河南 馬國(guó)民

語法填空題之句子成分奪分攻略

河南 馬國(guó)民

一、考點(diǎn)速查

空格處作用_________________考點(diǎn)速查作主語名詞復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞的名詞形式，形容詞的名詞形式，人稱代詞的主格形式，名詞性物主代詞，不定代__________詞，定語從句，名詞性從句，指示代詞……____作謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞語態(tài)，主謂一致，祈使句，虛擬__________語氣，倒裝……_____________________________作賓語名詞復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞的名詞形式，形容詞的名詞形式，人稱代詞的賓格形式，名詞性物主代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞，反身代詞，動(dòng)名詞，不定式，定__________語從句，名詞性從句……____________________作定語形容詞性物主代詞，名詞的形容詞形式，形容詞的比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)，動(dòng)詞的形容詞形式，現(xiàn)在分__________詞，不定式，過去分詞，定語從句……________作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞，不定式，過去分詞，形容詞的副詞形式，動(dòng)詞的副詞形式，副詞的比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)，定語__________從句，名詞性從句……______________________作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞的形容詞形式，名詞的形容詞形式，現(xiàn)在分__________詞，過去分詞，不定式……__________________人稱代詞的賓格形式，名詞性物主代詞，動(dòng)詞的形容詞形式，動(dòng)詞的名詞形式，形容詞的比較級(jí)__________或最高級(jí)，名詞性從句……__________________作同位語動(dòng)詞的名詞形式，形容詞的名詞形式，同位語從__________句（空格處與空后內(nèi)容作同位語）……________作表語

二、實(shí)戰(zhàn)應(yīng)用

（一）主語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）Recent_66_（study）show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.

2.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，__67_lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.

3.（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）I’d skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River__64__are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.

4.（皖南八校2016屆高三聯(lián)考）She is still going strong and her_62_（treat） is working well for now.

5.（江西師大附中2015屆高三月考）Beverage producers are also trying to revive old brands._80__is old is new again.

6.（西安一中2016屆高三期中）_64_is known to all that the time we can use is limited.

【解析】

1. studies?？崭裉幾髦髡Z，結(jié)合謂語動(dòng)詞可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

2. who。第一個(gè)逗號(hào)后是非限制性定語從句，先行詞指人，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，故填who。

3.that/which?！皌he limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River”為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，故用that/which引導(dǎo)定語從句。

4. treatment?？崭裉幾髦髡Z，結(jié)合定語“her”可知，名詞treatment符合題意。

5. What。第二句話中的第二個(gè)is之前是主語從句，what是引導(dǎo)詞，且在從句中作主語。

6. It。空格處在句中作形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。

【知識(shí)鏈接】主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，常位于句首，可由名詞、代詞（人稱代詞，名詞性物主代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞和疑問代詞等）、數(shù)詞、定冠詞加形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、主語從句等充當(dāng)。

（二）謂語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）I__62__（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

2.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）It could...music，sports—but whatever it is，_70_（make） sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.

3.（2016·四川卷）Then，after two and a half years，the mother_69_（drive） the young panda away. It was time...for the young panda to be independent.

4.（2016·四川卷）The giant panda_61_（love） by people throughout the world.

5.（2014·上海卷）In recent years，the commercial pressure from supermarket chains （38）_______（force）village shops across the country to close.

6.（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）This cycle_68_（go）day after day：The walls...are thus always a timely offset（抵消）for the outside temperatures.

7. （2015·廣東卷）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what_19_（leave）.

【解析】

1. was allowed。主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，空格處作謂語，且是過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

2. make。空格處作謂語，且最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后的內(nèi)容為祈使句，故填動(dòng)詞原形。

3. drove。空格處作謂語，表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用一般過去時(shí)。

4. is loved。題干描述的是客觀事實(shí)，主語是承受者，故填一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

5. has forced?？崭裉幾髦^語，結(jié)合標(biāo)志性狀語和語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

6. goes?？崭裉幾髦^語，根據(jù)空后的時(shí)態(tài)和語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

7. was left?？崭裉幾髦^語，what是承受者，結(jié)合語境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

【知識(shí)鏈接】謂語用于說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或特征，一般放在主語之后，常由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語等來充當(dāng)。

（三）賓語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the__68_（develop）of chopsticks.

2.（2016·四川卷）Any smell might attract natural_65_（enemy） that would try to eat the little panda.

3.（2015·上海卷）When I ask him to please put down the phone and stop__37_（ignore）me，he says，“In a minute，”but still checks to see if somebody has posted something new on the Internet.

