唐秀美 陳百明 劉 玉 潘瑜春 孫 超 任艷敏
(1.北京農(nóng)業(yè)信息技術(shù)研究中心, 北京 100097; 2.國家農(nóng)業(yè)信息化工程技術(shù)研究中心, 北京 100097;3.中國科學(xué)院地理科學(xué)與資源研究所, 北京 100101)
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耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估研究進(jìn)展分析
唐秀美1,2陳百明3劉玉1,2潘瑜春1,2孫超1,2任艷敏1,2
(1.北京農(nóng)業(yè)信息技術(shù)研究中心, 北京 100097; 2.國家農(nóng)業(yè)信息化工程技術(shù)研究中心, 北京 100097;3.中國科學(xué)院地理科學(xué)與資源研究所, 北京 100101)
耕地資源是人類生存和發(fā)展不可替代的重要資源,承載著保證糧食安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的功能,開展耕地資源價(jià)值測算研究,為耕地保護(hù)補(bǔ)償決策提供理論依據(jù),具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。隨著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)稀缺性變得越來越突出,耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估受到了空前的重視,本文對(duì)國內(nèi)外耕地資源價(jià)值的研究體系進(jìn)行了梳理,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)國內(nèi)外耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的評(píng)估方法進(jìn)行了總結(jié),并對(duì)各種方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了分析,最后,提出了耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估將來的研究重點(diǎn)。
耕地; 生態(tài)價(jià)值; 多功能; 評(píng)估
耕地作為土地資源的精華部分,其可持續(xù)利用是影響區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵問題[1-2]。耕地資源是人類生存和發(fā)展不可替代的重要資源,在我國,耕地資源更是承載著保證糧食安全和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的功能,因此,我國政府高度重視耕地保護(hù),將其列入基本國策,采取“世界上最嚴(yán)格的耕地保護(hù)政策”[3],而全面認(rèn)識(shí)耕地的價(jià)值是保護(hù)耕地的關(guān)鍵。2000年以來,隨著全球城市化進(jìn)程的加快,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)稀缺性變得越來越突出,耕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多功能性受到了空前的重視,國外有關(guān)農(nóng)地價(jià)值,特別是耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的研究成為熱點(diǎn)[4-7]。國內(nèi)外耕地資源價(jià)值的研究都經(jīng)歷了由無價(jià)值到單一價(jià)值到綜合價(jià)值核算的發(fā)展過程,學(xué)者們的關(guān)注點(diǎn)由簡單的關(guān)注耕地能生產(chǎn)多少糧食、養(yǎng)活多少人,逐漸過渡到全面關(guān)注耕地的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出價(jià)值、所承擔(dān)的社會(huì)保障功能與生態(tài)服務(wù)價(jià)值[8],出現(xiàn)了耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的不同評(píng)估方法[9-10]。科學(xué)界定耕地資源生態(tài)價(jià)值,構(gòu)建完善的耕地資源價(jià)值測算體系,對(duì)制定有效的耕地保護(hù)政策,緩解城市化進(jìn)程中耕地資源流失具有重要意義。本文在對(duì)國內(nèi)外耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估研究成果進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理的基礎(chǔ)上,針對(duì)目前研究中存在的不足,闡明其研究趨勢,以期為進(jìn)一步研究提供參考。
生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能的概念始于1970年聯(lián)合國大學(xué)(United Nations University)發(fā)表的人類對(duì)全球環(huán)境的影響報(bào)告,報(bào)告中首次列舉了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對(duì)人類的環(huán)境服務(wù)功能。對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能進(jìn)行較全面的研究,是以DAILY[11]編著的《Nature’s Sevrices:Societal Dependence on Natural Eeosysetms》的出版和COSTANZA等[12]對(duì)全球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的發(fā)表為標(biāo)志,從此生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能及其價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)研究工作逐漸成為生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界的熱點(diǎn)[13-14]。耕地資源的生態(tài)價(jià)值是指耕地在調(diào)節(jié)氣候、凈化與美化環(huán)境、防止水土流失、維護(hù)物種多樣性等方面所具有的功能價(jià)值[3]。近年來,耕地資源稀缺的矛盾日益突出,除了耕地的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值與社會(huì)價(jià)值外,耕地的生態(tài)價(jià)值逐漸引起學(xué)者們的重視,如何合理評(píng)估耕地的生態(tài)價(jià)值成為研究的重點(diǎn),耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估即將耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值進(jìn)行貨幣化表現(xiàn)[15]。由于耕地作為不動(dòng)產(chǎn),又有其特殊性,因此,在耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估中要考慮耕地的特殊性,包括反映位置的固定性或不可移動(dòng)性、耕地生態(tài)功能的不可替代性、動(dòng)態(tài)變化性等[16]。
