張學磊 金明花 王 瑩 孫韞琪 馮大偉 劉 哲 柴國祿.黑龍江省佳木斯市骨科醫(yī)院內科,黑龍江佳木斯 54002;2.佳木斯大學第五臨床醫(yī)院內分泌科,黑龍江佳木斯 54002
糖尿病腎病患者血清瘦素水平變化與氧化應激的關系
張學磊1金明花1王 瑩1孫韞琪1馮大偉1劉 哲1柴國祿2▲
1.黑龍江省佳木斯市骨科醫(yī)院內科,黑龍江佳木斯 154002;2.佳木斯大學第五臨床醫(yī)院內分泌科,黑龍江佳木斯 154002
目的 研究血清瘦素(Leptin)水平變化和氧化應激(OS)在糖尿病腎病(DN)發(fā)病中的可能作用,DN患者血清Leptin水平變化與OS的關系。 方法 選擇2014年6月~2015年6月在佳木斯大學第五臨床醫(yī)院治療的2型糖尿?。―M)患者90例,依據尿白蛋白排泄率分為3組:正常白蛋白尿組(單純DM組)、微量白蛋白尿組(早期DN組)、臨床白蛋白尿組(臨床DN組),每組30例。選取同期我院體檢健康者30例為正常對照組(對照組)。檢測四組血清Leptin、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平。分析DN患者血清Leptin水平與MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平的相關性。觀察給于DN組患者替米沙坦(telmisartan)治療,80 mg/d,治療4周患者血清Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平的變化。 結果 臨床DN組血清Leptin、MDA[(21.97±5.12)ng/ml、(21.86±3.42)nmol/mL]均明顯高于早期DN組[(15.62±4.31)ng/mL、(16.75±2.98)nmol/mL],早期DN組血清Leptin、MDA明顯高于單純DM組[(10.16±3.07)ng/mL、(12.34±2.31)nmol/mL],臨床DN組血清SOD、GSH-Px[(60.59±5.06)、(87.34±4.02)U/mL]均明顯低于早期DN組[(72.78±6.32)、(103.29±5.75)U/mL],早期DN組SOD、GSH-Px明顯低于單純DM組[(83.46±6.97)、(114.58±6.84)U/mL],差異有高度統計學意義(P<0.01)。DN患者血清Leptin與血清MDA水平呈明顯正相關(r=0.685,P<0.01),與SOD、GSH-Px水平呈明顯負相關(r=-0.597、-0.656,P<0.01)。DN患者給予Telmisartan治療后隨著血清Leptin水平降低患者血清MDA水平降低,SOD、GSH-Px水平升高(P<0.01)。 結論DM患者血清Leptin水平升高及所致的OS在DN的發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用。
糖尿病腎??;瘦素;丙二醛;超氧化物歧化酶;谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶
糖尿病腎?。―N)是糖尿?。―M)最常見的微血管并發(fā)癥,是導致終末期腎衰竭的重要原因。以往的研究認為DN的發(fā)病可能是由遺傳、糖代謝紊亂、血流動力學改變、細胞因子、炎癥等多種因素相互作用引起的[1],近年研究發(fā)現脂肪細胞因子瘦素(Leptin)與DN的發(fā)病有關[2],氧化應激(OS)與DN的發(fā)病也密切相關[3-4]。有關DN患者血清Leptin水平變化與OS關系的研究國內尚少報道。本研究測定DN患者血清Leptin、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平,觀察替米沙坦(Telmisartan)治療對其影響,探討DN患者血清Leptin水平變化與OS的關系及它們在DN發(fā)病中的可能作用。
1.1 一般資料
按1999年WHO糖尿病診斷標準選擇2014年6月~2015年6月在佳木斯大學第五臨床醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)治療的2型DM患者90例,男45例,女45例,年齡32~70歲,平均(51.86±9.35)歲。按Mogenson DN診斷分期標準,依據尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分為三組:正常白蛋白尿組UAER<30 mg/24 h(單純DM組),微量白蛋白尿組UAER 30~300 mg/24 h(早期DN組),臨床蛋白尿組UAER>300 mg/24 h(臨床DN組),每組各30例。早期DN組與臨床DN組合稱為DN組。全部病例均除外原發(fā)性高血壓、腎臟疾病及泌尿系感染。血壓正常(收縮壓<140 mmHg,舒張壓<90 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),均未使用血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑及血管緊張素Ⅱ受體拮抗劑。選擇我院同期健康體檢健康者30例為正常對照組,男15例,女15例,年齡31~69歲,平均(52.41±8.96)歲。四組性別、年齡、體重指數、血壓等一般資料比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具可比性(表1)。本研究獲醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準,研究對象知情同意,并簽署知情同意書。
