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糖尿病與抑郁共存的研究進(jìn)展

2016-08-10 23:03凌楓王林創(chuàng)陳志剛
上海醫(yī)藥 2016年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:抑郁癥患病率糖尿病

凌楓+王林創(chuàng)+陳志剛

摘 要 近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者中抑郁癥的患病率顯著升高,而抑郁癥患者中糖尿病的發(fā)生率也較正常人群顯著提高,兩者的共存給公共衛(wèi)生和人類健康帶來重大影響,而兩者的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和干預(yù)能顯著降低其對(duì)人類健康的危害,故糖尿病與抑郁之間的關(guān)系也逐漸引起人類越來越多的重視。

關(guān)鍵詞 糖尿病 抑郁癥 患病率

中圖分類號(hào):R587.1/R749 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2016)14-0028-03

Research on the progress of coexistence of diabetes and depression

LING Feng, WANG Linchuang, CHEN Zhigang

(Longhua Community Health Service Center of Xiuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China)

ABSTRACT Recent studies have found that the prevalence rate of depression in the patients with diabetes significantly increased, and the incidence of diabetes is higher in the patients with depression than in the normal population. The coexistence of diabetes and depression has a significant impact on the public health and human health, and the early discovery and intervention can significantly reduce the harm to human health, therefore, the relationship between diabetes and depression has gradually attracted more and more attention.

KEY WORDS diabetes; depression; prevalence rate

糖尿病是一種全身代謝異常而導(dǎo)致的疾病[1]。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展以及全球化進(jìn)程的加快,糖尿病尤其是2型糖尿病在中國(guó)[2]、日本[3]等亞洲國(guó)家均有急劇增加趨勢(shì)。據(jù)報(bào)道,2000年我國(guó)共有2型糖尿病患者2 000萬例,2007年上升至4 000萬例[4],成為嚴(yán)重影響我國(guó)人群健康的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。近年來,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病患者中抑郁癥的患病率較正常人群顯著升高,并且曾經(jīng)患抑郁癥的人群發(fā)生糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也較正常人顯著提高。本文綜述糖尿病與抑郁癥共存的流行現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)生機(jī)制、對(duì)患者的影響及干預(yù)措施。

1 糖尿病與抑郁共存的流行現(xiàn)狀

國(guó)內(nèi)外研究均提示,糖尿病患者尤其是老年糖尿病人群中抑郁的患病率較高,約27%的糖尿病患者伴有不同程度的抑郁癥[5],其中老年糖尿病患者伴抑郁癥的患病率為43.4%[6]。Engum等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者中抑郁癥發(fā)病率是正常人群的2倍。有研究應(yīng)用抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),有31.4%的糖尿病患者合并抑郁癥,其中重度抑郁癥占14.3%[8]。陳煥高[9]采用漢密爾頓抑郁量表調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者中抑郁癥的患病率為41.7%。同時(shí),研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥患者發(fā)生糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也顯著高于正常人,抑郁癥患者中糖尿病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高達(dá)37%[10],在新診斷的糖尿病患者中,約有30%曾患過抑郁癥。

但是,糖尿病伴抑郁癥時(shí)早期往往不能發(fā)現(xiàn),從而導(dǎo)致糖尿病患者中抑郁癥的患病率越來越高,導(dǎo)致患者健康及經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力也越來越高。

2 糖尿病與抑郁共存的發(fā)生機(jī)制

對(duì)于糖尿病與抑郁癥關(guān)系的研究一直存有爭(zhēng)議,有研究者認(rèn)為糖尿病是由長(zhǎng)期悲傷及其他種類的抑郁所致[11-13];亦有研究者認(rèn)為糖尿病與抑郁之間無必然聯(lián)系,糖尿病僅存在于具有嚴(yán)重抑郁的人群中[14-15]。但是,也有研究者持相反觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為糖尿病是導(dǎo)致抑郁發(fā)生的高危因素,如空腹血糖受損及糖耐量異?;颊叩囊钟舭l(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與正常人相同,但顯著低于糖尿病患者的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-17]。

雖然,對(duì)糖尿病與抑郁癥間的發(fā)生機(jī)制存在爭(zhēng)議,但目前比較確定的是糖尿病與抑郁癥可互相影響[18]。世界衛(wèi)生組織已將糖尿病歸為與生活方式有關(guān)的慢性非傳染性疾病,并強(qiáng)調(diào)心理因素在其發(fā)生中的重要作用。