國外對(duì)土地價(jià)值進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究的歷史可以追溯到英國古典政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人威廉·配第提出的農(nóng)業(yè)地租理論。20世紀(jì)80年代以前,國外關(guān)于耕地價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)基本屬于耕地經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)研究,之后國外對(duì)農(nóng)地價(jià)值的研究過渡到研究生態(tài)環(huán)境價(jià)值、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)價(jià)值及其評(píng)價(jià)方法等方面。隨著人們對(duì)資源生態(tài)環(huán)境及具有公共屬性的資源的重視,資源生態(tài)環(huán)境價(jià)值評(píng)估日益被關(guān)注。1980年,世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟(IUCN)在《世界自然資源保護(hù)大綱》指出,必須從社會(huì)的、生態(tài)的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度核算自然資源價(jià)值,以確保全球的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)80年代末,國際生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)會(huì)的成立,引發(fā)了關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展指標(biāo)和綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境核算體系構(gòu)建的大討論,并引起了關(guān)于環(huán)境價(jià)值研究的熱潮,不同土地生態(tài)價(jià)值的評(píng)估涌現(xiàn),包括濕地[17-18]、河流[19-20]、海洋紅樹林等[21-24]。
國外耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估研究中[25-27],除了對(duì)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值總體性的評(píng)估[28-29],多數(shù)認(rèn)為耕地生態(tài)功能主要包括土壤肥力的維持、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)循環(huán)、廢棄物同化、碳匯、生物多樣性等方面的研究,比如,SWINTON等[30]認(rèn)為耕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在提供糧食、纖維和燃料等產(chǎn)品過程中還提供其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù),包括授粉服務(wù)[31]、害蟲控制服務(wù)[32]、水質(zhì)凈化服務(wù)[33]等;PORTER等[34]在丹麥哥本哈根大學(xué)農(nóng)場評(píng)價(jià)了草地、谷物、生物燃料以及由這三者構(gòu)成的糧食能源聯(lián)合生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值;WALL等[35]認(rèn)為耕地土壤是陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的核心組成,并評(píng)估了土壤在全球生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)中起著重要作用;WOOD等[36]分析了世界農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的定量和定性信息,評(píng)估了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài);DAILY[37]評(píng)價(jià)了一個(gè)澳大利亞農(nóng)場收益的組成及其比重;PRETTY等[38]研究了免耕技術(shù)對(duì)農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳蓄積能力的增加情況,并估計(jì)了英國種植業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)的碳累積能給農(nóng)民帶來的收入;DOMINATI等[39]在現(xiàn)有研究基礎(chǔ)上歸納了土壤自然資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。也有學(xué)者研究了不同農(nóng)業(yè)模式提供生態(tài)服務(wù)的差別,包括集約農(nóng)業(yè)和傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)某些生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能變化[40]、耕地景觀生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值[41]、不同自然景觀和農(nóng)業(yè)景觀生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)等[42]。