表1 各組一般資料比較(±s)
表1 各組一般資料比較(±s)
注:與對照組比較,*P<0.01;BMI:體重指數;SBP:收縮壓;1 mmHg= 0.133 kPa
組別 例數 性別(例,男/女)年齡(歲)BMI (kg/m2)SBP (mmHg)對照組單純DM組早期DN組臨床DN組30 30 30 30 15/15 15/15 16/14 14/16 52.4±8.96 51.86±7.87 52.33±8.24 52.59±9.12 23.87±5.62 24.01±6.45 24.26±6.49 24.73±7.01 120.62±9.87 121.17±10.06 126.54±11.74 13133±10.82
1.2 治療方法
所有患者均控制飲食,DN患者給優(yōu)質低蛋白飲食[0.6~1.0 g/(kg·d)]。應用口服降糖藥或注射胰島素使血糖控制在空腹血糖<7.0 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖<10.0 mmol/L。DN組在常規(guī)治療的基礎上于采血后給于Telmisartan(天津華津制藥有限公司,國藥準字H20051847)治療,80 mg/d,治療4周。
1.3 觀察指標及檢測方法
對照組、單純DM組、DN組應用Telmisartan治療前后,清晨采取肘靜脈血5 mL,4℃,3000 r/min離心15 min,分離血清,置-70℃冰箱保存,分別用于Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px測定。血清Leptin測定采用酶聯免疫法,試劑盒由上海工碩生物技術有限公司提供;MDA測定采用硫代巴比妥酸法,SOD測定采用黃嘌呤氧化酶法,GSH-Px測定采用二硫代二硝基苯甲酸法,試劑盒均由南京建成生物工程研究所提供。留取24 h尿,放射免疫法測定尿白蛋白,計算UAER,試劑盒有北京華英生物技術研究所提供。所有檢測指標均在同次實驗,用同批試劑完成。
1.4 統計學方法
采用SPSS 19.0對數據進行分析,正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數±標準差(±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗。計數資料以率表
示,采用χ2檢驗。相關性分析采用Pearson直線相關分析。以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1 四組血清 Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平及UAER比較
血清Leptin、MDA水平臨床DN組明顯高于早期DN組(P<0.01),早期DN組明顯高于單純DM組(P<0.01),血清Leptin水平單純DM組與對照組比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),血清MDA水平單純DM組明顯高于對照組(P<0.01)。血清SOD、GSH-Px水平臨床DN組明顯低于早期DN組 (P<0.01),早期DN組明顯低于單純DM組(P<0.01),單純DM組明顯低于對照組(P<0.01)。UAER臨床DN組明顯高于早期DN組(P<0.01),早期DN組明顯高于單純DM組(P<0.01),單純DM組與對照組比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
表2 四組血清Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平比較(±s)
表2 四組血清Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平比較(±s)
注:與對照組比較,*P<0.01;與單純DM組比較,△P<0.01;與早期DN組比較,#P<0.01;Leptin:瘦素;MDA:丙二醛;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶;UAER:尿白蛋白排泄率
組別 例數 Leptin(ng/mL) MDA(nmol/mL) SOD(U/mL) GSH-Px(U/mL) UAER(mg/24 h)對照組單純DM組早期DN組臨床DN組30 30 30 30 9.59±2.38 10.16±3.07 15.62±4.31*△21.97±5.12*△#8.69±1.17 12.34±2.31*16.75±2.98*△21.86±3.42*△#97.18±5.64 83.46±6.97*72.78±6.32*△60.59±5.06*△#136.9±7.63 114.58±6.84*103.29±5.75*△87.34±4.02*△#9.87±3.01 10.86±4.17 92.35±19.25*△631.74±41.44*△#
2.2 DN患者血清Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px、UAER間相關性
DN病患者血清Leptin與UAER、血清MDA呈明顯正相關(r=0.734、0.685,P<0.01),與SOD、GSH-Px呈明顯負相關(r=-0.597、-656,P<0.01)。
2.3 DN 患者治療前后血清 Leptin、MDA、SOD、MSH-Px水平變化
DN患者給予 Telmisartan治療 4周后,血清Leptin、MDA水平較治療前明顯降低(P<0.01),血清SOD、MSH-Px水平明顯升高(P<0.01),UAER明顯降低(P<0.01)。見表3。
