that the naked eye can observe,and we calculated the sample average minimal soil erosionthickness and erosion volume;then on the basis of the corresponding to different soil texture and soil bulk density,we calculated soil erosion per square km in the monitoring period,and converted it to annual soil erosion modulus.[Results]Among 9 measuring chain pins,we supposed that any single pin was measured with the height change of 1 mm,other 8 pins were 0 with naked eye for a certain period of monitoring time(such as monthly,quarterly,and annually),thus,the average soil erosion thickness of the whole monitoring plot was 1/9=0.11 mm,based on this thickness,we calculated the minimal erosion volume as 110 cubic meters per square kilometer.Then we obtained the soil erosion weight according to the volume of soil and soil bulk density.From the calculation results,the minimal threshold value of soil erosion modulus was 1 452,484 and 121 t/(km2·a)for month,season and year,respectively.[Conclusions]It can be seen that the chain pin method can only be applied in the given region or period,where or when soil erosion modulus is above the calculated minimal threshold in this paper,or in the area with low soil erosion modulus.If chain pin method is applied in areas where does not meet the conditions mentioned above,there will be some limitations or even the monitoring data can't be acquired.It is suggested that other methods,such as sediment basin,should be adopted to ensure the accuracy of soil erosion monitoring results in areas or periods of lower soil erosion intensity than this min threshold.
chain pin method;soil erosion monitoring;measured precision;minimal threshold value
S157
A
1672-3007(2016)05-0119-04
10.16843/j.sswc.2016.05.015
2016- 05- 23
2016- 09- 24
項(xiàng)目名稱:科技創(chuàng)新服務(wù)能力建設(shè)-協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心-林果業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境功能提升協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心(PXM2016_014207_000038)
畢華興(1969—),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。主要研究方向:水土保持與荒漠化防治。E-mail:bhx@bjfu.edu.cn