在評(píng)估方法方面,很多學(xué)者試圖對(duì)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值類型進(jìn)行細(xì)分,并采取不同的評(píng)價(jià)方法對(duì)各項(xiàng)耕地生態(tài)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)估。由于沒有專門成熟的耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值核算方法,大多數(shù)評(píng)估方法都是借用資源環(huán)境價(jià)值核算的方法,多采用替代市場技術(shù),出現(xiàn)了成本替代法、旅行成本法、意愿評(píng)估法、條件價(jià)值法等多種評(píng)價(jià)公共品屬性、環(huán)境價(jià)值的方法。在耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估中應(yīng)用相對(duì)成熟的方法有兩種:第一種為替代市場法,即采用替代市場技術(shù),以“影子價(jià)格”和消費(fèi)者剩余來表達(dá)資源環(huán)境的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,比如,GENELETTI[43]提出了一個(gè)基于常規(guī)數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)農(nóng)地景觀生態(tài)價(jià)值的數(shù)學(xué)方法,該方法依賴于GIS中的景觀生態(tài)指標(biāo),選擇農(nóng)地景觀類型、剩余物覆蓋和邊緣特征、森林與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)的交錯(cuò)長度及近似自然儲(chǔ)量等作為生態(tài)指標(biāo)變量;MILNE等[44]以加拿大南安大略湖為例,利用市場法核算該地區(qū)風(fēng)景保護(hù)用地生物多樣性和生態(tài)價(jià)值;AMY等[45]采用影子價(jià)格法評(píng)估了冬水田天然儲(chǔ)水功能價(jià)值;也有研究采用替代市場法對(duì)區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值與農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了政策干預(yù)建議[46]。另外一種方法是條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法,條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法屬于模擬市場法的一種,國外采用模擬市場法對(duì)自然資源價(jià)值進(jìn)行核算的研究較多,模擬市場法又稱假設(shè)市場法,它以支付意愿和凈支付意愿來表達(dá)生態(tài)環(huán)境的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。由美國學(xué)者CIRIACY-WANTRUP[47]最先開發(fā)應(yīng)用的條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法(Contingent valuation method,CVM)逐漸成為一種特別適用于非市場價(jià)值評(píng)估的經(jīng)典方法,眾多學(xué)者采用條件價(jià)值法對(duì)自然資源進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)[48-52],并對(duì)方法進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)研究[53-54],條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法是公共物品非市場價(jià)值評(píng)估的唯一方法[55-57],屬于典型的陳述偏好法,該方法不依賴于現(xiàn)實(shí)市場中的數(shù)據(jù),而是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)虛擬的市場,通過問卷調(diào)查,向被調(diào)查者描述虛擬市場中環(huán)境物品供應(yīng)數(shù)量或質(zhì)量的變化情況,詢問其支付意愿金額(WTP)或受償意愿金額(WTA),據(jù)此評(píng)價(jià)資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值[58]。耕地非市場價(jià)值評(píng)估方面,國外已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了大量研究,如DORFMAN等[59]對(duì)農(nóng)地保護(hù)非市場價(jià)值的研究;CHO等[60]對(duì)地役權(quán)保護(hù)支付意愿的研究;BANZHAF等[61]對(duì)城市近郊土地公共價(jià)值的評(píng)估;SUTTON等[62]利用全球覆蓋映象數(shù)據(jù),估計(jì)了全球土地的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和非市場經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估方面的研究也較多,例如,THOMAS等[63]采用意愿法分析了Netherlands保護(hù)動(dòng)物繁殖權(quán)利對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)用地價(jià)值的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)物得到保護(hù)的地區(qū)比沒有得到保護(hù)的地區(qū)的土地價(jià)格高;SPELLERBERG[64]、BALMFORD等[65]利用意愿法核算耕地的生物多樣性價(jià)值;WARNAFFE[66]和NORIS等[67]通過調(diào)查居民對(duì)植物和動(dòng)物的喜好意愿評(píng)價(jià)了土地的風(fēng)景生態(tài)價(jià)值;FRANK等在缺乏正式的農(nóng)地市場前提下,分析了巴西亞馬遜河地區(qū)影響土地價(jià)值的特征因素,研究表明土地經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值得到一定增加,但其生態(tài)價(jià)值和社會(huì)價(jià)格卻明顯下降[68];BASTIAN等利用GIS數(shù)據(jù)和享樂模型方法,以美國懷俄明州農(nóng)地為例研究了農(nóng)地的生態(tài)價(jià)值[69]。