表3 糖尿病腎病患者治療前后Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平比較(±s)
表3 糖尿病腎病患者治療前后Leptin、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px水平比較(±s)
注:與治療前比較,*P<0.01;Leptin:瘦素;MDA:丙二醛;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶;GSH-Px:谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶;UAER:尿白蛋白排泄率
時間 例數 Leptin(mg/mL) MDA(nmol/mL) SOD(U/mL) GSH-Px(U/mL) UAER(mg/24h)治療前治療后60 60 18.75±4.85 11.23±3.16*19.13±3.56 12.07±2.18*66.81±5.91 87.44±6.03*95.69±5.38 115.11±6.14*462.87±40.39 246.53±29.42*
DN的病理特點是腎小球系膜細胞增生,細胞外基質增多,腎小球基底膜增厚和腎小球硬化,臨床上早期表現為腎小球高灌注、高濾過,繼而出現蛋白尿,晚期表現腎衰竭,其發(fā)病機制至今尚不十分清楚。近年研究發(fā)現脂肪組織產生的細胞因子在DN發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用。Leptin就是新發(fā)現的由肥胖基因編碼,由167個氨基酸組成的蛋白質激素,調節(jié)攝食、能量代謝,調節(jié)免疫、促進細胞修復及血管形成[5],在糖尿病發(fā)病中發(fā)揮重要作用[6]。
本研究結果顯示DN患者血清Leptin水平升高,并且隨著尿蛋白的增加,患者血清Leptin水平升高的越明顯,患者血清Leptin水平與UAER呈正相關(P<0.05),提示血清Leptin水平升高參與了DN發(fā)病的病理過程。血清Leptinn升高通過激活腎小球內腎素血管緊張素系統(RAS),增強血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)活性,導致腎小球內高灌注、高濾過、引起腎小球肥大[7]。血清Leptin水平升高導致高胰島素血癥和胰島素抵抗 (IR)[8],IR通過增加腎小球濾過率造成腎損傷,高胰島素血癥刺激胰島素生長因子等細胞因子加重腎小球肥大[9]。Leptin作用于腎小球毛細血管刺激腎小球內皮細胞增殖,促進內皮細胞轉化生長因子-β (TFG-β)的合成。使系膜細胞Ⅰ型膠原合成增多,促進腎小球硬化[10]。Leptinn通過腎小球內皮細胞ob-Rb受體激活蛋白質酪氨酸激酶,增加結締組織生長因子的生成,促進腎間質成纖維細胞的增殖和Ⅰ型膠原蛋白的合成,促進腎小球纖維化[11]。血清Leptin水平升高促進了DN的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
本研究結果顯示DN患者血清MDA水平升高,血清SOD、MSH-Px水平降低,并且隨著尿蛋白的增加,血清MDA升高、SOD、MSH-Px降低的更明顯。糖尿病腎病患者血清Leptin與UAER、血清MDA呈明顯正相關(P<0.01),與SOD、GSH-Px呈明顯負相關(P<0.01)。MDA水平反映機體氧化應激損傷的程度[12]。SOD、MSH-Px是機體抗氧化的關鍵酶,其水
平高低反應機體清除自由基抗氧化的能力[13]。DN患者血清MDA升高,SOD、MSH-Px降低表明DN患者發(fā)生了OS,體內活性氧(ROS)產生增多。ROS刺激腎小管上皮細胞分泌AngⅡ增多引起腎小球高灌注[14]。腎小球毛細血管基底膜磷脂在ROS作用下發(fā)生脂質過氧化,使腎小球基底膜增厚,通透性增強,同時ROS啟動腎小球足細胞凋亡,破壞腎小球基底膜的完整性,導致蛋白尿[15]。ROS介導高血糖誘導的C-Jun端子激酶/核因子kB信號通路的NADPH氧化酶/ROS途徑的激活,增強腎小球系膜細胞增殖和纖維連結蛋白過度表達[16],并加重細胞外基質積聚,引起系膜增寬和腎小管間質纖維化發(fā)生腎小球硬化[17],OS是導致DN的重要原因。
本研究結果顯示DN患者血清Leptin水平與MDA水平呈明顯正相關(P<0.01),與SOD、MSH-Px水平呈明顯負相關(P<0.01),DN患者應用Telmisartan治療,隨著血清Leptin水平降低,血清MDA降低、SOD、MSH-Px升高,提示血清Leptin水平升高導致了OS。有實驗證明Leptin水平升高通過增強線粒體蛋白激酶A介導的脂肪酸氧化,劑量依賴性增加ROS產生[18],并通過降低二乙基對硝基苯磷酸酯酶-1的活性[19],激活PKC途徑[20],活化 NADPH氧化酶促進OS[21]。Telmisartan為AngⅡ受體拮抗劑,通過改善胰島素抵抗使脂肪細胞分泌Leptin減少,血清Leptin水平降低[22],Leptin水平降低使DN患者血清MDA降低,SOD、GSH-Px水平升高,發(fā)揮抗OS作用[23],降低UAER。
血清Leptin水平升高及所致的OS是糖尿病腎病發(fā)病的重要原因,在臨床上抑制Leptin合成、應用Leptin受體拮抗劑,降低OS可能成為防治糖尿病腎病的一條新途徑。
[1]趙大鵬,隨艷波,欒仲秋,等.糖尿病腎病發(fā)病機制的研究進展[J].中國醫(yī)藥導報,2012,9(36):47-48.