3 糖尿病合并抑郁對(duì)患者的影響

Engum等[19]的研究表明,抑郁及與其相關(guān)癥狀不但是構(gòu)成2型糖尿病發(fā)生、發(fā)展的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,而且對(duì)2型糖尿病患者的心理、生理功能、血糖調(diào)節(jié)及治療等也會(huì)產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜而顯著的影響。有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁還可影響2型糖尿病患者的自我管理行為,降低患者的治療依從性,增加死亡率和致殘率,在排除人口學(xué)等其他因素影響后,2型糖尿病和抑郁共存的致殘率大于兩者單獨(dú)存在時(shí)的致殘率之和[20]。研究顯示,抑郁癥與2型糖尿病合并發(fā)生可增加患者發(fā)生功能性殘疾及糖尿病并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也可影響2型糖尿病患者堅(jiān)持治療飲食、調(diào)節(jié)飲食、保持良好生活行為方式的能力,甚至抑郁癥狀的存在可能會(huì)加快2型糖尿病患者死亡[21]。合并抑郁癥的糖尿病患者多對(duì)治療失去信心,自尊心下降,對(duì)生活失去興趣,個(gè)別患者甚至存在自殺念頭,使患者的治療難以有效、有序地開展。

4 綜合心理干預(yù)效果

對(duì)于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)的糖尿病伴抑郁癥患者,給予合適的指導(dǎo)及干預(yù),可減輕患者抑郁癥狀,對(duì)提高糖尿病患者的血糖控制及減輕并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生意義重大。有研究報(bào)道伴抑郁癥的糖尿病患者的死亡率比未伴抑郁患者高49%,這在老年患者中尤其明顯[22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在糖尿病與抑郁共存的老年患者,如能早期發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁并采取合適的治療措施,能顯著降低患者的5年死亡率 [23]。目前,對(duì)此類患者給予支持性心理治療、放松療法、認(rèn)知-行為治療等綜合心理干預(yù),對(duì)改善患者的抑郁情緒和高血糖有很好的療效。

綜上所述,有必要對(duì)糖尿病與抑郁之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究,為減少疾病的發(fā)生和提供相應(yīng)的治療措施提供依據(jù)。但是,目前在基層醫(yī)院及專業(yè)醫(yī)師處,抑郁尤其是在糖尿病患者中很少被識(shí)別[24],這就導(dǎo)致多數(shù)糖尿病患者并未意識(shí)到自己所存在的心理障礙問題,抑郁癥狀的存在會(huì)進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致血糖水平難以控制,以及出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥等相關(guān)癥狀,從而極有可能形成抑郁與糖尿病的“惡性循環(huán)”。有研究者認(rèn)為,在基層醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行抑郁篩查是提高抑郁識(shí)別率的有效方法。目前,進(jìn)行糖尿病與抑郁之間具體機(jī)制的研究仍勢(shì)在必行,抑郁尤其是糖尿病患者中抑郁的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及干預(yù)對(duì)減輕公眾的健康及經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力起到重要作用。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[3] Yamada T, Fukatsu M, Suzuki S, et al. Elevated serum uric acid predicts impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes only among Japanese women undergoing health checkups[J]. Diabetes Metab, 2011, 37(3): 252-258.

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[7] Engum A, Mykletun A, Midthjell K, et al. Depression and diabetes: a large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(8): 1904-1909.

[8] 周連華, 周湘蘭, 施曉紅, 等. 2型糖尿病合并抑郁癥分析[J]. 中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)學(xué), 2004, 11(6): 1127-1128.

[9] 陳煥高. 糖尿病患者伴發(fā)抑郁癥調(diào)查分析[J]. 海南醫(yī)學(xué), 2010, 21(16): 93-94.

[10] Knol MJ, Twisk JW, Beekman AT, et al. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A metaanalysis[J]. Diabetologia, 2006, 49(5): 837-845.

[11] Campayo A, de Jonge P, Roy JF, et al. Depressive disorder and incident diabetes mellitus: the effect of characteristics of depression[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 2010, 167(5): 580-588.

[12] Everson-Rose SA, Meyer PM, Powell LH, et al. Depressive symptoms, insulin resistance, and risk of diabetes in women at midlife[J]. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27(12): 2856-2862.

[13] Pan A, Lucas M, Sun Q, et al. Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2010, 170(21): 1884-1891.

[14] Carnethon MR, Biggs ML, Barzilay JI, et al. Longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: the cardiovascular health study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2007, 167(8): 802-807.

[15] Engum A. The role of depression and anxiety in onset of diabetes in a large population-based study[J]. J Psychosom Res, 2007, 62(1): 31-38.

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[17] Golden SH, Lazo M, Carnethon M, et al. Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes[J]. JAMA, 2008, 299(23): 2751-2759.

[18] Mezuk B, Eaton WW, Albrecht S, et al. Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis[J]. Diabetes Care, 2008, 31(12): 2383-2390.

[19] Engum A, Mykletun A, Midthjell K, et al. Depression and diabetes: a large population-based study of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with depressionin type 1 and type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(8): 1904-1909.

[20] Coffman MJ. Effects of tangible social support and depression on diabetes self-efficacy[J]. J Gerontol Nurs, 2008, 34(4): 32-39.

[21] Zhang X, Norris SL, Gregg EW, et al. Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 2005, 161(7): 652-660.

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[24] Katon W, Ciechanowski P. Impact of major depression on chronic medical illness[J]. J Psychosom Res, 2002, 53(4): 859-863.

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