3.1我國的耕地資源價(jià)值體系
耕地資源價(jià)值的本質(zhì)是耕地資源滿足人類需要,它源于耕地資源的效用、稀缺性和可控性[70]。耕地資源價(jià)值的研究是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展的過程,人們對(duì)其認(rèn)識(shí)經(jīng)歷了由無價(jià)到單一的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值核算,再到綜合價(jià)值核算的發(fā)展過程[71]。長期以來,傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)對(duì)土地價(jià)值的認(rèn)識(shí)僅僅停留在單純的或狹義的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值基礎(chǔ)上,忽視了土地所擁有的生態(tài)服務(wù)功能、社會(huì)保障功能、代際公平等外部性價(jià)值[72]。由于權(quán)屬狀況和背景不同,我國耕地資源價(jià)值內(nèi)涵與國外有所不同,有代表性的耕地資源價(jià)值的相關(guān)研究較多,學(xué)者進(jìn)行了不同的定義和分類,其中有代表性的如表1所示。
在表1中,耕地資源價(jià)值分類體系差距較大,有的分類方式中有耕地資源的生態(tài)價(jià)值分類,有的分類中沒有專門的生態(tài)價(jià)值類型,但包含到其他價(jià)值類型中,比如,非市場價(jià)值、非使用價(jià)值中,應(yīng)該都是包括耕地的生態(tài)價(jià)值。對(duì)耕地資源綜合價(jià)值評(píng)估的主要目的是為耕地保護(hù)服務(wù),耕地價(jià)值是耕地流轉(zhuǎn)中價(jià)值補(bǔ)償?shù)闹匾罁?jù),在目前的耕地的非農(nóng)流轉(zhuǎn)中,現(xiàn)行耕地補(bǔ)償體系中還不包括耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值補(bǔ)償,造成耕地的開發(fā)利用僅受單純經(jīng)濟(jì)利益驅(qū)動(dòng),使得資源耗竭速度加快,相對(duì)國外,目前我國對(duì)具有生態(tài)功能價(jià)值和社會(huì)保障價(jià)值的耕地生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)难芯可婕拜^少[81-83],耕地占用中,不僅要對(duì)耕地的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值與社會(huì)價(jià)值進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,還需對(duì)耕地的生態(tài)價(jià)值進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。因此,有必要對(duì)耕地的生態(tài)價(jià)值進(jìn)行評(píng)估,以滿足耕地資源總價(jià)值的合理測算和進(jìn)行耕地生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)膶?shí)際需求。
3.2評(píng)估方法
國內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的評(píng)估方法與國外相似,大體可以分為3種類型:價(jià)值當(dāng)量修正法、替代市場法和條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法。
3.2.1價(jià)值當(dāng)量修正法
謝高地等以COSTANZA等對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值評(píng)估的部分成果為參考,同時(shí)綜合了對(duì)我國專業(yè)人士進(jìn)行的生態(tài)調(diào)查結(jié)果,建立了我國陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)單位面積服務(wù)價(jià)值表[84]。因此,不少學(xué)者通過對(duì)謝高地等計(jì)算出的耕地資源生態(tài)服務(wù)的價(jià)值進(jìn)行修正,來獲取研究區(qū)內(nèi)的生態(tài)價(jià)值。本文將該類方法命名為價(jià)值當(dāng)量修正法。胡蓉等[85]利用物價(jià)指數(shù)對(duì)耕地資源生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值進(jìn)行修正,得到1998、2008年全國耕地資源生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值分別為6 047、7 318.8元/hm2;覃潔等[86]通過區(qū)域耕地平均糧食單產(chǎn)對(duì)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值進(jìn)行修正,測算出廣西2014年單位耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值為22 847.50元/hm2,耕地生態(tài)補(bǔ)償價(jià)值為23.04億元;羅娟等[87]利用生物量對(duì)耕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值進(jìn)行修正,認(rèn)為研究區(qū)內(nèi)不適宜性耕地的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值與臨界適宜性耕地的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值要低于草地的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值;汪冰等[88]在對(duì)農(nóng)田主要作物進(jìn)一步細(xì)分的基礎(chǔ)上,引入了平衡城市化進(jìn)程系數(shù)作為控制城市化進(jìn)程速度和加大政策調(diào)控力度的因素,重新構(gòu)建了農(nóng)用地轉(zhuǎn)用生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估模型;賴元長等[89]參照中國陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)單位面積生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值當(dāng)量表,結(jié)合研究區(qū)糧食平均產(chǎn)量和收購價(jià)格,分析了退耕還林前后的生態(tài)價(jià)值變化,探討了退耕還林工程對(duì)生態(tài)價(jià)值的影響。