[2]Moon HS,Dalamaga M,Kim SY,et al.Leptin's role in lipodystrophic and non-lipodystrophic insulin-resistant and diabetic individuals[J].Endocrine Rev,2013,34(3):377-412.
[3]Naruse R,Suetsugu M,Terasawa T,et al.Oxidative stress and antioxidative potency are closely associated with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Saudi Med J,2013,34(2):135-141.
[4]易嘩,盧遠航,翼倩倩.金水寶對糖尿病腎病血液透析患者氧化應激及微炎癥狀態(tài)的影響[J].中國醫(yī)藥導報,2015,12(7):93-96.
[5]Munzherg H,Morrison CD.Structure,production and signaling of Leptin[J].Mtabolism,2015,64(1):13-23.
[6]史東萍.瘦素在糖尿病發(fā)病中的作用[J].中國醫(yī)藥導報,2009,6(30):123-124.
[7]Blanco S,Vaguero M,Gomez-Guerrero C,et al.Potential role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins on early prodocyte damage in amodel of type 2 diabetes mellitus,obesity and mild hypertension[J].Am J Hypertens,2015,18(4):557-565.
[8]岳偉,王紅,李兆雷,等.老年糖尿病合并高血壓患者血清瘦素與腎素血管緊張素系統的關系[J].中國醫(yī)藥導報,2014,11(34):47-50.
[9]Gupta A,Gupta V,Agrawal S,et al.Association between circulating Leptin and insulin resistance,the lipid prolife,and metabolic risk factors in North Indian adultwomen[J]. Bio Sci Trends,2010,4(6):325-332.
[10]Han DC,Isono M,Chen S.et al.Leptin stimulates type I Collagen production in db/db mesangial cells glucose uptake and TGF-beta typeⅡ receptor expression[J]. Kidney Int,2001,59(4):1315-1323.
[11]Lee C,Guh JY,Chen HC,et al.Leptin and connective tissue growth factor in advanced glycation end-productinduced effects in NRK-49F cells [J].J Cell Biochem,2004,95(5):940-950.
[12]Gunal SY,Ustunday B,Gunal AI,et al.The assessment of oxidative stress on patients with chronic renal failure at different stagesant on dialysis receiving different hypertensive treatment[J].Indian J Clin Biochem,2013,28 (4):390-395.
[13]Lee Y,Lee JY,Oh JY,et al.Expression of hepatic and ovarian antioxidant enzymes during Estrous cucle in rats[J]. Toxicol lett,2012,212(3):329-336.
[14]Hsieh TJ,Zhang SL,Filep JG,et al.High glucose stimulates angiotensinogen gene expression via reactive oxygen species generation in rat kidney proximal tubular cells[J]. Endocrinology,2002,143(8):2975-2985.
[15]Susztak K,Raff AC,Schiffer M,et al.Glucose-induced reactive oxygen species cause apoptosis and podocyte depletion at the onset of diabetic nephropathy [J].Diabetes,2006,55(1):225-233.
[16]Zhang L,Pang S,Deng B,et al.High glucose induces renal mesangial cell proliferation and fibronect expression through JNK/NF-kB/NADPH oxidase/ROS pathway,which is inhibited by resveratrol[J].Int J Biochem Cell Biol,2012,44(4):629-638.
[17]Lee EA,Seo JY,Jiang Z,et al.Reactive oxygen species mediate high glucose-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 up-regulation in mesangial cells and in diabetic kidney[J].Kidney Int,2005,67(5):1762-1771.[18]Yh R,Jun Q,Scott O,et al.Over expression of Leptin in transgenic mices leads to decreased basal lipolysis,PKA activity,and perilipin levels[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2003,312(4):1165-1170.