4.（2014·遼寧卷）Raise your leg and let_65_stay in the air for seconds.

5.（2011·廣東卷）He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made a choice；it made_25_of us feel good.

6.（福建省廈門六中2016屆高三期中）Since I came from...I was always afraid of_63_（laugh）at by my fellow classmates.

【解析】

1. development?？崭裉幾鲃?dòng)詞的賓語，結(jié)合空前的冠詞可知，名詞development符合題意。

2. enemies?？崭裉幾髻e語，根據(jù)定語可知，空格處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)形式。

3. ignoring。stop to do sth.意為“停下來去做某事”，而stop doing sth.意為“停止做某事”，結(jié)合語境“不要對(duì)我視而不見”可知，ignoring符合題意。

4. it。空格處作賓語，指代空前的“your leg”，故it符合題意。

5. both。空格處作賓語，結(jié)合空前的內(nèi)容可知，“這使我們兩個(gè)都感覺良好”，故both符合題意。

6. being laughed?？崭裉幾髻e語，且與其邏輯主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。

【知識(shí)鏈接】賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，常位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后，可由名詞、代詞（人稱代詞，名詞性物主代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞，相互代詞和反身代詞等）、數(shù)詞、定冠詞加形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從句等來充當(dāng)。

（四）定語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）But my connection...mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter__6_6__（permit）to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

2.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back and identify （識(shí)別） those of__61__（great） and less importance.

3.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _68_（it）mother.

4.（2016·四川卷）She was a very_63_（care） mother.

5.（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people_70_（live） in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

6.（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）As__69__（nature）architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

【解析】

1. permitted?？崭裉幾髅~的后置定語，且表示被動(dòng)完成，故應(yīng)填過去分詞。

2. greater?？疾樾稳菰~比較級(jí)?？崭裉幾鞫ㄕZ，結(jié)合空后的less和語境可知，空格處填比較級(jí)。

3. its。空格處作定語，指代空前的“a lively threemonth-old twin”，故its符合題意。

4. caring/careful?？崭裉幾鞫ㄕZ，結(jié)合語境可知，caring（有同情心的）/careful符合題意。

5. living?？崭裉幾骱笾枚ㄕZ，且表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，故應(yīng)填現(xiàn)在分詞living。

6. natural。空格處作定語，修飾名詞“architects”，結(jié)合語境可知，空格處填形容詞。

【知識(shí)鏈接】定語指的是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，常位于被修飾詞之前（短語或從句作定語時(shí)，常位于被修飾詞之后），可由名詞、代詞（形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞等）、數(shù)詞、形容詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、定語從句等來充當(dāng)。

（五）狀語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，_65_I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

2.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）The title will be__6___3（official）given to me at a ceremony in London.

3.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal_63_（create） special designs.

4.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）People probably cooked their food in large pots，_64_（use） twigs （樹枝） to remove it.

5.（2016·四川卷）Chinese scientists_62_（recent）had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.

6.（2014·上海卷）So I decided to leave home for New York，_25_I might have a better chance to find a good job.

【解析】

1. when。先行詞指時(shí)間，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，故用when引導(dǎo)定語從句。

2. officially。空格處在句中作狀語，故填提示詞的副詞形式。

3. to create。metal之后為非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作目的狀語，且與主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填不定式。

4. using。逗號(hào)后為非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作伴隨狀語，且與主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填現(xiàn)在分詞。

5. recently?？崭裉幾鳡钫Z，故填提示詞的副詞形式。

6. where。地點(diǎn)名詞“New York”為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故空格處填where。

【知識(shí)鏈接】狀語常用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的特征、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、條件等，常由介詞短語、副詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、狀語從句等來充當(dāng)。

（六）賓補(bǔ)

【經(jīng)典考例】

1. （2015·上海卷）As I squeezed back into my car，I saw the same lady_28_（look） in at me.

2.（福州市格致中學(xué)2016屆高三期中）About a century years ago，a kind and imaginative minister came up with an idea to have a buoy（浮標(biāo)）_62_（fasten）to the rock.

3.（贛州十三縣市2016屆高三聯(lián)考）That will encourage them to make computers__67_（easy） to repair and upgrade （升級(jí)）.

4. （南昌市三校2016屆高三聯(lián)考）When I got home with tears_67_（fill） my eyes，mother asked，“Why are you crying?”

5.（九江市七校2016屆高三聯(lián)考）We are developing new aerials that will enable users_63_（receive） stronger signals.

6.（萊蕪市2016屆高三期中）Some other parents expect the problem__64_（discuss） and solved as soon as possible.

【解析】

1. looking?？崭裉幾髻e補(bǔ)，且表主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，結(jié)合“see sb./sth. do/doing/done/being done”可知，looking符合題意。

2. fastened?？崭裉幾髻e補(bǔ)，且與賓語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，結(jié)合“have+賓語+賓補(bǔ)（do/doing/done）”可知，fastened符合題意。

3. easier?？崭裉幾髻e補(bǔ)，且表示比較的含義，故填比較級(jí)。

4. filling?？崭裉幾髻e補(bǔ)，且表主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，結(jié)合“with +賓語+賓補(bǔ)（doing/done/to do）”可知，filling符合題意。

5. to receive。空格處作賓補(bǔ)，此處為短語“enable sb. to do sth.”。

6. to be discussed?！癳xpect sb. to do sth.”為常用短語，空格處與賓語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填不定式的被動(dòng)式。

【知識(shí)鏈接】賓語補(bǔ)足語簡(jiǎn)稱賓補(bǔ)，是用于對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明的成分，位置一般在賓語之后。常用于作賓補(bǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等。

（七）表語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me，pandas are its top_61_（attract）.

2.（2014·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）Finally，that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is_66_（clean） than ever.

3.（2014·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and_63_（disappoint）.

4.（山東師大附中2016屆高三模擬）Staying_41_（health） while travelling can help to ensure your trip is a happy and enjoyable one.

5.（2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）In addition...admirable is their_63_（able）to“air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

6.（湖北省洗馬高級(jí)中學(xué)2016屆高三調(diào)考）Among the few scientists who have had a great effect on science and history，Albert Einstein is perhaps the__61__（great）.

【解析】

1. attraction?？崭裉幾鞅碚Z，結(jié)合空前的定語可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞形式。

2. cleaner?？崭裉幾鞅碚Z，結(jié)合句式“比較級(jí)+than+其他”可知，空格處應(yīng)填比較級(jí)。

3.disappointed?？崭裉幣c“anxious”是并列表語，用于描述人，故填disappointed。

4. healthy?？崭裉幾鳌癝taying”的表語，故填形容詞healthy。

5. ability。空格處作表語，結(jié)合定語“their”可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞ability。

6. greatest?？崭裉幾鞅碚Z，根據(jù)語境“愛因斯坦也許是最偉大的”可知，空格處填最高級(jí)greatest。

【知識(shí)鏈接】表語用于說明主語的身份、特征、屬性或狀態(tài)等，常位于系動(dòng)詞（be，become，feel，get，keep，look，seem，sound，turn等）后，常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、表語從句等來充當(dāng)。

（八）同位語

【經(jīng)典考例】

1.（合肥市一六八中學(xué)2016屆高三段考）A doctor said it was a mental health problem，_70_which can lead to a serious consequence.

2.（2015·上海卷）He’s so addicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea_34_there may be an important text.

3.（2013·浙江卷）The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief__16_you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

【解析】

1. one。空格處是名詞“problem”的同位語，且表示泛指，故應(yīng)填one。

2. that。idea之后為同位語從句，從句不缺少成分，且句意完整，故填that。

3. that。belief后所接的是同位語從句，從句句意完整，不缺少成分，故用that作為引導(dǎo)詞。

【知識(shí)鏈接】同位語用于對(duì)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行解釋或說明，常位于名詞或代詞后，常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、同位語從句等來充當(dāng)。

三、趁熱打鐵

1. While there are...most of us the_______（change）are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.

2. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat_______（slow） during cool nights，thus warming the house.

3. “If I________（have） one of these phones this morning，I wouldn’t have missed my train coming here”，joked the spokesman.

4. Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks________（regular）.

5. Since the plants took a while to grow，he started cutting down trees_______（sell） the wood.

6. By that time，the panda no longer needed________（it）mother for food.

7. The temptation to see_______is connecting him is just too great.

8. An animal kept in a zoo will lead a different life from an animal tha____t____（live） in the wild.

9. Then you can do much_______（well） in your test.

10. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which________（gradual） turned into chopsticks.

11. Teams of dogs pull sleds（雪橇）along the snow and ice，_______（carry） up to 500 kg of supplies.

【參考答案】1. changes 2. slowly 3. had had 4. regularly 5. to sell 6. its 7. who 8. lives 9. better 10. gradually 11. carrying