表1 我國耕地資源價(jià)值內(nèi)涵分類Tab.1 Classification and connotation of cultivated land resources value in China
價(jià)值當(dāng)量法可以得到的是耕地的總體生態(tài)價(jià)值,并能將耕地的生態(tài)價(jià)值類型劃分為氣體調(diào)節(jié)、氣候調(diào)節(jié)、水源涵養(yǎng)、土壤形成與保護(hù)、廢物處理、生物多樣性保護(hù)、食物生產(chǎn)、原材料和娛樂文化8種功能。由于價(jià)值當(dāng)量法方法簡單,操作性強(qiáng),使用比較廣泛,但其評(píng)價(jià)的價(jià)值更適合與其他類型土地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值相比的“相對(duì)價(jià)值”,且其價(jià)值類型實(shí)際上包括耕地的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,其類型劃分有待進(jìn)一步探討。
3.2.2替代市場法
替代市場法在國內(nèi)也有較多的應(yīng)用,其中,湯進(jìn)華等[90]選取耕地資源的氣體調(diào)節(jié)功能價(jià)值、大氣凈化功能價(jià)值、水源涵養(yǎng)價(jià)值、土地保持價(jià)值、土壤營養(yǎng)保持價(jià)值和維持生物多樣性功能價(jià)值這6種服務(wù)功能價(jià)值作為測算因子,利用市場價(jià)值法對(duì)2007—2009年和2010—2012年武漢城市圈耕地資源生態(tài)價(jià)值年均值進(jìn)行測算,最終定量計(jì)算出武漢城市圈耕地資源價(jià)值總量;許恒周等[91]以江蘇省為例,在總結(jié)前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,將耕地生態(tài)功能分為供給、調(diào)節(jié)、支持和文化4類,運(yùn)用價(jià)值量評(píng)價(jià)法評(píng)估各生態(tài)價(jià)值,并估算在非農(nóng)化過程中損失的耕地資源生態(tài)價(jià)值;趙海珍等[92]以拉薩河谷地區(qū)達(dá)孜縣為例,運(yùn)用市場價(jià)值法、替代工程法、影子價(jià)格法等方法對(duì)青稞農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品固定CO2、釋放O2、涵養(yǎng)水分、維持營養(yǎng)循環(huán)等生態(tài)服務(wù)功能進(jìn)行了計(jì)算;吳兆娟等[93]采用替代市場法評(píng)估了基于地塊尺度的耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值測算方法及調(diào)查測算了水田、旱地地塊生態(tài)價(jià)值;曹志宏等[94]根據(jù)耕地資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能、生態(tài)功能和社會(huì)功能,采用市場價(jià)值法、恢復(fù)費(fèi)用法和機(jī)會(huì)成本法等計(jì)算黃淮海地區(qū)耕地資源價(jià)值。表2總結(jié)了我國采用替代市場法評(píng)估耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值常用的分類和核算方法。
替代市場法能對(duì)耕地的各類生態(tài)價(jià)值進(jìn)行精細(xì)化核算,并可以根據(jù)區(qū)域?qū)嶋H數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行調(diào)控,是一種相對(duì)精確的核算方法,但由于耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值構(gòu)成的復(fù)雜性,替代市場法受到科學(xué)技術(shù)水平、計(jì)量方法和研究手段的限制,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步提高耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的合理性和精確性。
3.2.3條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法
國內(nèi)采用條件價(jià)值法評(píng)估耕地非市場價(jià)值,特別是生態(tài)價(jià)值的研究起步相對(duì)晚,但也形成了豐富的成果。李廣東等[97]運(yùn)用條件價(jià)值法對(duì)三峽生態(tài)脆弱區(qū)耕地非市場價(jià)值進(jìn)行了評(píng)估;魏玲等[98]以武漢市為樣本區(qū)域,采用問卷調(diào)查法,分市民和農(nóng)民兩類樣本,調(diào)查居民對(duì)耕地生態(tài)服務(wù)價(jià)值的認(rèn)知程度、支付態(tài)度及意愿支付額;高漢琦等[99]在分析耕地生態(tài)服務(wù)功能特征及耕地資源和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境等對(duì)耕地生態(tài)影響的主要因素的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)焦作市未來不同情景下的耕地生態(tài)功能變化過程進(jìn)行模擬,并采用條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法中連續(xù)型的支付卡方式調(diào)查農(nóng)戶對(duì)耕地生態(tài)效益的支付意愿(WTP)和受償意愿(WTA);馬愛慧等[100]選用湖北省武漢市中心城區(qū)與遠(yuǎn)城區(qū)361份市民和383份農(nóng)戶的實(shí)地問卷調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),從選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)法視角,分析城鄉(xiāng)居民對(duì)于耕地面積、耕地質(zhì)量與肥力、耕地周邊景觀與生態(tài)環(huán)境和耕地保護(hù)支付成本4項(xiàng)保護(hù)屬性及所組合方案政策的可能反映和接受意愿;唐建等[101]采用雙邊界二分式CVM法的Logistic模型,從城鎮(zhèn)居民的支付意愿和農(nóng)民的受償意愿2個(gè)角度評(píng)價(jià)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值,在WTP和WTA法下,重慶耕地生態(tài)總價(jià)值分別為276億元、2 132億元。
表2 我國替代市場法評(píng)估耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值常用分類與核算方法Tab.2 Classification and evaluation method of cultivated land ecological value evaluation based on alternative market approach in China
條件價(jià)值評(píng)估法使用方法靈活、適用性廣泛,具有強(qiáng)大的提供數(shù)據(jù)來源的能力,在估算耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值過程中考慮到了居民利益,研究結(jié)果與該地域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展水平顯著相關(guān),在此基礎(chǔ)上及前提下的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)論的適用性相對(duì)較高,其重要性和應(yīng)用性正在逐步提高。但該評(píng)估方法主要應(yīng)用于評(píng)估耕地整體生態(tài)價(jià)值,無法評(píng)估單一價(jià)值類型。另外,利用CVM法的生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估需要對(duì)受訪者進(jìn)行假設(shè)情景的描述,且無法做到對(duì)假設(shè)情景的量化,因此如何設(shè)定問卷對(duì)于結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確度有較高的影響。
目前,耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估方法越來越受到學(xué)術(shù)界研究的重視,在各種評(píng)估方法中取得了很大的進(jìn)步,但由于耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值本身的影響因素復(fù)雜多樣且多難以定量,因此對(duì)于耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的評(píng)估仍具有一定的難度。目前,耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估方法尚存在一定不足,耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估的重點(diǎn)發(fā)展方向有以下幾方面:
(1)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值體系研究
目前,不同學(xué)者根據(jù)需求劃分了不同的耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值分類體系,由于劃定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同,不同測算結(jié)果之間尚缺乏可比性。將來應(yīng)加強(qiáng)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值理論基礎(chǔ)研究,合理劃分耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值類型,形成完整的、可操作的耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值監(jiān)測與評(píng)價(jià)體系,以便于耕地價(jià)值基礎(chǔ)研究的開展與基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的積累,為管理與決策提供必要的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)支持。
(2)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估方法研究
根據(jù)上述的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),現(xiàn)有耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估都存在一定的不足。未來有待于加強(qiáng)數(shù)學(xué)模型法的應(yīng)用,基于影響耕地自身?xiàng)l件和不同影響因素建立價(jià)值評(píng)估模型,合理測算耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值。
(3)精細(xì)化耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估
目前耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值評(píng)估主要集中在大尺度和中尺度,包括對(duì)國家、省(市)、縣等區(qū)域尺度的評(píng)估研究,由于缺少耕地地塊資料,綜合結(jié)合耕地地塊的氣候、地形、植被、水文、土壤等因素進(jìn)行評(píng)估的研究較少,因此,基于地塊尺度的耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值精細(xì)化評(píng)估是一個(gè)重要研究方向。
(4)在耕地生態(tài)補(bǔ)償中的應(yīng)用研究
保護(hù)耕地是我國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一項(xiàng)基本國策,但是在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的過程中隨著城市化進(jìn)程的加快,不可避免地要占用耕地,耕地被占用會(huì)損害農(nóng)民的切身利益,必須對(duì)被占用耕地的農(nóng)戶進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,這就是耕地補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。耕地具有重要的生態(tài)效益,這種生態(tài)效益具有強(qiáng)烈的外部性,在中國,耕地所產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益未被納入到耕地利用的收益之中,致使保護(hù)和收益脫節(jié)的現(xiàn)象突出。有學(xué)者提出了一系列保護(hù)耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值的措施[102-103],但合理評(píng)估耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值是確定耕地合理補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的重要步驟,應(yīng)建立更為完善的耕地價(jià)值補(bǔ)償制度,并借此達(dá)到用經(jīng)濟(jì)手段控制耕地流失及減少生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞的目標(biāo)。將來,合理評(píng)估耕地生態(tài)價(jià)值并促進(jìn)其在耕地生態(tài)補(bǔ)償中的應(yīng)用是一個(gè)重要的研究方向。
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Research Advances and Perspectives of Evaluation on Ecological Value of Cultivated Land
Tang Xiumei1,2Chen Baiming3Liu Yu1,2Pan Yuchun1,2Sun Chao1,2Ren Yanmin1,2
(1.BeijingResearchCenterforInformationTechnologyinAgriculture,Beijing100097,China2.NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforInformationTechnologyinAgriculture,Beijing100097,China3.InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,CAS,Beijing100101,China)
Cultivated land(CL) resource is an important resource for human survival and development, and it bears the function of ensuring food security and social stability. The research on the value evaluation of CL resources provides a theoretical basis for the protection of CL, and has important practical significance. With the scarcity of ecosystem services become more and more prominent, the ecological value (EV) evaluation of CL has received unprecedented attention.This paper explored the research advances and perspectives of evaluation on EV of CL. Firstly, the current value of CL classification system and the connotation were summarized. The research of the CL resources value has experienced the development process from the value of no value to a single value then to the comprehensive value accounting at home and abroad, and scholars focused on how much food and how many people will be able to produce, and gradual transition to the economic output value of the cultivated land, the social security function and the value of ecological services, the EV of CL were defined on the basis of the study above. Secondly, the accounting methods of EV of CL were summarized at home and abroad, including equivalent value correction method, substitute market method and simulation market method, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were summarized. Finally, this paper put forward the focus of future research about EV evaluation of CL,including the follows: research on EV system of CL, the EV of CL evaluation method research, the EV refinement and evaluation of CL and in the eco-compensation for CL in applied research.The research results and conclusions had great significance for the theory and method of the EV evaluation of CL.
cultivated land; ecological value; multi-function; evaluation
10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.09.036
2016-06-10
2016-07-18
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41301093)
唐秀美(1982—),女,助理研究員,博士,主要從事土地可持續(xù)利用研究,E-mail: Tangxm@nercita.org.cn
劉玉(1982—),男,副研究員,博士,主要從事土地利用、區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)與農(nóng)村發(fā)展研究,E-mail: Liuyu@nercita.org.cn
F062.2
A
1000-1298(2016)09-0256-10