[19]Beltowski J,Wjcicka G,Jamroz A.Leptin decreases plasma paraoxinase-1(POW-1)activity and induces oxidative stress:the possible novel mechanism for proatherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia [J].Atherosclecrosis,2003,170(1):21-29.
[20]Maingrette F,Renier G.Leptin increases lipoprotein lipase secretion by macrophages involvement of oxidative stress and protein kinasec[J].Diabetes,2003,52(8):2121-2128.
[21]Ling L,Jean C,Mamput U,et al.Singaling pathways involved in human vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induced by leptin inhibitory effect of metformin [J].Diabetes,2005,54(7):2227-2234.
[22]Makino H,Hancda M,Babazono K,et al.Microalbuminura reiduction with talmisartion in normotensive and hypertensive Japanese patients with type 2diabetes:a post-hoc analysis of the incipient to overt:angiotensinⅡ blocker telmisartion on type 2 diabetic nephropathy(INNOVATION)study[J].Hypertens Res,2008,31(1):657-664.
[23]Fujita H,Sakamoto J,Komatsu K,et al.Reducation of circulating superoxide dismutase activity in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and its modulation by telmisartion therapy[J].Hypertens Res,2011,34(12):1302-1308.
Relationship between serum Leptin change and oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy
ZHANG Xuelei1JIN Minghua1WAN Ying1SUN Yunqi1FENG Dawei1LIU Zhe1CHAI Guolu2▲
1.Department of Internal Medcine,Jiamusi Orthopedic Hospital,Heilongjiang Province,Jiamusi 154002,China;2.Department of Endonology,the Fifth Clinical Hospital of Jiamusi University,Heilongjiang Province,Jiamusi 154002,China
Objective To study the effect of serum Leptin change and oxidative stress in the development of diabetic nephropathy and to investigate the relationship between the serum leptin change and oxidative stress in the diabetic nephropathy.Methods 90 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected from June 2014 to June 2015 in the Fifth Clinical Hospital of Jiamusi University,and they were divided into three group acording to the urinary albumin excretion rat(UAER)∶nomal albumin uria group(simple diabetes mellitus group),microalbumin uria group(early diabetic nephropathy group)and clinical albumin uria group clinical diabetic nephropathy group),each group had 30 cases,were 30 cases of normal individuals with physical examination during the same period were as the control group(control group).The Levels of serum Leptin,malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismulase (SOD)and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)were measured in four groups.The relationship between the serum leptin Level and serum MDA,SOD,GSH-Px levels were analyzed in the patients with diabetic nephrophthy.The changes of serum Leptin,MDA,SOD and GSH-Px levels were investigated in the patients with diabetic nephrophthy after treatment with telmisartan 80 mg/d,for 4 weeks. Results The results showed that the serum Leptin and MDA levels in the clinical diabetic nephropathy group[(21.97± 5.12)ng/mL,(21.86±3.42)nmol/mL]were significantly higher than those in the early diabetic nephropathy group[(15.62± 4.31)ng/mL,(16.75±2.98)nmol/mL],the serum Leptin and MDA levels in the early diabetic nephropathy group were significantly higher than those in the simple diabetes mellitus group [(10.16±3.07)ng/mL,(12.34±2.31)nmol/mL],the
Diabetic nephropathy;Leptin;Malondialdehyde;Superoxide dismulase;Glutathione peroxidase
R587.1
A
1673-7210(2016)06(a)-0054-05
2016-03-02本文編輯:蘇 暢)
▲通訊作者
serum SOD and GSH-Px levels in the clinical diabetic nephropathy group[(60.59±5.06)U/mL,(87.34±4.02)U/mL]were significantly lower than those in the early diabetic mellitus group[(72.78±6.32)U/mL,(103.29±5.75)U/mL],the serum SOD and GSH-Px levels in the early diabetic nephropathy group were significantly lower than those in the simple diabetes mellitus group[(83.46±6.97)U/mL,(114.58±6.84)U/mL],the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). A positive correlation was found between serum Leptin and serum MDA (r=0.685,P<0.01),a negtive correlation was found between serum Leptin and serum SOD,GSH-Px(r=-0.597、-0.656,P<0.01)in the patients with diabetic nephropathy.The levels of serum Leptin and MDA were significantly decreased,the levels of serum SOD and GSH-Px were significantly increased after treatment with telmisartan in the patients with diabetic nephropathy(P<0.01).Conclusion The high serum level of Leptin and the increased oxidative stress might play an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy.